Multiclass detector of current steganographic methods for JPEG format

IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security

Volumn 3, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 635-650

  Pevný, Tomáš ^a   Fridrich, Jessica ^a  

^a State University of New York   (United States)

Author keywords

Blind steganalysis; Double compression; JPEG classifier; Multiclassifier

Indexed keywords

BANDPASS FILTERS; DATA COMPRESSION; FEATURE EXTRACTION; Q FACTOR MEASUREMENT; SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINES;

BLIND STEGANALYSIS; COMPLETE SYSTEMS; COMPRESSED IMAGES; DOUBLE COMPRESSION; FORENSIC STEGANALYSIS; JPEG CLASSIFIER; JPEG IMAGES; MULTI CLASSES; MULTICLASSIFIER; MULTICLASSIFIERS; QUALITY FACTORS; QUANTIZATION TABLES; SECRET MESSAGES; STEGANOGRAPHIC ALGORITHMS; STEGANOGRAPHIC METHODS; STEGO IMAGES; SUPERVISED TRAININGS; SUPPORT VECTORS;

IMAGE ENHANCEMENT;

EID: 56749170425     PISSN: 15566013     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/TIFS.2008.2002936     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. I. Avcibas, M. Kharrazi, N. D. Memon, and B. Sankur, "Image steganalysis with binary similarity measures," EURASIP J. Appl. Signal Process., vol. 17, pp. 2749-2757, 2005.
2. I. Avcibas, N. D. Memon, and B. Sankur, "Steganalysis using image quality metrics," in Proc. SPIE, Electronic Imaging, Security, Steganography, Watermarking of Multimedia Contents III, E. J. Delp and P. W. Wong, Eds., San Jose, CA, Jan. 22-25, 2001, vol. 4314, pp. 523-531.
3. I. Avcibas, N. D. Memon, and B. Sankur, "Image steganalysis with binary similarity measures," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Image Processing, Rochester, NY, Sep. 22-25, 2002, vol. 3, pp. 645-648.
4. C. J. C. Burges, "A tutorial on support vector machines for pattern recognition," Data Mining Knowl. Discovery, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 121-167, 1998.
5. C. Cachin, "An information-theoretic model for steganography," in Proc. 2nd Int. Information Hiding, Workshop, ser. Lect. Notes Comput. Sci., D. Aucsmith, Ed. New York: Springer-Verlag, Apr. 14-17, 1998, vol. 1525, pp. 306-318, Portland, OR.
6. H. Farid and L. Siwei, "Detecting hidden messages using higher-order statistics and support vector machines," in Proc. 5th Int. Workshop Information Hiding, ser. Lect. Notes Comput. Sci, F. A. P. Petitcolas, Ed. New York: Springer-Verlag, Oct. 7-9, 2002, vol. 2578, pp. 340-354, Noordwijkerhout, The Netherlands.
7. J. Fridrich, "Feature-based steganalysis for JPEG images and its implications for future design of steganographic schemes," in Proc. 6th Int. Workshop Information Hiding, J. Fridrich, Ed., Toronto, ON, Canada, May 23-25, 2004, vol. 3200, Lect. Notes Comput. Sci., pp. 67-81, Springer-Verlag, New York.
8. J. Fridrich, M. Goljan, and D. Hogea, "Steganalysis of JPEG images: Breaking the F5 algorithm," in Proc. 5th Int. Workshop Information Hiding, ser. Lect. Notes Comput. Sci., F. A. P. Petitcolas, Ed. New York: Springer-Verlag, Oct. 7-9,2002, vol. 2578, pp. 310-323, Noordwijkerhout, The Netherlands.
9. D. Fu, Y. Q. Shi, and Q. Su, "A generalized Benford's law for JPEG coefficients and its applications in image forensics," in Proc. SPIE, Electronic Imaging, Security, Steganography, and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents IX, E. J. Delp and P. W. Wong, Eds., San Jose, CA, Jan. 29-Feb. 1 2007, vol. 6505, pp. 1L1-1L11, San Jose, CA.
10. M. Goljan, J. Fridrich, and T. Holotyak, "New blind steganalysis and its implications," in Proc. SPIE, Electronic Imaging, Security, Steganography, Watermarking of Multimedia Contents VIII, E. J. Delp and P. W. Wong, Eds., San Jose, CA, Jan. 16-19, 2006, vol. 6072, pp. 1-13.
11. J. J. Harmsen and W. A. Pearlman, "Steganalysis of additive noise modelable information hiding," in Proc. SPIE, Electronic Imaging, Security, Steganography, Watermarking of Multimedia Contents V, E. J. Delp and P. W. Wong, Eds., Santa Clara, CA, Jan. 21-24, 2003, vol. 5020, pp. 131-142.
12. J. J. Harmsen and W. A. Pearlman, "Capacity of steganalysis channels," in Proc. 7th ACM Multimedia Security Workshop, A. M. Eskicioglu, J. Fridrich, and J. Dittmann, Eds., New York, Aug. 1-2, 2005, pp. 11-24.
13. S. Hetzl and P. Mutzel, "A graph-theoretic approach to steganography," in Proc. 9th IFIP TC-6 TC-11 Int. Conf. Communications and Multimedia Security, ser. Lect. Notes Comput. Sci., J. Dittmann, S. Katzenbeisser, and A. Uhl, Eds. New York: Springer-Verlag, Sep. 19-21, 2005, vol. 3677, pp. 119-128.
14. C. Hsu and C. Lin, "A comparison of methods for multi-class support vector machines," Dept. Comput. Sci. Inf. Eng., National Taiwan Univ., Taipei, Taiwan, 2001. [Online]. Available: http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/ hsu01comparison.html, Tech. Rep.
15. A. L. Jain, Fundamentals of Digital Image Processing. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1989.
16. S. Katzenbeisser and F. A. P. Petitcolas, "Defining security in steganographic systems," in Proc. SPIE Photonic West, Electronic Imaging, Security, Steganography, Watermarking Multimedia Contents IV, E. J. Delp and P. W. Wong, Eds., San Jose, CA, Jan. 21-24, 2002, vol. 4675, pp. 50-56.
17. A. D. Ker and R. Böhme, "Revisiting weighted stego-image steganalysis," in Proc. SPIE, Electronic Imaging, Security, Forensics, Steganography, Watermarking of Multimedia Contents X, E. J. Delp and P. W. Wong, Eds., San Jose, CA, Jan. 27-31, 2008, vol. 6819, pp. 5 1-5 17.
18. Y. Kim, Z. Duric, and D. Richards, "Modified matrix encoding technique for minimal distortion steganography," in Proc. 8th Int. Workshop Information Hiding, ser. Lect. Notes Comput. Sci., J. L. Camenisch, C. S. Collberg, N. F. Johnson, and P. Sallee, Eds. New York: Springer-Verlag, Jul. 10-12, 2006, vol. 4437, pp. 314-327, Alexandria, VA.
19. J. Lukáš and J. Fridrich, "Estimation of primary quantization matrix in double compressed JPEG images," presented at the Digital Forensic Research Workshop, Cleveland, OH, Aug. 5-8, 2003.
20. S. Lyu and H. Farid, "Steganalysis using color wavelet statistics and one-class support vector machines," in Proc. SPIE, Electronic Imaging, Security, Steganography, Watermarking of Multimedia Contents VI, E. J. Delp and P. W. Wong, Eds., San Jose, CA, Jan. 19-22, 2004, vol. 5306, pp. 35-45.
21. S. Lyu and H. Farid, "Steganalysis using higher-order image statistics," IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Security, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 111-119, Mar. 2006.
22. W. Pennebaker and J. Mitchell, JPEG: Still Image Data Compression Standard. New York: Van Nostrand, 1993.
23. T. Pevný and J. Fridrich, "Towards multi-class blind steganalyzer for JPEG images," in Proc. Int. Workshop on Digital Watermarking, ser. Lect. Notes Comput. Sci., M. Barni, I. J. Cox, T. Kalker, and H. J. Kim, Eds. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, Sep. 15-17, 2005, vol. 3710, Siena, Italy.
24. T. Pevný and J. Fridrich, "Determining the stego algorithm for JPEG images," Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng., Special Issue Information Security, vol. .153, no. 3, pp. 75-139, 2006.
25. T. Pevný and J. Fridrich, "Multiclass blind steganalysis for JPEG images," in Proc. SPIE, Electronic Imaging, Security, Steganography, and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents VIII, E. J. Delp and P. W. Wong, Eds., San Jose, CA, Jan. 16-19, 2006, vol. 6072, pp. O 1-O 13.
26. T. Pevný and J. Fridrich, "Merging Markov and DCT features for multiclass JPEG steganalysis," in Proc. SPIE, Electronic Imaging, Security, Steganography, Watermarking of Multimedia Contents IX, E. J. Delp and P. W. Wong, Eds., San Jose, CA, Jan. 29-Feb. 1 2007, vol. 6505, pp. 3 1-3 14.
27. T. Pevný and J. Fridrich, "Detection of double-compression for applications in steganography," IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Security, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 247-258, Jun. 2008.
28. A. C. Popescu and H. Farid, "Statistical tools for digital forensic," in Proc. 6th Int. Workshop Information Hiding, ser. Lect. Notes Comput. Sci., J. Fridrich, Ed. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, May 23-25, 2004, vol. 3200, pp. 128-147, Toronto, ON, Canada.
29. N. Provos, "Defending against statistical steganalysis," in Proc. 10th USENIX Security Symp., Aug. 13-17, 2001, pp. 323-335.
30. P. Sallee, "Model-based steganography," in Proc. 2nd Int. Workshop Digital Watermarking, ser. Lect. Notes Comput. Sci., T. Kalker, I. J. Cox, and Y. Man Ro, Eds. New York: Springer-Verlag, Oct. 20-22, 2003, vol. 2939, pp. .154-167, Seoul, Korea.
31. P. Sallee, "Model-based methods for steganography and steganalysis," Int. J. Image Graphics, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 167-190, 2005.
32. Y. Q. Shi, C. Chen, and W. Chen, "A Markov process based approach to effective attacking JPEG steganography," in Proc. 8th Int. Workshop Inf. Hiding, ser. Lect. Notes Comput. Sci., J. L. Camenisch, C. S. Collberg, N. F. Johnson, and P. Sallee, Eds. New York: Springer-Verlag, Jul. 10-12, 2006, vol. 4437, pp. 249-264, Alexandria, VA.
33. Y. Wang and P. Moulin, "Statistical modelling and steganalysis of DFT-based image steganography," in Proc. SPIE, Electronic Imaging, Security, Steganography, Watermarking of Multimedia Contents VIII, E. J. Delp and P. W. Wong, Eds., San Jose, CA, Jan. 16-19, 2006, vol. 6072, pp. 2 1-2 11.
34. A. Westfeld, "High capacity despite better steganalysis (F5 - A steganographic algorithm)," in Proc. Information Hiding, 4th Int. Workshop, ser. Lect. Notes Comput. Sci., I. S. Moskowitz, Ed. New York: Springer-Verlag, Apr. 25-27, 2001, vol. 2137, pp. 289-302.
35. G. Xuan, Y. Q. Shi, J. Gao, D. Zou, C. Yang, Z. Z. P. Chai, C. Chen, and W. Chen, "Steganalysis based on multiple features formed by statistical moments of wavelet characteristic functions," in Proc. 7th Int. Workshop Information Hiding, ser. Lect. Notes Comput. Sci., M. Barni, J. Herrera, S. Katzenbeisser, and F. Pérez-González, Eds. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, Jun. 6-8, 2005, vol. 3727, pp. 262-277.
36. J. Zöllner, H. Federrath, H. Klimant, A. Pfitzmann, R. Piotraschke, A. Westfeld, G. Wicke, and G. Wolf, "Modeling the security of steganographic systems," in Proc. Information Hiding, 2nd Int. Workshop, ser. Lect. Notes Comput. Sci., D. Aucsmith, Ed. New York: Springer-Verlag, Apr. 14-17, 1998, vol. 1525, pp. 344-354.