메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 99, Issue 6, 2008, Pages 2887-2901

Physiology and morphology of shared and specialized spinal interneurons for locomotion and scratching

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL TISSUE; ARTICLE; HINDLIMB; INTERNEURON; LIMB MOVEMENT; LOCOMOTION; MOTOR PERFORMANCE; NERVE CELL MEMBRANE POTENTIAL; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SCRATCHING; SPINAL CORD NERVE CELL; SWIMMING; TURTLE;

EID: 57049126609     PISSN: 00223077     EISSN: 15221598     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1152/jn.90235.2008     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (60)

References (69)
  • 2
    • 0024510858 scopus 로고
    • Neural control of limb coordination. II. Hatching and walking motor output patterns in the absence of input from the brain
    • Bekoff A, Kauer JA, Fulstone A, Summers TR. Neural control of limb coordination. II. Hatching and walking motor output patterns in the absence of input from the brain. Exp Brain Res 74: 609-617, 1989.
    • (1989) Exp Brain Res , vol.74 , pp. 609-617
    • Bekoff, A.1    Kauer, J.A.2    Fulstone, A.3    Summers, T.R.4
  • 3
    • 0023391175 scopus 로고
    • Neural control of limb coordination. I. Comparison of hatching and walking motor output patterns in normal and deafferented chicks
    • Bekoff A, Nusbaum MP, Sabichi AL, Clifford M. Neural control of limb coordination. I. Comparison of hatching and walking motor output patterns in normal and deafferented chicks. J Neurosci 7: 2320-2330, 1987.
    • (1987) J Neurosci , vol.7 , pp. 2320-2330
    • Bekoff, A.1    Nusbaum, M.P.2    Sabichi, A.L.3    Clifford, M.4
  • 4
    • 33846611864 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Balanced inhibition and excitation drive spike activity in spinal half-centers
    • Berg RW, Alaburda A, Hounsgaard J. Balanced inhibition and excitation drive spike activity in spinal half-centers. Science 315: 390-393, 2007.
    • (2007) Science , vol.315 , pp. 390-393
    • Berg, R.W.1    Alaburda, A.2    Hounsgaard, J.3
  • 7
    • 0034902420 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Broadly tuned spinal neurons for each form of fictive scratching in spinal turtles
    • Berkowitz A. Broadly tuned spinal neurons for each form of fictive scratching in spinal turtles. J Neurophysiol 86: 1017-1025, 2001a.
    • (2001) J Neurophysiol , vol.86 , pp. 1017-1025
    • Berkowitz, A.1
  • 8
    • 0034906964 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rhythmicity of spinal neurons activated during each form of fictive scratching in spinal turtles
    • Berkowitz A. Rhythmicity of spinal neurons activated during each form of fictive scratching in spinal turtles. J Neurophysiol 86: 1026-1036, 2001b.
    • (2001) J Neurophysiol , vol.86 , pp. 1026-1036
    • Berkowitz, A.1
  • 9
    • 0036557712 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Both shared and specialized spinal circuitry for scratching and swimming in turtles
    • Berkowitz A. Both shared and specialized spinal circuitry for scratching and swimming in turtles. J Comp Physiol A Sens Neural Behav Physiol 188: 225-234, 2002.
    • (2002) J Comp Physiol A Sens Neural Behav Physiol , vol.188 , pp. 225-234
    • Berkowitz, A.1
  • 10
    • 28044450825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physiology and morphology indicate that individual spinal interneurons contribute to diverse limb movements
    • Berkowitz A. Physiology and morphology indicate that individual spinal interneurons contribute to diverse limb movements. J Neurophysiol 94: 4455-4470, 2005.
    • (2005) J Neurophysiol , vol.94 , pp. 4455-4470
    • Berkowitz, A.1
  • 11
    • 57049168985 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Morphology and physiology of scratch/swim and scratch-specialized spinal interneurons
    • Berkowitz A. Morphology and physiology of scratch/swim and scratch-specialized spinal interneurons. Proc 8th Int Congress Neuroethol PO194, 2007a.
    • (2007) Proc 8th Int Congress Neuroethol
    • Berkowitz, A.1
  • 12
    • 57049140793 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physiology and morphology of spinal interneurons recorded intracellularly during both fictive scratching and fictive swimming
    • Berkowitz A. Physiology and morphology of spinal interneurons recorded intracellularly during both fictive scratching and fictive swimming. Soc Neurosci Abstr 406: 16, 2007b.
    • (2007) Soc Neurosci Abstr , vol.406 , pp. 16
    • Berkowitz, A.1
  • 13
    • 34247529583 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spinal interneurons that are selectively activated during fictive flexion reflex
    • Berkowitz A. Spinal interneurons that are selectively activated during fictive flexion reflex. J Neurosci 27: 4634-4641, 2007c.
    • (2007) J Neurosci , vol.27 , pp. 4634-4641
    • Berkowitz, A.1
  • 14
    • 0028023849 scopus 로고
    • Activity of descending propriospinal axons in the turtle hindlimb enlargement during two forms of fictive scratching: Phase analyses
    • Berkowitz A, Stein PS. Activity of descending propriospinal axons in the turtle hindlimb enlargement during two forms of fictive scratching: phase analyses. J Neurosci 14: 5105-5119, 1994.
    • (1994) J Neurosci , vol.14 , pp. 5105-5119
    • Berkowitz, A.1    Stein, P.S.2
  • 15
    • 33646205486 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Somato-dendritic morphology predicts physiology for neurons that contribute to several kinds of limb movements
    • Berkowitz A, Yosten GL, Ballard RM. Somato-dendritic morphology predicts physiology for neurons that contribute to several kinds of limb movements. J Neurophysiol 95: 2821-2831, 2006.
    • (2006) J Neurophysiol , vol.95 , pp. 2821-2831
    • Berkowitz, A.1    Yosten, G.L.2    Ballard, R.M.3
  • 16
    • 13644261674 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optical imaging of neuronal populations during decision-making
    • Briggman KL, Abarbanel HD, Kristan WB Jr. Optical imaging of neuronal populations during decision-making. Science 307: 896-901, 2005.
    • (2005) Science , vol.307 , pp. 896-901
    • Briggman, K.L.1    Abarbanel, H.D.2    Kristan Jr., W.B.3
  • 17
    • 33750943061 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Imaging dedicated and multifunctional neural circuits generating distinct behaviors
    • Briggman KL, Kristan WB Jr. Imaging dedicated and multifunctional neural circuits generating distinct behaviors. J Neurosci 26: 10925-10933, 2006.
    • (2006) J Neurosci , vol.26 , pp. 10925-10933
    • Briggman, K.L.1    Kristan Jr., W.B.2
  • 18
    • 0022495704 scopus 로고
    • Simultaneous control of two rhythmical behaviors. II. Hindlimb walking with the paw-shake response in spinal cat
    • Carter MC, Smith JL. Simultaneous control of two rhythmical behaviors. II. Hindlimb walking with the paw-shake response in spinal cat. J Neurophysiol 56: 184-195, 1986.
    • (1986) J Neurophysiol , vol.56 , pp. 184-195
    • Carter, M.C.1    Smith, J.L.2
  • 19
    • 0024582310 scopus 로고
    • Interruptions of fictive scratch motor rhythms by activation of cutaneous flexion reflex afferents in the turtle
    • Currie SN, Stein PS. Interruptions of fictive scratch motor rhythms by activation of cutaneous flexion reflex afferents in the turtle. J Neurosci 9: 488-496, 1989.
    • (1989) J Neurosci , vol.9 , pp. 488-496
    • Currie, S.N.1    Stein, P.S.2
  • 20
    • 0019422310 scopus 로고
    • Activity of Renshaw cells during fictive scratch reflex in cat
    • Deliagina TG, Feldman AG. Activity of Renshaw cells during fictive scratch reflex in cat. Exp Brain Res 42: 108-115, 1981.
    • (1981) Exp Brain Res , vol.42 , pp. 108-115
    • Deliagina, T.G.1    Feldman, A.G.2
  • 21
    • 0025850998 scopus 로고
    • Application of circular statistics to the study of neuronal discharge during locomotion
    • Drew T, Doucet S. Application of circular statistics to the study of neuronal discharge during locomotion. J Neurosci Methods 38: 171-181, 1991.
    • (1991) J Neurosci Methods , vol.38 , pp. 171-181
    • Drew, T.1    Doucet, S.2
  • 22
    • 0033987848 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scratch-swim hybrids in the spinal turtle: Blending of rostral scratch and forward swim
    • Earhart GM, Stein PS. Scratch-swim hybrids in the spinal turtle: blending of rostral scratch and forward swim. J Neurophysiol 83: 156-165, 2000a.
    • (2000) J Neurophysiol , vol.83 , pp. 156-165
    • Earhart, G.M.1    Stein, P.S.2
  • 23
    • 0033730393 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Step, swim, and scratch motor patterns in the turtle
    • Earhart GM, Stein PS. Step, swim, and scratch motor patterns in the turtle. J Neurophysiol 84: 2181-2190, 2000b.
    • (2000) J Neurophysiol , vol.84 , pp. 2181-2190
    • Earhart, G.M.1    Stein, P.S.2
  • 24
    • 0033119543 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fifty years of a command neuron: The neurobiology of escape behavior in the crayfish
    • Edwards DH, Heitler WJ, Krasne FB. Fifty years of a command neuron: the neurobiology of escape behavior in the crayfish. Trends Neurosci 22: 153-161, 1999.
    • (1999) Trends Neurosci , vol.22 , pp. 153-161
    • Edwards, D.H.1    Heitler, W.J.2    Krasne, F.B.3
  • 25
    • 0037114950 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for sequential decision making in the medicinal leech
    • Esch T, Mesce KA, Kristan WB. Evidence for sequential decision making in the medicinal leech. J Neurosci 22: 11045-11054, 2002.
    • (2002) J Neurosci , vol.22 , pp. 11045-11054
    • Esch, T.1    Mesce, K.A.2    Kristan, W.B.3
  • 26
    • 57049145555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gelfand IM, Orlovsky GN, Shik ML. Locomotion and scratching in tetrapods. In: Neural Control of Rhythmic Movements in Vertebrates, edited by Cohen AH, Rossignol S, Grillner S. New York: Wiley, 1988, p. 167-199.
    • Gelfand IM, Orlovsky GN, Shik ML. Locomotion and scratching in tetrapods. In: Neural Control of Rhythmic Movements in Vertebrates, edited by Cohen AH, Rossignol S, Grillner S. New York: Wiley, 1988, p. 167-199.
  • 27
    • 0029981490 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activity of dorsal respiratory group inspiratory neurons during laryngeal-induced fictive coughing and swallowing in decerebrate cats
    • Gestreau C, Milano S, Bianchi AL, Grelot L. Activity of dorsal respiratory group inspiratory neurons during laryngeal-induced fictive coughing and swallowing in decerebrate cats. Exp Brain Res 108: 247-256, 1996.
    • (1996) Exp Brain Res , vol.108 , pp. 247-256
    • Gestreau, C.1    Milano, S.2    Bianchi, A.L.3    Grelot, L.4
  • 28
    • 33745596116 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Deciphering the organization and modulation of spinal locomotor central pattern generators
    • Gordon IT, Whelan PJ. Deciphering the organization and modulation of spinal locomotor central pattern generators. J Exp Biol 209: 2007-2014, 2006.
    • (2006) J Exp Biol , vol.209 , pp. 2007-2014
    • Gordon, I.T.1    Whelan, P.J.2
  • 29
    • 0030087755 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transitions between two different motor patterns in Xenopus embryos
    • Green CS, Soffe SR. Transitions between two different motor patterns in Xenopus embryos. J Comp Physiol A Sens Neural Behav Physiol 178: 279-291, 1996.
    • (1996) J Comp Physiol A Sens Neural Behav Physiol , vol.178 , pp. 279-291
    • Green, C.S.1    Soffe, S.R.2
  • 30
    • 0027493956 scopus 로고
    • Respiratory interneurons of the lower cervical (C4-C5) cord: Membrane potential changes during fictive coughing, vomiting, and swallowing in the decerebrate cat
    • Grelot L, Milano S, Portillo F, Miller AD. Respiratory interneurons of the lower cervical (C4-C5) cord: membrane potential changes during fictive coughing, vomiting, and swallowing in the decerebrate cat. Pfluegers Arch 425: 313-320, 1993.
    • (1993) Pfluegers Arch , vol.425 , pp. 313-320
    • Grelot, L.1    Milano, S.2    Portillo, F.3    Miller, A.D.4
  • 31
    • 33947189354 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biological pattern generation: The cellular and computational logic of networks in motion
    • Grillner S. Biological pattern generation: the cellular and computational logic of networks in motion. Neuron 52: 751-766, 2006.
    • (2006) Neuron , vol.52 , pp. 751-766
    • Grillner, S.1
  • 32
    • 0025143933 scopus 로고
    • Neuronal mechanisms underlying behavioral switching in a pteropod mollusc
    • Huang Z, Satterlie RA. Neuronal mechanisms underlying behavioral switching in a pteropod mollusc. J Comp Physiol A Sens Neural Behav Physiol 166: 875-887, 1990.
    • (1990) J Comp Physiol A Sens Neural Behav Physiol , vol.166 , pp. 875-887
    • Huang, Z.1    Satterlie, R.A.2
  • 33
    • 0029805744 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of the respiratory pattern-generating neurons by an identified whole-body withdrawal interneuron of Lymnaea stagnalis
    • Inoue T, Takasaki M, Lukowiak K, Syed NI. Inhibition of the respiratory pattern-generating neurons by an identified whole-body withdrawal interneuron of Lymnaea stagnalis. J Exp Biol 199: 1887-1898, 1996.
    • (1996) J Exp Biol , vol.199 , pp. 1887-1898
    • Inoue, T.1    Takasaki, M.2    Lukowiak, K.3    Syed, N.I.4
  • 34
    • 3242664304 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The construction of movement with behavior-specific and behavior-independent modules
    • Jing J, Cropper EC, Hurwitz I, Weiss KR. The construction of movement with behavior-specific and behavior-independent modules. J Neurosci 24: 6315-6325, 2004.
    • (2004) J Neurosci , vol.24 , pp. 6315-6325
    • Jing, J.1    Cropper, E.C.2    Hurwitz, I.3    Weiss, K.R.4
  • 35
    • 0034061563 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Escape swim network interneurons have diverse roles in behavioral switching and putative arousal in Pleurobranchaea
    • Jing J, Gillette R. Escape swim network interneurons have diverse roles in behavioral switching and putative arousal in Pleurobranchaea. J Neurophysiol 83: 1346-1355, 2000.
    • (2000) J Neurophysiol , vol.83 , pp. 1346-1355
    • Jing, J.1    Gillette, R.2
  • 36
    • 0037388707 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Directional avoidance turns encoded by single interneurons and sustained by multifunctional serotonergic cells
    • Jing J, Gillette R. Directional avoidance turns encoded by single interneurons and sustained by multifunctional serotonergic cells. J Neurosci 23: 3039-3051, 2003.
    • (2003) J Neurosci , vol.23 , pp. 3039-3051
    • Jing, J.1    Gillette, R.2
  • 37
    • 0035885093 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neural mechanisms of motor program switching in Aplysia
    • Jing J, Weiss KR. Neural mechanisms of motor program switching in Aplysia. J Neurosci 21: 7349-7362, 2001.
    • (2001) J Neurosci , vol.21 , pp. 7349-7362
    • Jing, J.1    Weiss, K.R.2
  • 38
    • 0037101637 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interneuronal basis of the generation of related but distinct motor programs in Aplysia: Implications for current neuronal models of vertebrate intralimb coordination
    • Jing J, Weiss KR. Interneuronal basis of the generation of related but distinct motor programs in Aplysia: implications for current neuronal models of vertebrate intralimb coordination. J Neurosci 22: 6228-6238, 2002.
    • (2002) J Neurosci , vol.22 , pp. 6228-6238
    • Jing, J.1    Weiss, K.R.2
  • 39
    • 0033989384 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electrically evoked fictive swimming in the low-spinal immobilized turtle
    • Juranek J, Currie SN. Electrically evoked fictive swimming in the low-spinal immobilized turtle. J Neurophysiol 83: 146-155, 2000.
    • (2000) J Neurophysiol , vol.83 , pp. 146-155
    • Juranek, J.1    Currie, S.N.2
  • 40
    • 1242271194 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Central pattern generators deciphered by molecular genetics
    • Kiehn O, Kullander K. Central pattern generators deciphered by molecular genetics. Neuron 41: 317-321, 2004.
    • (2004) Neuron , vol.41 , pp. 317-321
    • Kiehn, O.1    Kullander, K.2
  • 41
    • 33744975862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kimura Y, Okamura Y, Higashijima S. alx, a zebrafish homolog of Chx10, marks ipsilateral descending excitatory interneurons that participate in the regulation of spinal locomotor circuits. J Neurosci 26: 5684-5697, 2006.
    • Kimura Y, Okamura Y, Higashijima S. alx, a zebrafish homolog of Chx10, marks ipsilateral descending excitatory interneurons that participate in the regulation of spinal locomotor circuits. J Neurosci 26: 5684-5697, 2006.
  • 42
    • 0018817480 scopus 로고
    • Neural mechanism underlying behavioral choice in Pleurobranchea
    • Kovac MP, Davis WJ. Neural mechanism underlying behavioral choice in Pleurobranchea. J Neurophysiol 43: 469-487, 1980.
    • (1980) J Neurophysiol , vol.43 , pp. 469-487
    • Kovac, M.P.1    Davis, W.J.2
  • 43
    • 0023815102 scopus 로고
    • Response-dedicated trigger neurons as control points for behavioral actions: Selective inhibition of lateral giant command neurons during feeding in crayfish
    • Krasne FB, Lee SC. Response-dedicated trigger neurons as control points for behavioral actions: selective inhibition of lateral giant command neurons during feeding in crayfish. J Neurosci 8: 3703-3712, 1988.
    • (1988) J Neurosci , vol.8 , pp. 3703-3712
    • Krasne, F.B.1    Lee, S.C.2
  • 45
    • 0345515984 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Population coding and behavioral choice
    • Kristan WB Jr, Shaw BK. Population coding and behavioral choice. Curr Opin Neurobiol 7: 826-831, 1997.
    • (1997) Curr Opin Neurobiol , vol.7 , pp. 826-831
    • Kristan Jr, W.B.1    Shaw, B.K.2
  • 46
    • 36048989924 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reconfiguration of a vertebrate motor network: Specific neuron recruitment and context-dependent synaptic plasticity
    • Li W-C, Sautois B, Roberts A, Soffe SR. Reconfiguration of a vertebrate motor network: specific neuron recruitment and context-dependent synaptic plasticity. J Neurosci 27: 12267-12276, 2007.
    • (2007) J Neurosci , vol.27 , pp. 12267-12276
    • Li, W.-C.1    Sautois, B.2    Roberts, A.3    Soffe, S.R.4
  • 47
    • 0034042170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reconfiguration of the neural network controlling multiple breathing patterns: Eupnea, sighs and gasps
    • Lieske SP, Thoby-Brisson M, Telgkamp P, Ramirez JM. Reconfiguration of the neural network controlling multiple breathing patterns: eupnea, sighs and gasps. Nat Neurosci 3: 600-607, 2000.
    • (2000) Nat Neurosci , vol.3 , pp. 600-607
    • Lieske, S.P.1    Thoby-Brisson, M.2    Telgkamp, P.3    Ramirez, J.M.4
  • 48
    • 0024349193 scopus 로고
    • Function of identified interneurons in the leech elucidated using neural networks trained by back-propagation
    • Lockery SR, Wittenberg G, Kristan WB Jr, Cottrell GW. Function of identified interneurons in the leech elucidated using neural networks trained by back-propagation. Nature 340: 468-471, 1989.
    • (1989) Nature , vol.340 , pp. 468-471
    • Lockery, S.R.1    Wittenberg, G.2    Kristan Jr, W.B.3    Cottrell, G.W.4
  • 50
    • 0029847273 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Principles of rhythmic motor pattern generation
    • Marder E, Calabrese RL. Principles of rhythmic motor pattern generation. Physiol Rev 76: 687-717, 1996.
    • (1996) Physiol Rev , vol.76 , pp. 687-717
    • Marder, E.1    Calabrese, R.L.2
  • 52
    • 0021832831 scopus 로고
    • Three forms of the scratch reflex in the spinal turtle: Movement analyses
    • Mortin LI, Keifer J, Stein PSG. Three forms of the scratch reflex in the spinal turtle: movement analyses. J Neurophysiol 53: 1501-1516, 1985.
    • (1985) J Neurophysiol , vol.53 , pp. 1501-1516
    • Mortin, L.I.1    Keifer, J.2    Stein, P.S.G.3
  • 53
    • 0024376293 scopus 로고
    • Spinal cord segments containing key elements of the central pattern generators for three forms of scratch reflex in the turtle
    • Mortin LI, Stein PS. Spinal cord segments containing key elements of the central pattern generators for three forms of scratch reflex in the turtle. J Neurosci 9: 2285-2296, 1989.
    • (1989) J Neurosci , vol.9 , pp. 2285-2296
    • Mortin, L.I.1    Stein, P.S.2
  • 54
    • 0029862852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Whole body withdrawal circuit and its involvement in the behavioral hierarchy of the mollusk Clione limacina
    • Norekian TP, Satterlie RA. Whole body withdrawal circuit and its involvement in the behavioral hierarchy of the mollusk Clione limacina. J Neurophysiol 75: 529-537, 1996.
    • (1996) J Neurophysiol , vol.75 , pp. 529-537
    • Norekian, T.P.1    Satterlie, R.A.2
  • 55
    • 0028081813 scopus 로고
    • Activity of bulbar respiratory neurons during fictive coughing and swallowing in the decerebrate cat
    • Oku Y, Tanaka I, Ezure K. Activity of bulbar respiratory neurons during fictive coughing and swallowing in the decerebrate cat. J Physiol 480: 309-324, 1994.
    • (1994) J Physiol , vol.480 , pp. 309-324
    • Oku, Y.1    Tanaka, I.2    Ezure, K.3
  • 56
    • 0033573540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proprioceptive control of extensor activity during fictive scratching and weight support compared to fictive locomotion
    • Perreault MC, Enriquez-Denton M, Hultborn H. Proprioceptive control of extensor activity during fictive scratching and weight support compared to fictive locomotion. J Neurosci 19: 10966-10976, 1999.
    • (1999) J Neurosci , vol.19 , pp. 10966-10976
    • Perreault, M.C.1    Enriquez-Denton, M.2    Hultborn, H.3
  • 57
    • 0023118820 scopus 로고
    • Ia inhibitory interneurons and Renshaw cells as contributors to the spinal mechanisms of fictive locomotion
    • Pratt CA, Jordan LM. Ia inhibitory interneurons and Renshaw cells as contributors to the spinal mechanisms of fictive locomotion. J Neurophysiol 57: 56-71, 1987.
    • (1987) J Neurophysiol , vol.57 , pp. 56-71
    • Pratt, C.A.1    Jordan, L.M.2
  • 58
    • 0035890286 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vivo imaging of zebrafish reveals differences in the spinal networks for escape and swimming movements
    • Ritter DA, Bhatt DH, Fetcho JR. In vivo imaging of zebrafish reveals differences in the spinal networks for escape and swimming movements. J Neurosci 21: 8956-8965, 2001.
    • (2001) J Neurosci , vol.21 , pp. 8956-8965
    • Ritter, D.A.1    Bhatt, D.H.2    Fetcho, J.R.3
  • 59
    • 0021853052 scopus 로고
    • Three forms of the scratch reflex in the spinal turtle: Central generation of motor patterns
    • Robertson GA, Mortin LI, Keifer J, Stein PSG. Three forms of the scratch reflex in the spinal turtle: central generation of motor patterns. J Neurophysiol 53: 1517-1534, 1985.
    • (1985) J Neurophysiol , vol.53 , pp. 1517-1534
    • Robertson, G.A.1    Mortin, L.I.2    Keifer, J.3    Stein, P.S.G.4
  • 60
    • 0023729284 scopus 로고
    • Synaptic control of hindlimb motoneurones during three forms of the fictive scratch reflex in the turtle
    • Robertson GA, Stein PSG. Synaptic control of hindlimb motoneurones during three forms of the fictive scratch reflex in the turtle. J Physiol 404: 101-128, 1988.
    • (1988) J Physiol , vol.404 , pp. 101-128
    • Robertson, G.A.1    Stein, P.S.G.2
  • 61
    • 0031021125 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The neuronal basis of the behavioral choice between swimming and shortening in the leech: Control is not selectively exercised at higher circuit levels
    • Shaw BK, Kristan WB Jr. The neuronal basis of the behavioral choice between swimming and shortening in the leech: control is not selectively exercised at higher circuit levels. J Neurosci 17: 786-795, 1997.
    • (1997) J Neurosci , vol.17 , pp. 786-795
    • Shaw, B.K.1    Kristan Jr., W.B.2
  • 62
    • 34248346282 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multifunctional laryngeal premotor neurons: Their activities during breathing, coughing, sneezing, and swallowing
    • Shiba K, Nakazawa K, Ono K, Umezaki T. Multifunctional laryngeal premotor neurons: their activities during breathing, coughing, sneezing, and swallowing. J Neurosci 27: 5156-5162, 2007.
    • (2007) J Neurosci , vol.27 , pp. 5156-5162
    • Shiba, K.1    Nakazawa, K.2    Ono, K.3    Umezaki, T.4
  • 63
    • 33751256541 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intrinsic properties shape the firing pattern of ventral horn interneurons from the spinal cord of the adult turtle
    • Smith M, Perrier JF. Intrinsic properties shape the firing pattern of ventral horn interneurons from the spinal cord of the adult turtle. J Neurophysiol 96: 2670-2677, 2006.
    • (2006) J Neurophysiol , vol.96 , pp. 2670-2677
    • Smith, M.1    Perrier, J.F.2
  • 64
    • 0027376282 scopus 로고
    • Two distinct rhythmic motor patterns are driven by common premotor and motor neurons in a simple vertebrate spinal cord
    • Soffe SR. Two distinct rhythmic motor patterns are driven by common premotor and motor neurons in a simple vertebrate spinal cord. J Neurosci 13: 4456-4469, 1993.
    • (1993) J Neurosci , vol.13 , pp. 4456-4469
    • Soffe, S.R.1
  • 65
    • 0029952234 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Motor patterns for two distinct rhythmic behaviors evoked by excitatory amino acid agonists in the Xenopus embryo spinal cord
    • Soffe SR. Motor patterns for two distinct rhythmic behaviors evoked by excitatory amino acid agonists in the Xenopus embryo spinal cord. J Neurophysiol 75: 1815-1825, 1996.
    • (1996) J Neurophysiol , vol.75 , pp. 1815-1825
    • Soffe, S.R.1
  • 67
    • 0022512280 scopus 로고
    • Blends of rostral and caudal scratch reflex motor patterns elicited by simultaneous stimulation of two sites in the spinal turtle
    • Stein PSG, Camp AW, Robertson GA, Mortin LI. Blends of rostral and caudal scratch reflex motor patterns elicited by simultaneous stimulation of two sites in the spinal turtle. J Neurosci 6: 2259-2266, 1986.
    • (1986) J Neurosci , vol.6 , pp. 2259-2266
    • Stein, P.S.G.1    Camp, A.W.2    Robertson, G.A.3    Mortin, L.I.4
  • 68
    • 0030050761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interactions between the neural networks for escape and swimming in goldfish
    • Svoboda KR, Fetcho JR. Interactions between the neural networks for escape and swimming in goldfish. J Neurosci 16: 843-852, 1996.
    • (1996) J Neurosci , vol.16 , pp. 843-852
    • Svoboda, K.R.1    Fetcho, J.R.2
  • 69
    • 0027220516 scopus 로고
    • Multifunctional properties of ambiguous neurons identified electrophysiologically during vocalization in the awake monkey
    • Yajima Y, Larson CR. Multifunctional properties of ambiguous neurons identified electrophysiologically during vocalization in the awake monkey. J Neurophysiol 70: 529-540, 1993.
    • (1993) J Neurophysiol , vol.70 , pp. 529-540
    • Yajima, Y.1    Larson, C.R.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.