Knowledge and Learning in Natural Language

Knowledge and Learning in Natural Language

Volumn , Issue , 2023, Pages 1-176

  Yang, Charles D ^a  

^a NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85188376020     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780199254149.001.0001     Document Type: Book

References (233)

1. ALLEN, S. (1996). Aspects of Argument Structure Acquisition in Inukfitut. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
2. ANDERSEN, H. (1973). Abductive and Deductive Change. Language 49: 765-93.
3. ANDERSON, S. R. (1992). A-Morphous Morphology. Cambridge; Cambridge University Press.
4. ATKINSON, R., BOWEVER, G., & CROTHERS, E. (1965). An Introduction to Mathematical Learning Theory. New York: Wiley.
5. BAILEY, C.-J. (1973). Variation and Linguistic Theory. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics.
6. BAKER, M. (1996). The Poiysynthesis Parameter. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
7. BAKER, M. (2001). The Atoms of Language, New York: Basic Books.
8. BARTO, A., & SUTTON, R. (1998). Reinforcement Learning. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
9. BATES, E. (1976). Language and Context: The Acquisition of Pragmatics. New York: Academic Press.
10. BATES, E. & ELMAN, J. (1996). Learning Rediscovered: A Perspective on Saffran, Aslin, and Newport. Science 274: 1849-50.
11. BATTYE, A., & ROBERTS, I. (1995). Introduction. In A. Battye & I. Roberts (eds.), Clause Structure and Language Change. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1-30.
12. BEHRENS, H. (1993). Temporal Reference in German, Child Language. Doctoral dissertation, University of Amsterdam.
13. BERKO, J. (1958). The Child’s Learning of English Morphology. Word 14: 150-77.
14. BERTOLO, S., BROIHIER, K., GIBSON, E., & WEXLER, K. (1997). Characterizing Learnability Conditions for Cue-Based Learners in Parametric Language Systems. MS, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
15. BERWICK, R. (1985). The Acquisition of Syntactic Knowledge. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
16. BERWICK, R. & NIYOGI, P. (1996). Learning from. Triggers. Linguistic Inquiry 27: 605-22.
17. BERWICK, R. & NIYOGI, P. & WEINBERG, A. (1984). The Grammatical Basis of Linguistic Performance. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
18. BLOOM, L. (1970). Language Development; Form and Function in Emerging Grammars. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
19. BLOOM, P. (1990). Subjectless Sentences in Child Languages. Linguistic Inquiry 21: 491-504.
20. BLOOM, P. (1993). Grammatical Continuity in Language Development: The Case of Subjectless Sentences. Linguistic Imjtiiry 24: 721-34.
21. BLOOM, P. BARSS, A., NICOI., J., & CONWAY, L. (1994). Children’s Knowledge of Binding and Coreference: Evidence from Spontaneous Speech. Language 70: 53-71.
22. BLOOMFIFLP, L. (1927). Review of J. O. IL fespersen, The Philosophy of Grammar, journal Of English and Germanic Philology 26: 244-6.
23. BORER, LL, & WEXLER, K. (1987). The Maturation of Syntax. In T. Roeper & E. Williams (eds.), Parameter Setting. Dordrecht: Reidel, 123-72.
24. BOSFR, K. (1992). Early Knowledge of Verb Position in Children’s Acquisition of German: An Argument for Continuity of Universal Grammar. Master’s thesis, Cornell University.
25. DF, BOYSSON-BARDIES, B. (1999). How Language Comes to Children: From Birth to Two Years. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
26. BROMBERG, H, & WEXLER, K. (1995). Null Subjects in Child Wh Questions. In C. Schütze, I. Ganger, & K. Broihier (eds.), MIT Working Papers in Linguistics 26: 221-47.
27. BROWN, R. (1973). A First Language. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
28. BROWN, R. & HANLON, C. (1970). Derivational Complexity and order of Acquisition in Child Speech. In J. R. Hayes (ed.), Cognition and the Development of Language. New York: Wiley, 155-207.
29. BURZIO, L. (1991). The Morphological Basis of Anaphora. Journal of Linguistics 27: 81-105.
30. BUSH, R., & MÖSTELLBR, F. (1951). A Mathematical Model for Simple Learning. Psychological Review 68: 313-23.
31. BUSH, R., & MÖSTELLBR, F. (1958). Stochastic Models for Learning. New York: Wiley.
32. BYBEE, J., & MODER, C. (1983). Morphological Classes as Natural Categories. Language 59: 251-70.
33. BYBEE, J., & MODER, C. & SLOBJN, D. (1982). Rules and Schemas in the Development and Use of the English Past Tense. Language 58: 265-89.
34. CASELLI, M., BATES, E., CASADIO, P., FENSON, J., FENSON, L, SANDERJL, L., & WEIR, J. (1995). A Cross-Linguistic Study of Early Lexical Development. Cognitive Development 10: 159-99.
35. CHANGEUX, J.-P. (1986). The Neuronal Man. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
36. CHARNIAK, E. (1996). Statistical Natural Language Learning. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
37. CHOMSKY, N. (1955/75). The Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory. MS, Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Published in 1975, New York: Plenum.
38. CHOMSKY, N. (1965). Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
39. CHOMSKY, N. (1975). Reflections on Language. New York: Pantheon.
40. CHOMSKY, N. (1977)-On Wh-Movement. In P. Culicover, T. Wasow, & A. Akmajian (eds.), Formal Syntax, New York: Academic Press, 71-132.
41. CHOMSKY, N. (1980). Rules and Representations, New York: Columbia University Press.
42. CHOMSKY, N. (1981). Lectures on Government and Binding, Dordrecht: Poris.
43. CHOMSKY, N. (1986), Knowledge of Language; Its Nature, Origin, and Use. New York: Praeger.
44. CHOMSKY, N. (1995a). Language and Nature. Mind 104: 1-61.
45. CHOMSKY, N. (1995b). The Minimalist Program. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
46. CHOMSKY, N. (2000). Linguistics and Brain Sciences. In A. Marantz, Y. Miyashita, & W. O’Neii (eds.), Image, Language, Brain. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 13-28.
47. CHOMSKY, N. & Halle, M. (1968). The Sound Patterns of English. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
48. CHURCH, K. (1992). Comments on a Learning Model for a Parametric Theory in Phonology. In E. Levine (ed.), Formal Grammar: Theory and Implementation. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 318-26.
49. CLAHSEN, H. (1986). Verbal Inflections in German Child Language: Acquisition of Agreement Markings and the Functions They Encode. Linguistics 24: 79-121.
50. CLAHSEN, H. & PENKE, M. (1992). The Acquisition of Agreement Morphology and its Syntactic Consequences: New Evidence on German Child Language from the Simone Corpus. In J. Meisel (ed.), The Acquisition of Verb Placement. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 181-234.
51. CLAHSEN, H. & ROTHWEILER, M. (1993). Inflectional Rules in Children’s Grammars: Evidence from the Development of Participles in German. Yearbook of Morphology, 1992: 1-34.
52. CLARK, E. (1993). The Lexicon in Acquisition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
53. CLARK, R. (1992). The Selection of Syntactic Knowledge. Language Acquisition 2: 83-149.
54. CLARK, R. & Roberts, I. (1993). A Computational Model of Language Learnability and Language Change. Linguistic Inquiry 24: 299-345.
55. COWIE, F. (1998). What’s Within: Nativism Reconsidered. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
56. GRAIN, S. (1991). Language Acquisition in the Absence of Experience. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 14: 597-650.
57. GRAIN, S. & McKiE, C. (1986). Acquisition of Structural Restrictions on Anaphora. Proceedings of the North Eastern Linguistic Society 16: 94-110.
58. GRAIN, S. & NAKAYAMA, M. (1987). Structure Dependency in Grammar Formation. Language 63: 522-43.
59. DEMUTH, K. (1989). Maturation and the Acquisition of Sesotho Passive. Language 65: 56-90.
60. DEPREZ, V., & PIERCE, A. (1993). Negation and Functional Projections in Early Grammar. Linguistic Inquiry 24: 25-67.
61. DRFSHER, E. (1999). Charting the Learning Path: Cues to Parameter Setting. Linguistic Incfuiry 30: 27-67.
62. DRFSHER, E. & KAYK, J. (1990). A Computational Learning Model for Metrical Phonology. Cognition 34: 137-95.
63. EDFLMAN, G. (1987). Neural Darwinism; The Theory of Neuronal Group Selection. New York: Basic Books.
64. ELMAN, J. (1990). Finding Structure in Time. Cognitive Science 14: 179-211.
65. ELMAN, J. (1991). Distributed Representations, Simple Recurrent Networks, and Grammatical Structure. Machine Learning 7: 195-224.
66. ELMAN, J., BATES, E., JOHN, M., KARMILOFF-SMITH, A., PARISI, D., & PLUNKETT, K. (1996). Rethinking Innateness. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
67. EMBICK, D., & MARANTZ, A. (in press). Cognitive Neuroscience and the English Past Tense: Comments on the Paper by U11 man. et al. Brain and Language.
68. EMOND, J. (1978). The Verbal Complex V’-V in French. Linguistic Inquiry 9: 151-75.
69. FASSI-FEHRI, A. (1993). Issues in the Structure of Arabic Clauses and Words. Boston, Mass.: Kluwer.
70. FELIX, S. (1987). Cognition and Language Growth. Dordrecht: Foris.
71. FISHER, C, & TOKURA, H. (1996). Acoustic Cues to Grammatical Structure in Infant-Directed Speech: Cross-Linguistic Evidence. Child Development 67: 3192-218.
72. FODOR, J. A. (1998). Concepts. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
73. FODOR, J. A. (2001). Doing Without What’s Within: Fiona Cowie’s Criticism of Nativism. Mind no: 99-148.
74. FODOR, J. A. & PYLYSHYN, Z. (1988). Connectionist and Cognitive Architecture: A Critical Analysis. Cognition 28: 3-71.
75. FODOR, J. D. (1998). Unambiguous Triggers. Linguistic Inquiry 29: 1-36.
76. FODOR, J. D. & CROWTHER, C. (in press). Understanding Stimulus Poverty Arguments. Linguistic Review, special issue on innateness.
77. FOX, D., & GRODZlNSKY, Y. (1998). Children’s Passive: A View from the By-Phrase. Linguistic Inquiry, 29: 281-92.
78. FRANCIS, N., & KUCERA, H. (1982). Frequency Analysis of English Usage: Lexicon and Grammar. Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin.
79. FRANK, R., & KAPUR, S. (1996). On the Use of Triggers in Parameter Setting. Linguistic Inquiry 27: 623-60.
80. FLIELDLN, R. (1989). Linguistic Theory and Language Acquisition: A Note on Structure-Dependence. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 14: 618-19.
81. GALLISTEL, C. R. (1990). The Organization of Learning. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
82. GERKEN, L. A. (1991). The Metrical Basis for Children’s Subjectless Sentences. Journal of Memory and Language 30: 431-51.
83. GIBSON, E., & WEXLER, K. (1994). Triggers. Linguistic Inquiry 25: 355-407.
84. GJLLIS, S., DURIEUX, G., & DAELEMANS, W. (1995). A Computational Model of P&P: Dresner & Kaye (1990) Revisited. In M. Verrips & F. Wijnen (eds.), Approaches to Parameter Setting, Amsterdam Series in Child Language Development, 4: 135-73.
85. GLEITMAN, L. (1981). Maturational Determinants of Language Growth. Cognition 10: 115-26.
86. GOLD, E. M. (1967). Language Identification in the Limit. Information and Control 10: 447-74.
87. GOULD, S. J. (1977). Ontogeny and Phyhgeny. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
88. GREENBERG, J. (1963). Some Universals of Grammar with Particular Reference to the Order of Meaningful Elements. In J. Greenberg (ed.), Universals of Language. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 73-113.
89. GUASTI, M. T. (1992). Verb Syntax in Italian Child Grammar, Geneva Generative Papers 1: 115-22.
90. HAEGEMAN, L. (1995). Root Infinitives, Tense, and Truncated Structures. Language Acquisition 4: 205-55.
91. HALLE, M. (1962). Phonology in Generative Grammar. Word 18: 54-72.
92. HALLE, M. (1983). On Distinctive Features and Their Articulator)' Implementation. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 1: 91-107.
93. HALLE, M. (1990). An Approach to Morphology. Proceedings of the North Eastern Linguistic Society 20: 150-84.
94. HALLE, M. (1997a). Some Consequences of the Representation of Words in Memory. Lingua 100: 91-100.
95. HALLE, M. (1997b). Distributed Morphology: Impoverishment and Fission. In PE: Papers at the Interface. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Working Papers in Linguistics, 425-50.
96. HALLE, M. (1998). The Stress of English Words 1968-1998. Linguistic Inquiry 29: 539-68.
97. HALLE, M. (2000). Review of Steven Pinker’s Words and Rules; Ingredients of Language. Trends in Cognitive Science 4: 289.
98. HALLE, M. & MARANTZ, A. 1993. Distributed Morphology. In K. Hale & S. J. Keyser (eds.) The View Erom Building 20, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 111-76.
99. HALLE, M. & MOHANAN, K.-P. (1985). Segmental Phonology of Modern English. Linguistic Inquiry, 16: 57-116.
100. HALLE, M., & YANG, C. D. (2002). Phonological Rules and the Storage of Words. MS, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Yale University.
101. HOCKETT, C. (1968). The State of the Art. The Hague: Mouton.
102. HUANG, C.-U. J. (1984). On the Distribution and Reference of Empty Pronouns. Linguistic Inquiry 15: 531-74.
103. HUBEL, D., & WIESEL, T. (1962). Receptive Fields, Binocular Interaction and Functional Architecture in the Cat’s Visual Cortex. Journal of Physiology 160: 106-54.
104. HYAMS, N. (1986). Language Acquisition and the Theory of Parameters, Dordrecht: Reidel.
105. HYAMS, N. (1991). A Reanalysis of Null Subjects in Child Language, In J. Weissenborn, H. Goodluck, & T. Roeper (eds.), Theoretical Issues in Language Acquisition: Continuity and Change in Development. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 249-67.
106. HYAMS, N. (1996), The Underspecification of Functional Categories in Early Grammar. In H. Clahsen (ed.), Generative Perspectives on Language Acquisition. Amsterdam.: John Benjamins, 91-128.
107. HYAMS, N. & WEXLER, K. (1993). On the Grammatical Basis of Null Subjects in Child Language. Linguistic Inquiry 24: 421-59.
108. JAEGGLI, O., & SAFIR, K. (4989). Introduction. In O. Jaeggli & K. Safir (eds.), The Null Subject Parameter. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1-44.
109. JAKOBSON, ROMAN. (1941/68). Child Language, Aphasia and Phonological Universals, The Hague: Mouton.
110. JENKINS, L. (1999). Biolinguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
111. KAYNE, R. (1975). French Syntax: The Transformational Cycle. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
112. KAYNE, R. (1991). Romance Clitics, Verb Movement, and PRO. Linguistic Inquiry 22: 647-86.
113. KAYNE, R. (1994). The Antisymmetry of Syntax. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
114. KAYNE, R. (2000). Microparametric Syntax: Some Introductory Remarks. In R. Kayne, Parameters and Universals. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 3-9.
115. KEENAN, E. (2001). The Historical Creation of Reflexive Pronouns in English. MS, University of California at Los Angeles.
116. VAN KEMENADE, A. (1987). Syntactic Case and Morphological Case in the History of English. Dordrecht: Poris.
117. KIPARSKY, P. (1973). ‘Elsewhere’ in Phonology. In S. Anderson & P. Kiparsky (eds,), A Festschrift for Morris Halle, New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston, 93-106.
118. KIPARSKY, P. (1997). The Rise of Positional Licensing. In A. van Kemenade & N. Vincent (eds.), Parameters of Morphosyntactic Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 460-94.
119. KOHL, K. (1999). An Analysis of Finite Parameter Learning in Linguistic Spaces. Master’s thesis. Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
120. KROCH, A. (1989). Reflexes of Grammar in Patterns of Language Change. Language Variation and Change 1: 199-244.
121. KROCH, A. (2001). Syntactic Change. In M. Baltin & C. Collins (eds.), The Handbook of Contemporary Syntactic Theory. Oxford: Blackwell, 699-729.
122. KROCH, A. & TAYLOR, A. (1997). Verb Movement in Old and Middle English: Dialect Variation and Language Contact. In A. van Kemenade & N. Vincent (eds.), Parameters of Morphosyntactic Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 297-325.
123. KROCH, A. & RINGE, D. (2000) The Middle English Verb-Second Constraint: A Case Study in Language Contact. In S. Herring, P. van Reneen, & L. Schosler (eds.), Textual Parameters in Older Languages. Philadelphia, Penn.: Benjamins, 353-91.
124. KUHL, P., WILLIAMS, K., LACERDA, F., STEVENS, K., & LINDBLOM, B. (1992). Linguistic Experience Alters Phonetic Perception in Infants by 6 Months of Age. Science 255: 606-8.
125. LABOV, W. (1969). Contraction, Deletion, and Inherent Variability of the English Copula. Language 45: 715-62.
126. LACHTER, L, & BEVER, T. G. (1988). The Relation between Linguistic Structure and Theories of Language Learning: A Constructive Critique of Some Connectionist Learning Models. Cognition 28: 195-247.
127. LEGATE, J. A. (1999). Was the Argument That Was Made Empirical? MS, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
128. LEGATE, J. A. & YANG, C. D. (in press). Empirical Re-Assessments of Stimulus Poverty Arguments. Linguistic Review, special issue on innateness.
129. LEGATE, J. A., & YANG, C. D. (2002). Condition B is Elsewhere. MS, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Yale University.
130. LEVINSON, S. (2000). Presumptive Meanings: The Theory of Generalized Conversational Implicative. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
131. LEVY, Y., & VAINIKKA, A. (1999). The Development of a Mixed Null Subject System: A Cross-linguistic Perspective with Data on the Acquisition of Hebrew. Language Acquisition 8: 363-84.
132. LEWONTIN, R. C. (1983). The Organism, as the Subject and Object of Evolution. Scientia 118: 65-82.
133. LEWONTIN, R. C. (1996). Population Genetics. In A. Griffith, J. Miller, 1). Suzuki, R. Lewontin, & W. Gelbart, An Introduction to Genetic Analysis, 6th edn. San Francisco, Calif.: W. H. Freeman, 779-816.
134. LIGHTFOOT, D. (1979). The Principles of Diachronic Syntax. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
135. LIGHTFOOT, D. (1991). How to Set Parameters. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
136. LIGHTFOOT, D. (1997). Shifting Triggers and Diachronic Reanalysis. In A. van Kemenade & N. Vincent (eds.), Parameters of Morphosyntactic Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 253-72.
137. LIGHTFOOT, D. (1998). Promises, Promises: General Learning Algorithms. Mind and Language 13: 582-7.
138. LIGHTFOOT, D. (1999). The Development of Language: Acquisition, Change, and Evolution. Oxford: Blackwell.
139. LING, C, & MARJNOV, M. (1993). Answering the Connectionist Challenge: A Symbolic Model of Learning the Past Tense of English Verbs. Cognition 49; 235-90.
140. MACKEN, M. (1980). The Child’s Lexical Representation: The ‘Puzzle-Puddle-Pickle’ Evidence. Journal of Linguistics 16: 1-17.
141. MACKEN, M. (1995). Phonological Acquisition. In J. Goldsmith (ed.), Handhook of Phonological Theory, Oxford: Blackwell, 671-96.
142. MACNAMARA, J. (1982). Names for Things: A Study of Human Learning. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
143. MACWHINNEY, B., & LEINBACH, J. (1991). Implementations Are Not Conceptualizations: Revising the Verb Learning Model Cognition 29: 121-57.
144. MACWHINNEY, B., & LEINBACH, J. & SNOW, C. (1985). The Child Language Data Exchange System. Journal of Child Language 12: 271-96.
145. MARANTZ, A. (1984). On the Nature of Grammatical Relations. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
146. MARATSOS, M. (2000). More Overregularizations after all: New Data and Discussion on Marcus, Pinker, Ullman, Hollander, Rosen, & Xu. Journal of Child Language, 27: 183-212.
147. MARCUS, G. (1993). Negative Evidence in Language Acquisition. Cognition 46: 53-85.
148. MARCUS, G. (1998). Can Constructivism Save Connectionism? Cognition 66: 153-82.
149. MARCUS, G., BRINKMANN, U., CLAUSEN, IL, WIESE, R., & PINKER, S. (1995). German Inflection: The Exception that Proves the Rule. Cognitive Psychology 29: 189-256.
150. MARCUS, G., PINKER, S., ULLMAN, M., HOLLANDER, M., ROSEN, J., & Xu, F. (1992). Over regt 1 larizatio n in Language Acquisition. Stanford, Calif.: Society for Research in Child Development.
151. MARCUS, G., PINKER, S., ULLMAN, M., HOLLANDER, M., ROSEN, J., & Xu, F., SANTORINI, B., & MARCHINIKIEWICZ, M. (1993). Building a Large Annotated Corpus of English: The Penn Tree Bank. Computational Linguistics 19: 313-30.
152. MARLER, P. (1991). The Instinct to Learn. In S. Carey & R. Gelman (eds.), The Epigénesis of Mind: Essays on Biology and Cognition. Hillsadale, NJ: Erlbaum, 37-66.
153. MAYNARD SMITH, J. (1989). Evolutionary Genetics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
154. MAYR, E. (1963). Animal Species and Evolution. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
155. MAYR, E. (1982). The Growth of Biological Thought; Diversity, Evolution, and Inheritance. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
156. MAYR, E. (1993). One Long Argument. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
157. MAYR, E. & PROVINE, W. (1980). The Evolutionary Synthesis. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
158. MOLNAR, R. (2001). ‘Generalize and Sift’ as a Model of Inflection Acquisition. Master’s thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
159. MOONEY, R., & CALIFF, M. (1995). Induction of First-Order Decision Lists: Results on Learning the Past Tense of English Verbs. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 3: 1-24.
160. MUFWENE, S. (2001). The Ecology of Language Evolution, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
161. MYERS, S. (1987). Vowel Shortening in English. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 5: 485-518.
162. NARENDRA, K., & THATHACHAR, M. (1989). Learning Automata. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
163. NEWPORT, E., GLEITMAN, I.., & GLEITMAN, H. (1977). Mother, I’d Rather Do It Myself. In C. E. Snow & C. A Ferguson (eds.), Talking to Children: Language Input and Acquisition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 109-50.
164. NIYOGI, P., & BERWICK, R. (1995). The Logical Problem of Language Change. MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory Memo No. 151.6. Cambridge, Mass.
165. NIYOGI, P., & BERWICK, R. (1996). A Language Learning Model for Finite Parameter Spaces. Cognition 61: 161-93.
166. NORMAN, F. (1972). Markov Processes and Learning Models. New York: Academic Press.
167. OSHERSON, D., WEINSTEIN, S., & STOB, M. (1984). Learning Theory and Natural Language. Cognition 17: 1-28.
168. OSHERSON, D., WEINSTEIN, S., & STOB, M. (1986). Systems that Learn. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
169. PAUL, H. (1890/1970). Principles of the History of Language. College Park, Md.: McGrath.
170. PESLTSKY, D. (1995). Zero Syntax: Experience’ and Cascade. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
171. PHILLIPS, C. (1995). Syntax at Age 2: Cross-linguistic Differences. In MET Working Papers in Linguistics 26. Cambridge, Mass.: MITWPL, 325-82.
172. PIATTFILI-PALMARINI, M. (1989). Evolution, Selection, and Cognition: From ‘Learning’ to Parameter Setting in Biology and in the Study of Language. Cognition 31: 1-44.
173. PIERCE, A. (1989). On the Emergence of Syntax: A Crosslinguistic Study. PhD dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
174. PINKER, S. (1984). Language Learnahility at id Language Development. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
175. PINKER, S. (1995). Why the Child Holded the Baby Rabbit: A Case Study in Language Acquisition. In L. Gleitman & M. Liberman (eds.), An Invitation to Cognitive Science: Language, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 107-33.
176. PINKER, S. (1999). Words and Rides: The Ingredients of Language. New York: Basic Books.
177. PINKER, S., LEBEAUX, D., & FROST, A. (1987). Productivity and Constraints in the Acquisition of the Passive, Cognition 26: 195-267.
178. PINKER, S. & Prince, A. (1988). On Language and Connectionism: Analysis of a Parallel Distributed Model of Language Acquisition. Cognition 28: 73-193.
179. PINKER, S. & Prince, A. (1994). Regular and Irregular Morphology and the Psychological Status of Rules of Grammar, In S. Lima, R. Corrigan, & G. Iverson (eds.), The Reality of Linguistic Rules. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 321-51.
180. PINTZUK, S. (1991). Phrase Structure in Competition: Variation and Change in Old English Word Order, Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.
181. POEPPEL, D., & WEXLER, K. (1993). The Full Competence Hypothesis. Language 69: 133.
182. POLLOCK, J.-Y. (1989). Verb Movement, Universal Grammar, and the Structure of IP. Linguistic Inquiry 20: 365-424.
183. PRASADA, S., & PINKER, S. (1993). Generalization of Regular and Irregular Morphology, Language and Cognitive Processes 8: 1-56.
184. PROSSNITZ, I. B. A. (1579). Preface to Sefer Shir Ha-Shirirn (Song of Songs). Cracow.
185. PULLUM, G. (1996). Learnability, Hyperlearning, and the Poverty of the Stimulus. Paper presented at the parasession on learnability, 22nd Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, Berkeley, Calif.
186. QUANG, PHUC DONG. (1971). English Sentences with Overt Grammatical Subject. In A. Zwicky, P. Salus, R. Binnick, & A. Vanek (eds.), Studies Out in Left Field; Defamatory Essays Presented to James D. McCawley. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 3-10.
187. RANDALL, J. (1990). Catapults and Pendulums: The Mechanisms of Language Acquisition. Linguistics 28: 1381-406.
188. RISPOLI, M. (1999). Review of Elman et al, Rethinking Innateness. Journal of Child Language 26: 217-60.
189. RIZZI, L. (1986). Null Object in Italian and the Theory of Pro. Linguistic Inquiry 17: 501-57.
190. RIZZI, L. (1994). Some Notes on Linguistic Theory and Language Development: The Case of Root Infinitives. Language Acquisition 3: 371-93.
191. ROBERTS, I. (1993). Verbs and Diachronic Syntax; A. Comparative History of English and French. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
192. ROEPER, T. (2000). Universal Bilingualism. Bilingualism; Language and Cognition 2: 169-86.
193. ROEPER, T. & ROHRBACHER, B. (1994). Null Subjects in Early Child English and the Theory of Economy of Projection. Technical Report 94-12. Philadelphia: Institute for Research in Cognitive Science, University of Pennsylvania.
194. ROSCH, E. (1978). Principles of Categorization: A Historical View. In E. Rosch & B. Lloyd (eds.), Cognition and Categorization. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 27-48.
195. RUMELHART, D., & MCCLELLAND, J. (1986). On Learning the Past Tenses of English Verbs: Implicit Rules or Parallel Distributed Processing? In J. McClelland» D. Rumelhart, & PDP Research Group. Parallel Distributed Processing: Explorations in the Microstructure of Cognition, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 216-71.
196. SAJFFRAN, D., ASLIN, R., & NEWPORT, E. (1996). Statistical Learning by 8-Month Old Infants. Science 274: 1926-8.
197. SARAS, W., & FODOR, J. D. (2001). The Structural Trigger Learner. In S. Bertolo (ed.), Language Acquisition and Learnability, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 228-300.
198. SAMPSON, G. (1989). Language Acquisition: Growth or Learning? Philosophical Papers 18: 203-40.
199. SANKOFF, D. (ed.) (1978). Language Variation: Models and Methods. New York: Academic Press.
200. SANO, T., & HYAMS, N. (1994). Agreement, Finiteness, and the Development of Null Arguments. Proceedings of the North Eastern Linguistic Society 24: 543-58.
201. SANTORINI, B. (1992). Variation and Change in Yiddish Subordinate Clause Word Order. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 10: 595-640.
202. SAYE, T., & CLAHSEN, H. (2002). Words, Rules, and Stems in the Italian Mental Lexicon. In S. Nooteboom, F. Weerman, & F. Wijnen (eds.), Storage and Computation in the Language Faculty, Boston, Mass.: Kluwer, 76-108.
203. SEIDENBERG, M, (1997). Language Acquisition and Use: Learning and Applying Probabilistic Constraints. Science 275: 1599-604.
204. SHLONSKY, U. (1997). Clause Structure and Word Order in Hebrew and Arabic. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
205. SMITH, N. (1973). The Acquisition of Phonology: A Case Study. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
206. STAMPE, D. (1979). A Dissertation on Natural Phonology. New York: Garland.
207. STROMSWOLD, K. (1990). Learnability and the Acquisition of Auxiliaries. PhD dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
208. STROMSWOLD, K. & ZIMMERMAN, K. (1999). Acquisition of Nein and Nicht and the VP-Internal Subject Stage in German. Language Acquisition 8: 101-27.
209. TESAR, B., & SMOLENSKY, P. (2000). Learnability in Optimality Theory. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
210. THORNTON, R., & WFXLER, K. (1999). Principle B, VP Ellipsis, and Interpretation in Child Grammar. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
211. TORRENS, V. (1995). The Acquisition of Inflection in Spanish and Catalan. In MIT Working Papers in Linguistics 26. Cambridge, Mass.: MITWPL, 434-58.
212. TRAVIS, L. (1984). Parameters and Effects of Word Order Variation. PhD dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
213. ULLMAN, M., CORKIN, S., PINKER, S., COPPOLA, M., LOCASCIO, J., and GROWDON, J. H. (1993). Neural Modularity in Language: Evidence from Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Disease. Abstract presented at the 23rd Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, Washington, DC.
214. VALIAN, V. (1990). Null Subjects: A Problem for Parameter-Setting Models of Language Acquisition. Cognition 35: 105-22.
215. VALIAN, V. (1991). Syntactic Subjects in the Early Speech of American and Italian Children. Cognition 40: 21-82.
216. WALLER, B. (1997). Against a Metrical Basis for Subject Drop in Child Language. MS, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
217. WANG, Q., LILLO-MARTIN, D., BEST, C, & LEVITT, A. (1992). Null Subject vs. Null Object: Some Evidence from the Acquisition of Chinese and English. Language Acquisition 2: 221-54.
218. WEINBERG, A. (1990). Markedness vs. Maturation: The Case of Subject-Auxiliary Inversion. Language Acquisition 1: 169-94.
219. WEINREICH, U., LABOV, W., & HERZOG, M. (1968). Empirical Foundations for a Theory of Language Change. In W. Lehman & Y. Malkiel (eds.), Directions for Historical Linguistics: A Symposium. Austin: University of Texas Press, 95-188.
220. WEVERINK, M. (1989). The Subject in Relation to Inflection in Child Language. MA thesis, University of Utrecht.
221. WEXLER, K. (1994). Optional Infinitives, Head Movement, and the Economy of Derivation in Child Language. In D. Lightfoot & N. Hornstein (eds.), Verb Movement. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 305-50.
222. WEXLER, K. (1998). Very Early Parameter Setting and the Unique Checking Constraint: A New Explanation of the Optional Infinitive Stage. Lingua 106: 23-79.
223. WEXLER, K. & CIJLICOVER, P. (1980). Formal Principles of Language Acquisition. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
224. WIJNEN, F. (1999). Verb Placement in Dutch Child Language: A Longitudinal Analysis. MS, University of Utrecht.
225. Xu, F., & PINKER, S. (1995). Weird Past Tense Forms. Journal of Child Language 22: 531-56.
226. YANG, C. D. (1996). Psychological Reality, Type Transparency, and Minimalist Sentence Processing. MS, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
227. YANG, C. D. (1999). Two Grammars Are Better than One. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 2: 201-3.
228. YANG, C. D. (2000). Dig-Dug, Think-Thunk. Review of Steven Pinker’s Words and Rules. London Review Of Books 22 (16).
229. YANG, C. D. (2002). Panda’s Thumbs and Irregular Verbs. MS, Yale University.
230. YANG, C. D. (in press) Parametric Learning and Parsing. In R. Berwick (ed.), Principle-Based Parsing II: From Theory to Practice. Boston, Mass.: Kluwer.
231. YANG, C. D. & GUTMANN, S. (1999), Language Learning via Martingales. Paper presented at the 6th Conference of the Mathematics of Language, Orlando, Fla.
232. YIP, K., and SUSSMAN, G. (1996). A Computational Model for the Acquisition and Use of Phonological Knowledge. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Memo 1575.
233. YIP, K., and SUSSMAN, G. (1997). Sparse Representations for Fast, One-Shot Learning, Paper presented at the National Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Orlando, Fla.