Commercially Available Prostaglandin Analogs for the Reduction of Intraocular Pressure: Similarities and Differences

Survey of Ophthalmology

Volumn 53, Issue 6 SUPPL., 2008, Pages

  Bean, Gerald W ^a   Camras, Carl B ^b  

^a Burkett   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

bimatoprost; glaucoma; intraocular pressure; latanoprost; ocular hypertension; prodrug; prostaglandin; prostaglandin ethanolamide; travoprost

Indexed keywords

ANANDAMIDE; ARACHIDONIC ACID; BIMATOPROST; CYCLOOXYGENASE 2; LATANOPROST; TIMOLOL; TIMOLOL MALEATE; TRAVOPROST; TROMETAMOL;

ARTICLE; CLINICAL TRIAL; DRUG APPROVAL; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG STRUCTURE; DRUG TOLERABILITY; HAIR PIGMENTATION; HUMAN; INTRAOCULAR HYPERTENSION; INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE; IRIS PIGMENTATION; NONHUMAN; OPEN ANGLE GLAUCOMA; PIGMENT DISORDER; PRIMARY GLAUCOMA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SIDE EFFECT; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; SKIN PIGMENTATION; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT;

ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS; GLAUCOMA, OPEN-ANGLE; HUMANS; INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE; OCULAR HYPERTENSION; PRODRUGS; PROSTAGLANDINS F, SYNTHETIC;

EID: 56449126994     PISSN: 00396257     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2008.08.012     Document Type: Article

References (163)

1. Alagoz G., Gurel K., Bayer A., et al. A comparative study of bimatoprost and travoprost: effect on intraocular pressure and ocular circulation in newly diagnosed glaucoma patients. Ophthalmologica 222 (2008) 88-95
2. Alm A., Camras C.B., and Watson P.G. Phase III latanoprost studies in Scandinavia, the United Kingdom and the United States. Surv Ophthalmol 41 Suppl 2 (1997) S105-S110
3. Alm A., Grierson I., and Shields B. Adverse events associated with prostaglandin analogue therapy. Surv Ophthalmol 53 Suppl 1 (2008) S93-S105
4. Alm A., and Schoenfelder J. McDermott J: A 5-year, multicenter, open-label, safety study of adjunctive latanoprost therapy for glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol 122 (2004) 957-965
5. Alm A., and Stjernschantz J. Effects on intraocular pressure and side effects of 0.005% latanoprost applied once daily, evening or morning. A comparison with timolol. Scandinavian Latanoprost Study Group. Ophthalmology 102 (1995) 1743-1752
6. Aung T., Chew P.T., Yip C.C., et al. A randomized double-masked crossover study comparing latanoprost 0.005% with unoprostone 0.12% in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Am J Ophthalmol 131 (2001) 636-642
7. Bahler C.K., Howell K.G., Hann C.R., et al. Prostaglandins increase trabecular meshwork outflow facility in cultured human anterior segments. Am J Ophthalmol 145 (2008) 114-119
8. Basu S., Sjoquist B., Stjernschantz J., and Resul B. Corneal permeability to and ocular metabolism of phenyl substituted prostaglandin esters in vitro. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 50 (1994) 161-168
9. Begg C., Cho M., Eastwood S., et al. Improving the quality of reporting of randomized controlled trials. The CONSORT statement. JAMA 276 (1996) 637-639
10. Bito L.Z. Comparison of the ocular hypotensive efficacy of eicosanoids and related compounds. Exp Eye Res 38 (1984) 181-194
11. Bito L.Z., and Baroody R.A. The ocular pharmacokinetics of eicosanoids and their derivatives. 1. Comparison of ocular eicosanoid penetration and distribution following the topical application of PGF2α, PGF2α-1-methyl ester, and PGF2α-1-isopropyl ester. Exp Eye Res 44 (1987) 217-226
12. Brandt J.D., Beiser J.A., Gordon M.O., and Kass M.A. Central corneal thickness and measured IOP response to topical ocular hypotensive medication in the Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study. Am J Ophthalmol 138 (2004) 717-722
13. Brandt J.D., VanDenburgh A.M., Chen K., and Whitcup S.M. Comparison of once- or twice-daily bimatoprost with twice-daily timolol in patients with elevated IOP: a 3-month clinical trial. Ophthalmology 108 (2001) 1023-1031
14. Brubaker R.F., Schoff E.O., Nau C.B., et al. Effects of AGN 192024, a new ocular hypotensive agent, on aqueous dynamics. Am J Ophthalmol 131 (2001) 19-24
15. Burk R.M., and Woodward D.F. A historical perspective and recent advances in prostamide research and therapeutics. Curr Opin Drug Discov Devel 10 (2007) 413-421
16. Burstein S.H., Rossetti R.G., Yagen B., and Zurier R.B. Oxidative metabolism of anandamide. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 61 (2000) 29-41
17. Camras C.B. Comparison of latanoprost and timolol in patients with ocular hypertension and glaucoma: a six-month masked, multicenter trial in the United States. The United States Latanoprost Study Group. Ophthalmology 103 (1996) 138-147
18. Camras C.B. Travoprost compared with latanoprost and timolol in patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension. Am J Ophthalmol 133 (2002) 732
19. Camras C.B. Brimonidine and latanoprost as adjunctive therapy. Ophthalmology 110 (2003) 6-8
20. Camras C.B. Therapeutic Trials. In: Greve E.L., Kitazawa Y., and Shields M.B. (Eds). International Glaucoma Review (2003), Kugler Publications, Amsterdam 29-30 5
21. Camras C.B. Brimonidine and latanoprost as adjunctive therapy. Ophthalmology 111 (2004) 410-411
22. Camras C.B., and Bito L.Z. Reduction of intraocular pressure in the normal and glaucomatous primate (Aotus trivirgatus) eyes by topically applied prostaglandin F2. Curr Eye Res 1 (1981) 205-209
23. Camras C.B., Bito L.Z., and Eakins K.E. Reduction of intraocular pressure by prostaglandins applied topically to the eyes of conscious rabbits. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 16 (1977) 1125-1134
24. Camras C.B., and Minckler D. Does that drug work? Pitfalls in studies on the efficacy and safety of glaucoma medications. Am J Ophthalmol 129 (2000) 87-89
25. Camras C.B., Sharif N., Wax M., and Stjernschantz J. Bimatoprost, the prodrug of a prostaglandin analogue. Br J Ophthalmol 92 (2008) 862-863
26. Camras C.B., Siebold E.C., Lustgarten J.S., et al. Maintained reduction of intraocular pressure by prostaglandin F2α-1-isopropyl ester applied in multiple doses in ocular hypertensive and glaucoma patients. Ophthalmology 96 (1989) 1329-1337
27. Camras C.B., Toris C.B., Sjoquist B., et al. Detection of the free acid of bimatoprost in aqueous humor samples from human eyes treated with bimatoprost before cataract surgery. Ophthalmology 111 (2004) 2193-2198
28. Cantor L.B. Bimatoprost: a member of a new class of agents, the prostamides, for glaucoma management. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 10 (2001) 721-731
29. Cantor L.B. Clinical pharmacology of bimatoprost. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 1 (2005) 151-157
30. Cantor L.B., Hoop J., Morgan L., et al. Intraocular pressure-lowering efficacy of bimatoprost 0.03% and travoprost 0.004% in patients with glaucoma or ocular hypertension. Br J Ophthalmol 90 (2006) 1370-1373
31. Cantor L.B., Hoop J., WuDunn D., et al. Levels of bimatoprost acid in the aqueous humour after bimatoprost treatment of patients with cataract. Br J Ophthalmol 91 (2007) 629-632
32. Chen J., Senior J., Marshall K., et al. Studies using isolated uterine and other preparations show bimatoprost and prostanoid FP agonists have different activity profiles. Br J Pharmacol 144 (2005) 493-501
33. Chen M.J., Chen Y.C., Chou C.K., and Hsu W.M. Comparison of the effects of latanoprost and travoprost on intraocular pressure in chronic angle-closure glaucoma. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 22 (2006) 449-454
34. Chen M.J., Chen Y.C., Chou C.K., and Hsu W.M. Comparison of the effects of latanoprost and bimatoprost on intraocular pressure in chronic angle-closure glaucoma. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 23 (2007) 559-566
35. Chien F.Y., Wang R.F., Mittag T.W., and Podos S.M. Effect of WIN 55212-2, a cannabinoid receptor agonist, on aqueous humor dynamics in monkeys. Arch Ophthalmol 121 (2003) 87-90
36. Chiselita D., Antohi I., Medvichi R., and Danielescu C. Comparative analysis of the efficacy and safety of latanoprost, travoprost and the fixed combination timolol-dorzolamide; a prospective, randomized, masked, cross-over design study. Oftalmologia 49 (2005) 39-45
37. Christiansen G.A., Nau C.B., McLaren J.W., and Johnson D.H. Mechanism of ocular hypotensive action of bimatoprost (Lumigan) in patients with ocular hypertension or glaucoma. Ophthalmology 111 (2004) 1658-1662
38. Coleman R.A., Smith W.L., and Narumiya S. International Union of Pharmacology classification of prostanoid receptors: properties, distribution, and structure of the receptors and their subtypes. Pharmacol Rev 46 (1994) 205-229
39. Crowston J.G., Lindsey J.D., Aihara M., and Weinreb R.N. Effect of latanoprost on intraocular pressure in mice lacking the prostaglandin FP receptor. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 45 (2004) 3555-3559
40. Crowston J.G., Lindsey J.D., Morris C.A., et al. Effect of bimatoprost on intraocular pressure in prostaglandin FP receptor knockout mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 46 (2005) 4571-4577
41. Davies S.S., Ju W.K., Neufeld A.H., et al. Hydrolysis of bimatoprost (Lumigan) to its free acid by ocular tissue in vitro. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 19 (2003) 45-54
42. Denis P., Lafuma A., Khoshnood B., et al. A meta-analysis of topical prostaglandin analogues intra-ocular pressure lowering in glaucoma therapy. Curr Med Res Opin 23 (2007) 601-608
43. Dirks M.S., Noecker R.J., Earl M., et al. A 3-month clinical trial comparing the IOP-lowering efficacy of bimatoprost and latanoprost in patients with normal-tension glaucoma. Adv Ther 23 (2006) 385-394
44. Doi L.M. Melo LA Jr, Prata JA Jr: Effects of the combination of bimatoprost and latanoprost on intraocular pressure in primary open angle glaucoma: a randomised clinical trial. Br J Ophthalmol 89 (2005) 547-549
45. Dong Y.J., and Jones R.L. Effects of prostaglandins and thromboxane analogues on bullock and dog iris sphincter preparations. Br J Pharmacol 76 (1982) 149-155
46. DuBiner H., Cooke D., Dirks M., et al. Efficacy and safety of bimatoprost in patients with elevated intraocular pressure: a 30-day comparison with latanoprost. Surv Ophthalmol 45 Suppl 4 (2001) S353-S360
47. Dubiner H.B., Sircy M.D., Landry T., et al. Comparison of the diurnal ocular hypotensive efficacy of travoprost and latanoprost over a 44-hour period in patients with elevated intraocular pressure. Clin Ther 26 (2004) 84-91
48. Eisenberg D.L., and Camras C.B. A preliminary risk-benefit assessment of latanoprost and unoprostone in open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Drug Saf 20 (1999) 505-514
49. Eisenberg D.L., Toris C.B., and Camras C.B. Bimatoprost and travoprost: a review of recent studies of two new glaucoma drugs. Surv Ophthalmol 47 Suppl 1 (2002) S105-S115
50. Fellman R.L., Sullivan E.K., Ratliff M., et al. Comparison of travoprost 0.0015% and 0.004% with timolol 0.5% in patients with elevated intraocular pressure: a 6-month, masked, multicenter trial. Ophthalmology 109 (2002) 998-1008
51. Fowler C.J. The contribution of cyclooxygenase-2 to endocannabinoid metabolism and action. Br J Pharmacol 152 (2007) 594-601
52. Fraser S.G., and Wormald R.P. Hospital episode statistics and changing trends in glaucoma surgery. Eye 22 (2008) 3-7
53. Frenkel R.E., Noecker R.J., and Craven E.R. Evaluation of circadian control of intraocular pressure after a single drop of bimatoprost 0.03% or travoprost 0.004%. Curr Med Res Opin 24 (2008) 919-923
54. Gamache D.A., Graff G., Brady M.T., et al. Nepafenac, a unique nonsteroidal prodrug with potential utility in the treatment of trauma-induced ocular inflammation: I. Assessment of anti-inflammatory efficacy. Inflammation 24 (2000) 357-370
55. Gandolfi S., Simmons S.T., Sturm R., et al. Three-month comparison of bimatoprost and latanoprost in patients with glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Adv Ther 18 (2001) 110-121
56. Gandolfi S.A., and Cimino L. Effect of bimatoprost on patients with primary open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension who are nonresponders to latanoprost. Ophthalmology 110 (2003) 609-614
57. Garcia-Feijoo J., Martinez-de-la-Casa J.M., Castillo A., et al. Circadian IOP-lowering efficacy of travoprost 0.004% ophthalmic solution compared to latanoprost 0.005%. Curr Med Res Opin 22 (2006) 1689-1697
58. Ghate D., and Edelhauser H.F. Barriers to glaucoma drug delivery. J Glaucoma 17 (2008) 147-156
59. Giuffre G. The effects of prostaglandin F2α in the human eye. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 222 (1985) 139-141
60. Goldberg I., Cunha-Vaz J., Jakobsen J.E., et al. Comparison of topical travoprost eye drops given once daily and timolol 0.5% given twice daily in patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension. J Glaucoma 10 (2001) 414-422
61. Hedman K., and Alm A. A pooled-data analysis of three randomized, double-masked, six-month clinical studies comparing the intraocular pressure reducing effect of latanoprost and timolol. Eur J Ophthalmol 10 (2000) 95-104
62. Hellberg M.R., Conrow R.E., Sharif N.A., et al. 3-Oxa-15-cyclohexyl prostaglandin DP receptor agonists as topical antiglaucoma agents. Bioorg Med Chem 10 (2002) 2031-2049
63. Hellberg M.R., Ke T.L., Haggard K., et al. The hydrolysis of the prostaglandin analog prodrug bimatoprost to 17-phenyl-trinor PGF2α by human and rabbit ocular tissue. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 19 (2003) 97-103
64. Hellberg M.R., McLaughlin M.A., Sharif N.A., et al. Identification and characterization of the ocular hypotensive efficacy of travoprost, a potent and selective FP prostaglandin receptor agonist, and AL-6598, a DP prostaglandin receptor agonist. Surv Ophthalmol 47 Suppl 1 (2002) S13-S33
65. Hellberg M.R., Sallee V.L., McLaughlin M.A., et al. Preclinical efficacy of travoprost, a potent and selective FP prostaglandin receptor agonist. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 17 (2001) 421-432
66. Hepsen I.F., and Ozkaya E. 24-h IOP control with latanoprost, travoprost, and bimatoprost in subjects with exfoliation syndrome and ocular hypertension. Eye 21 (2007) 453-458
67. Herndon L.W., Asrani S.G., Williams G.H., et al. Paradoxical intraocular pressure elevation after combined therapy with latanoprost and bimatoprost. Arch Ophthalmol 120 (2002) 847-849
68. Higginbotham E.J., Schuman J.S., Goldberg I., et al. One-year, randomized study comparing bimatoprost and timolol in glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Arch Ophthalmol 120 (2002) 1286-1293
69. Hollo G., Vargha P., and Kothy P. Influence of switching to travoprost on intraocular pressure of uncontrolled chronic open-angle glaucoma patients compliant to previously-used topical medication. Curr Med Res Opin 21 (2005) 1943-1948
70. Holmstrom S., Buchholz P., Walt J., et al. Analytic review of bimatoprost, latanoprost and travoprost in primary open angle glaucoma. Curr Med Res Opin 21 (2005) 1875-1883
71. Jampel H.D., Bacharach J., Sheu W.P., et al. Randomized clinical trial of latanoprost and unoprostone in patients with elevated intraocular pressure. Am J Ophthalmol 134 (2002) 863-871
72. Johnson T.V., Toris C.B., Fan S., and Camras C.B. Effects of central corneal thickness on the efficacy of topical ocular hypotensive medications. J Glaucoma 17 (2008) 89-99
73. Kaback M., Geanon J., Katz G., et al. Ocular hypotensive efficacy of travoprost in patients unsuccessfully treated with latanoprost. Curr Med Res Opin 20 (2004) 1341-1345
74. Kass M.A., Heuer D.K., Higginbotham E.J., et al. The Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study: a randomized trial determines that topical ocular hypotensive medication delays or prevents the onset of primary open-angle glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol 120 (2002) 701-713
75. Ke T.L., Graff G., Spellman J.M., and Yanni J.M. Nepafenac, a unique nonsteroidal prodrug with potential utility in the treatment of trauma-induced ocular inflammation: II. In vitro bioactivation and permeation of external ocular barriers. Inflammation 24 (2000) 371-384
76. Kelly C.R., Williams G.W., and Sharif N.A. Real-time intracellular Ca2+ mobilization by travoprost acid, bimatoprost, unoprostone, and other analogs via endogenous mouse, rat, and cloned human FP prostaglandin receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 304 (2003) 238-245
77. Kenigsberg P.A. Changes in medical and surgical treatments of glaucoma between 1997 and 2003 in France. Eur J Ophthalmol 17 (2007) 521-527
78. Konstas A.G., Hollo G., Irkec M., et al. Diurnal IOP control with bimatoprost versus latanoprost in exfoliative glaucoma: a crossover, observer-masked, three-centre study. Br J Ophthalmol 91 (2007) 757-760
79. Konstas A.G., Katsimbris J.M., Lallos N., et al. Latanoprost 0.005% versus bimatoprost 0.03% in primary open-angle glaucoma patients. Ophthalmology 112 (2005) 262-266
80. Konstas A.G., Kozobolis V.P., Katsimbris I.E., et al. Efficacy and safety of latanoprost versus travoprost in exfoliative glaucoma patients. Ophthalmology 114 (2007) 653-657
81. Kozak K.R., Crews B.C., Morrow J.D., et al. Metabolism of the endocannabinoids, 2-arachidonylglycerol and anandamide, into prostaglandin, thromboxane, and prostacyclin glycerol esters and ethanolamides. J Biol Chem 277 (2002) 44877-44885
82. Krauss A.H., and Woodward D.F. Update on the mechanism of action of bimatoprost: a review and discussion of new evidence. Surv Ophthalmol 49 Suppl 1 (2004) S5-S11
83. Laine K., Jarvinen K., Pate D.W., et al. Effect of the enzyme inhibitor, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, on the IOP profiles of topical anandamides. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 43 (2002) 393-397
84. Li N., Chen X.M., Zhou Y., et al. Travoprost compared with other prostaglandin analogues or timolol in patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 34 (2006) 755-764
85. Lichter P.R., Musch D.C., Gillespie B.W., et al. Interim clinical outcomes in the Collaborative Initial Glaucoma Treatment Study comparing initial treatment randomized to medications or surgery. Ophthalmology 108 (2001) 1943-1953
86. Linden C., and Alm A. Effects on intraocular pressure and aqueous flow of various dose regimens of latanoprost in human eyes. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 75 (1997) 412-415
87. Linden C., and Alm A. Latanoprost twice daily is less effective than once daily: indication of receptor subsensitivity?. Curr Eye Res 17 (1998) 567-572
88. Matias I., Chen J., De Petrocellis L., et al. Prostaglandin ethanolamides (prostamides): in vitro pharmacology and metabolism. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 309 (2004) 745-757
89. Matsuda S., Kanemitsu N., Nakamura A., et al. Metabolism of anandamide, an endogenous cannabinoid receptor ligand, in porcine ocular tissues. Exp Eye Res 64 (1997) 707-711
90. Maul E., Carrasco F.G., Costa V.P., et al. A 6-week, multicenter, randomized, double-masked, parallel-group study comparing travoprost 0.004% to latanoprost 0.005% followed by 6-week, open-label treatment with travoprost 0.004%. Clin Ther 29 (2007) 1915-1923
91. Maxey K.M., and Johnson J.L. LaBrecque J: The hydrolysis of bimatoprost in corneal tissue generates a potent prostanoid FP receptor agonist. Surv Ophthalmol 47 Suppl 1 (2002) S34-S40
92. McCue B.A., Cason M.M., Curtis M.A., et al. Determination of travoprost and travoprost free acid in human plasma by electrospray HPLC/MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 28 (2002) 199-208
93. Netland P.A., Landry T., Sullivan E.K., et al. Travoprost compared with latanoprost and timolol in patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension. Am J Ophthalmol 132 (2001) 472-484
94. Netland P.A., Landry T., Sullivan E.K., et al. Travoprost compared with latanoprost and timolol in patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension. Am J Ophthalmol 133 (2002) 732-733
95. Noecker R.J., Earl M.L., Mundorf T.K., et al. Comparing bimatoprost and travoprost in black Americans. Curr Med Res Opin 22 (2006) 2175-2180
96. Noecker R.S., Dirks M.S., Choplin N.T., et al. A six-month randomized clinical trial comparing the intraocular pressure-lowering efficacy of bimatoprost and latanoprost in patients with ocular hypertension or glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol 135 (2003) 55-63
97. Nordmann J.P., Mertz B., Yannoulis N.C., et al. A double-masked randomized comparison of the efficacy and safety of unoprostone with timolol and betaxolol in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma including pseudoexfoliation glaucoma or ocular hypertension. 6 month data. Am J Ophthalmol 133 (2002) 1-10
98. Oltmanns M.H., Samudre S.S., Castillo I.G., et al. Topical WIN55212-2 alleviates intraocular hypertension in rats through a CB1 receptor-mediated mechanism of action. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 24 (2008) 104-115
99. Orzalesi N., Rossetti L., Bottoli A., and Fogagnolo P. Comparison of the effects of latanoprost, travoprost, and bimatoprost on circadian intraocular pressure in patients with glaucoma or ocular hypertension. Ophthalmology 113 (2006) 239-246
100. Ota T., Aihara M., Narumiya S., and Araie M. The effects of prostaglandin analogues on IOP in prostanoid FP-receptor-deficient mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 46 (2005) 4159-4163
101. Ota T., Aihara M., Saeki T., et al. The IOP-lowering effects and mechanism of action of tafluprost in prostanoid receptor-deficient mice. Br J Ophthalmol 91 (2007) 673-676
102. Parmaksiz S., Yuksel N., Karabas V.L., et al. A comparison of travoprost, latanoprost, and the fixed combination of dorzolamide and timolol in patients with pseudoexfoliation glaucoma. Eur J Ophthalmol 16 (2006) 73-80
103. Parrish R.K., Palmberg P., and Sheu W.P. A comparison of latanoprost, bimatoprost, and travoprost in patients with elevated intraocular pressure: a 12-week, randomized, masked-evaluator multicenter study. Am J Ophthalmol 135 (2003) 688-703
104. Pate D.W., Jarvinen K., Urtti A., et al. Ophthalmic arachidonylethanolamide decreases intraocular pressure in normotensive rabbits. Curr Eye Res 14 (1995) 791-797
105. Pate D.W., Jarvinen K., Urtti A., et al. Effect of the CB1 receptor antagonist, SR141716A, on cannabinoid-induced ocular hypotension in normotensive rabbits. Life Sci 63 (1998) 2181-2188
106. Przydryga J.T., and Egloff C. Intraocular pressure lowering efficacy of travoprost. Eur J Ophthalmol 14 (2004) 416-422
107. Resul B., Stjernschantz J., Selen G., and Bito L. Structure-activity relationships and receptor profiles of some ocular hypotensive prostanoids. Surv Ophthalmol 41 Suppl 2 (1997) S47-S52
108. Richter M., Krauss A.H., and Woodward D.F. Lutjen-Drecoll E: Morphological changes in the anterior eye segment after long-term treatment with different receptor selective prostaglandin agonists and a prostamide. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 44 (2003) 4419-4426
109. Romano M.R., and Lograno M.D. Evidence for the involvement of cannabinoid CB1 receptors in the bimatoprost-induced contractions on the human isolated ciliary muscle. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 48 (2007) 3677-3682
110. Rossdale P., Jeffcott L.B., and Allen W.R. Foaling induced by a synthetic prostaglandin analogue (fluprostenol). Vet Rec 99 (1976) 26-28
111. Sharif N.A., Crider J.Y., Husain S., et al. Human ciliary muscle cell responses to FP-class prostaglandin analogs: phosphoinositide hydrolysis, intracellular Ca2+ mobilization and MAP kinase activation. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 19 (2003) 437-455
112. Sharif N.A., and Kaddour-Djebbar I. Abdel-Latif AA: Cat iris sphincter smooth-muscle contraction: comparison of FP-class prostaglandin analog agonist activities. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 24 (2008) 152-163
113. Sharif N.A., Kelly C.R., and Crider J.Y. Agonist activity of bimatoprost, travoprost, latanoprost, unoprostone isopropyl ester and other prostaglandin analogs at the cloned human ciliary body FP prostaglandin receptor. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 18 (2002) 313-324
114. Sharif N.A., Kelly C.R., and Crider J.Y. Human trabecular meshwork cell responses induced by bimatoprost, travoprost, unoprostone, and other FP prostaglandin receptor agonist analogues. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 44 (2003) 715-721
115. Sharif N.A., Kelly C.R., Crider J.Y., et al. Ocular hypotensive FP prostaglandin (PG) analogs: PG receptor subtype binding affinities and selectivities, and agonist potencies at FP and other PG receptors in cultured cells. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 19 (2003) 501-515
116. Sharif N.A., Kelly C.R., and Williams G.W. Bimatoprost (Lumigan") is an agonist at the cloned human ocular FP prostaglandin receptor: real-time FLIPR-based intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization studies. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 68 (2003) 27-33
117. Sharif N.A., Williams G.W., and Kelly C.R. Bimatoprost and its free acid are prostaglandin FP receptor agonists. Eur J Pharmacol 432 (2001) 211-213
118. Sherwood M., and Brandt J. Six-month comparison of bimatoprost once-daily and twice-daily with timolol twice-daily in patients with elevated intraocular pressure. Surv Ophthalmol 45 Suppl 4 (2001) S361-S368
119. Sjoquist B., Johansson A., and Stjernschantz J. Pharmacokinetics of latanoprost in the cynomolgus monkey. Arzneim-Forsch/Drug Res 49 (1999) 240-249
120. Sjoquist B., and Stjernschantz J. Ocular and systemic pharmacokinetics of latanoprost in humans. Surv Ophthalmol 47 Suppl 1 (2002) S6-S12
121. Song Z.H., and Slowey C.A. Involvement of cannabinoid receptors in the intraocular pressure-lowering effects of WIN55212-2. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 292 (2000) 136-139
122. Sorbera L., and Castaner J. Travoprost. Drugs Future 25 (2000) 41-45
123. Spada C.S., Krauss A.H., Woodward D.F., et al. Bimatoprost and prostaglandin F2α selectively stimulate intracellular calcium signaling in different cat iris sphincter cells. Exp Eye Res 80 (2005) 135-145
124. Stamper R.L., Wigginton S.A., and Higginbotham E.J. Primary drug treatment for glaucoma: ß-blockers versus other medications. Surv Ophthalmol 47 (2002) 63-73
125. Stjernschantz J. Studies on ocular inflammation and development of a prostaglandin analogue for glaucoma treatment. Exp Eye Res 78 (2004) 759-766
126. Stjernschantz J., and Resul B. Phenyl-substituted prostaglandin analogs for glaucoma treatment. Drugs Future 17 (1992) 691-704
127. Stjernschantz J., Selen G., Sjoquist B., and Resul B. Preclinical pharmacology of latanoprost, a phenyl-substituted PGF2α analogue. Adv Prostaglandin Thromboxane Leukot Res 23 (1995) 513-518
128. Stjernschantz J.W. From PGF2α-isopropyl ester to latanoprost: a review of the development of Xalatan: the Proctor Lecture. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 42 (2001) 1134-1145
129. Stjernschantz J.W., Albert D.M., Hu D.N., et al. Mechanism and clinical significance of prostaglandin-induced iris pigmentation. Surv Ophthalmol 47 Suppl 1 (2002) S162-S175
130. Stratford Jr. R.E., and Lee V.H. Ocular aminopeptidase activity and distribution in the albino rabbit. Curr Eye Res 4 (1985) 995-999
131. Strutton D.R., and Walt J.G. Trends in glaucoma surgery before and after the introduction of new topical glaucoma pharmacotherapies. J Glaucoma 13 (2004) 221-226
132. Susanna Jr. R., Chew P., and Kitazawa Y. Current status of prostaglandin therapy: latanoprost and unoprostone. Surv Ophthalmol 47 Suppl 1 (2002) S97-S104
133. Susanna R Jr, Giampani J Jr, Borges AS, et al: A double-masked, randomized clinical trial comparing latanoprost with unoprostone in patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension. Ophthalmology 108 (2001) 259-263
134. Toris C.B., Camras C.B., Yablonski M.E., and Brubaker R.F. Effects of exogenous prostaglandins on aqueous humor dynamics and blood-aqueous barrier function. Surv Ophthalmol 41 Suppl 2 (1997) S69-S75
135. Toris C.B., Gabelt B.T., and Kaufman P.L. Update on the mechanism of action of topical prostaglandins for intraocular pressure reduction. Surv Ophthalmol 53 Suppl 1 (2008) S107-S120
136. Toris C.B., Zhan G., and Camras C.B. Increase in outflow facility with unoprostone treatment in ocular hypertensive patients. Arch Ophthalmol 122 (2004) 1782-1787
137. Toris C.B., Zhan G., Fan S., et al. Effects of travoprost on aqueous humor dynamics in patients with elevated intraocular pressure. J Glaucoma 16 (2007) 189-195
138. Toris C.B., Zhan G.L., and Camras C.B. McLaughlin MA: Effects of travoprost on aqueous humor dynamics in monkeys. J Glaucoma 14 (2005) 70-73
139. Tsukamoto H., Yokoyama T., Okada K., et al. Substituting latanoprost (Xalatan) for isopropyl unoprostone (Rescula) in monotherapy and combination therapy. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 78 (2000) 604-605
140. Tuulonen A., Airaksinen P.J., Erola E., et al. The Finnish evidence-based guideline for open-angle glaucoma. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 81 (2003) 3-18
141. Ueda N. Endocannabinoid hydrolases. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 68-69 (2002) 521-534
142. van der Valk R., Schouten J.S., Webers C.A., et al. The impact of a nationwide introduction of new drugs and a treatment protocol for glaucoma on the number of glaucoma surgeries. J Glaucoma 14 (2005) 239-242
143. van der Valk R., Webers C.A., Schouten J.S., et al. Intraocular pressure-lowering effects of all commonly used glaucoma drugs: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Ophthalmology 112 (2005) 1177-1185
144. Villumsen J., Alm A., and Soderstrom M. Prostaglandin F2α-isopropylester eye drops: effect on intraocular pressure in open-angle glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol 73 (1989) 975-979
145. Walters T.R., DuBiner H.B., Carpenter S.P., et al. 24-hour IOP control with once-daily bimatoprost, timolol gel-forming solution, or latanoprost: a 1-month, randomized, comparative clinical trial. Surv Ophthalmol 49 Suppl 1 (2004) S26-S35
146. Wan Z., Woodward D.F., Cornell C.L., et al. Bimatoprost, prostamide activity, and conventional drainage. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 48 (2007) 4107-4115
147. Watson P., and Stjernschantz J. A six-month, randomized, double-masked study comparing latanoprost with timolol in open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension. The Latanoprost Study Group. Ophthalmology 103 (1996) 126-137
148. Weber A., Ni J., Ling K.H., et al. Formation of prostamides from anandamide in FAAH knockout mice analyzed by HPLC with tandem mass spectrometry. J Lipid Res 45 (2004) 757-763
149. Weinreb R.N., Toris C.B., Gabelt B.T., et al. Effects of prostaglandins on the aqueous humor outflow pathways. Surv Ophthalmol 47 Suppl 1 (2002) S53-S64
150. Whitcup S.M., Cantor L.B., VanDenburgh A.M., and Chen K. A randomised, double masked, multicentre clinical trial comparing bimatoprost and timolol for the treatment of glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Br J Ophthalmol 87 (2003) 57-62
151. Williams R.D. Efficacy of bimatoprost in glaucoma and ocular hypertension unresponsive to latanoprost. Adv Ther 19 (2002) 275-281
152. Woodward D.F., Fairbairn C.E., Krauss A.H., et al. Radioligand binding analysis of receptor subtypes in two FP receptor preparations that exhibit different functional rank orders of potency in response to prostaglandins. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 273 (1995) 285-287
153. Woodward D.F., Krauss A.H., Chen J., et al. The pharmacology of bimatoprost (Lumigan). Surv Ophthalmol 45 Suppl 4 (2001) S337-S345
154. Woodward D.F., Krauss A.H., Chen J., et al. Pharmacological characterization of a novel antiglaucoma agent, Bimatoprost (AGN 192024). J Pharmacol Exp Ther 305 (2003) 772-785
155. Woodward D.F., Krauss A.H., Wang J.W., et al. Identification of an antagonist that selectively blocks the activity of prostamides (prostaglandin-ethanolamides) in the feline iris. Br J Pharmacol 150 (2007) 342-352
156. Woodward D.F., Liang Y., and Krauss A.H. Prostamides (prostaglandin-ethanolamides) and their pharmacology. Br J Pharmacol 153 (2008) 410-419
157. Woodward D.F., Phelps R.L., Krauss A.H., et al. Bimatoprost: a novel antiglaucoma agent. Cardiovasc Drug Rev 22 (2004) 103-120
158. Yildirim N., Sahin A., and Gultekin S. The effect of latanoprost, bimatoprost, and travoprost on circadian variation of intraocular pressure in patients with open-angle glaucoma. J Glaucoma 17 (2008) 36-39
159. Yu M., Ives D., and Ramesha C.S. Synthesis of prostaglandin E2 ethanolamide from anandamide by cyclooxygenase-2. J Biol Chem 272 (1997) 21181-21186
160. Ziai N., Dolan J.W., Kacere R.D., and Brubaker R.F. The effects on aqueous dynamics of PhXA41, a new prostaglandin F2α analogue, after topical application in normal and ocular hypertensive human eyes. Arch Ophthalmol 111 (1993) 1351-1358
161. Zimmerman T.J. Topical ophthalmic beta blockers: a comparative review. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 9 (1993) 373-384
162. Zimmerman T.J., and Stewart W.C. Intraocular pressure, safety, and quality of life in glaucoma patients switching to latanoprost from monotherapy treatments. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 19 (2003) 405-415
163. Zipser R.D., and Laffi G. Prostaglandins, thromboxanes and leukotrienes in clinical medicine. West J Med 143 (1985) 485-497