A generalized Benford's law for JPEG coefficients and its applications in image forensics

Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering

Volumn 6505, Issue , 2007, Pages

  Fu, Dongdong ^a   Shi, Yun Q ^a   Su, Wei ^b  

^a NEW JERSEY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^b Intelligence and Information Warfare Directorate   (United States)

Author keywords

Benford's law; Block DCT coefficients; First digit law; JPEG coefficients; Probability distribution

Indexed keywords

BINARY SEQUENCES; DISCRETE COSINE TRANSFORMS; IMAGE COMPRESSION; PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS; Q FACTOR MEASUREMENT;

BENFORD'S LAW; BLOCK-DCT COEFFICIENTS; FIRST DIGIT LAW; JPEG COEFFICIENTS;

IMAGE ANALYSIS;

EID: 34250355507     PISSN: 0277786X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Conference Proceeding    
DOI: 10.1117/12.704723     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (15)

1. R. C. Reininger and J. D. Gibson, "Distributions of the two dimensional DCT coefficients for images," IEEE Trans. On Commun., vol. COM-31, pp 835-839, June 1983.
2. J. D. Eggerton and M. D. Srinath, "Statistical distribution of image DCT coefficients," Computer and Electrical Engineering, vol 12, pp. 137-145, 1986.
3. S. Newcomb, "Note on the frequency of use of the different digits in natural numbers," American Journal of Mathematics, vol. 4, No. 1/4 (1881), pp. 39-40.
4. F. Benford, "The law of anomalous numbers," Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., vol. 78, pp. 551-572, 1938.
5. T. P. Hill, "A statistical derivation of the significant-digit law," Statistical Science 10, 354-363, 1996.
6. M. Nigrini, "The detection of income evasion through an analysis of digital distributions," Ph.D Thesis, Department of Accounting, University of Cincinatti, 1992.
7. C. Durtschi, W. Hillison and C. Pacini, "The effective use of Benford's law to assist in detecting fraud in accounting data," Journal of Forensic Accounting, vol.V, pp. 17-34, 2004.
8. J.M. Jolion, "Images and Benford's law," Journal of Mathematical Imaging and Vision 14, 73-81, 2001.
9. E. Acebo, and M. Sbert, "Benford's law for natural and synthetic images," Computational Aesthetics in Graphics, Visualization and Imaging, 2005.
10. G. Schaefer and M. Stich (2003) "UCID - An Uncompressed Colour Image Database," Technical Report, School of Computing and Mathematics, Nottingham Trent University, U.K.
11. D. Fu, H. Zhang and Y. Q. Shi, "A generalized Benford law for JPEG coefficients," Technical Report, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Dec. 2006.
12. Z. Fan and R. L. Queiroz, "Identification of bitmap compression history: JPEG detection and quantizer estimation," IEEE Transaction on Image Processing, vol. 12, no. 2, Feb. 2003.
13. C. C. Chang and C. J. Lin, "LIBSVM: a library for support vector machines", 2001. http://www.csie.ntu.edu.tw/~cjlin/libsvm
14. J. Lukas and J. Fridrich, "Estimation of primary quantization matrix in double compressed JPEG images," Proc. of DFRWS 2003, Cleveland, OH, USA, August 5-8 2003.
15. A. Popescu, "Statistical tools for digital image forensics", Ph. D. thesis, Dartmouth College, Dec, 2004.