Structure and function of inter-α-trypsin inhibitor heavy chains

Connective Tissue Research

Volumn 49, Issue 5, 2008, Pages 311-320

  Zhuo, Lisheng ^a   Kimata, Koji ^a  

^a AICHI MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HYALURONIC ACID; INTER ALPHA TRYPSIN INHIBITOR; POLY(ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE RIBOSE); ULINASTATIN;

HEAVY CHAIN; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN INTERACTION; PROTEIN STRUCTURE; REVIEW; SEPSIS; SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY;

ALPHA-GLOBULINS; ANIMALS; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; HUMANS; PHYLOGENY; PROTEIN ISOFORMS; SERINE PROTEINASE INHIBITORS;

EID: 56349162661     PISSN: 03008207     EISSN: 16078438     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/03008200802325458     Document Type: Review

References (97)

1. Steinbuch, M. (1976) The inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor. Methods Enzymol., 45, pp. 760-772.
2. Gebhard, W., Hochstrasser, K., Fritz, H., Enghild, J. J., Pizzo, S. V. and Salvesen, G. (1990) Structure of inter-alpha-inhibitor (inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor) and pre-alpha-inhibitor: Current state and proposition of a new terminology. Biol. Chem. Hoppe Seyler, 371, pp. 13-22.
3. Salier, J. P. (1990) Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor: Emergence of a family within the Kunitz-type protease inhibitor superfamily. Trends Biochem. Sci., 15, pp. 435-439.
4. Salier, J. P., Rouet, P., Raguenez, G. and Daveau, M. (1996) The inter-alpha-inhibitor family: From structure to regulation. Biochem. J., 315, pp. 1-9.
5. Zhuo, L., Hascall, V. C. and Kimata, K. (2004) Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor, a covalent protein-glycosaminoglycan-protein complex. J. Biol. Chem., 279, pp. 38079-38082.
6. Fries, E. and Blom, A. M. (2000) Bikunin-not just a plasma proteinase inhibitor. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol., 32, pp. 125-137.
7. + influx. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1381, pp. 139-146.
8. Forteza, R., Casalino-Matsuda, S. M., Monzon, M. E., Fries, E., Rugg, M. S., Milner, C. M. and Day, A. J. (2007) TSG-6 potentiates the antitissue kallikrein activity of inter-alpha-inhibitor through bikunin release. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., 36, pp. 20-31.
9. Bost, F., Diarra-Mehrpour, M. and Martin, J. P. (1998) Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor proteoglycan family-a group of proteins binding and stabilizing the extracellular matrix. Eur. J. Biochem., 252, pp. 339-346.
10. Fries, E. and Kaczmarczyk, A. (2003) Inter-alpha-inhibitor, hyaluronan and inflammation. Acta Biochim. Pol., 50, pp. 735-742.
11. Laurent, T. C. (1987) Biochemistry of hyaluronan. Acta Otolaryngol. Suppl., 442, pp. 7-24.
12. Fraser, J. R., Laurent, T. C. and Laurent, U. B. (1997) Hyaluronan: Its nature, distribution, functions and turnover. J. Intern. Med., 242, pp. 27-33.
13. Toole, B. P. (2004) Hyaluronan: From extracellular glue to pericellular cue. Nat. Rev. Cancer, 4, pp. 528-539.
14. Yoneda, M., Suzuki, S. and Kimata, K. (1990) Hyaluronic acid associated with the surfaces of cultured fibroblasts is linked to a serum-derived 85-kDa protein. J. Biol. Chem., 265, pp. 5247-5257.
15. Huang, L., Yoneda, M. and Kimata, K. (1993) A serum-derived hyaluronan-associated protein (SHAP) is the heavy chain of the inter alpha-trypsin inhibitor. J. Biol. Chem., 268, pp. 26725-26730.
16. Zhao, M., Yoneda, M., Ohashi, Y., Kurono, S., Iwata, H., Ohnuki, Y. and Kimata, K. (1995) Evidence for the covalent binding of SHAP, heavy chains of inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor, to hyaluronan. J. Biol. Chem., 270, pp. 26657-26663.
17. Zhuo, L., Yoneda, M., Zhao, M., Yingsung, W., Yoshida, N., Kitagawa, Y., Kawamura, K., Suzuki, T. and Kimata, K. (2001) Defect in SHAP-hyaluronan complex causes severe female infertility. A study by inactivation of the bikunin gene in mice. J. Biol. Chem., 276, pp. 7693-7696.
18. Zhuo, L., Kanamori, A., Kannagi, R., Itano, N., Wu, J., Hamaguchi, M., Ishiguro, N. and Kimata, K. (2006) SHAP potentiates the CD44-mediated leukocyte adhesion to the hyaluronan substratum. J. Biol. Chem., 281, pp. 20303-20314.
19. de la Motte, C. A., Hascall, V. C., Drazba, J., Bandyopadhyay, S. K. and Strong, S. A. (2003) Mononuclear leukocytes bind to specific hyaluronan structures on colon mucosal smooth muscle cells treated with polyinosinic Icid:polycytidylic acid: inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor is crucial to structure and function. Am. J. Pathol., 163, pp. 121-133.
20. Selbi, W., de la Motte, C. A., Hascall, V. C., Day, A. J., Bowen, T. and Phillips, A. O. (2006) Characterization of hyaluronan cable structure and function in renal proximal tubular epithelial cells. Kidney Int., 70, pp. 1287-1295.
21. Chan, P., Risler, J. L., Raguenez, G. and Salier, J. P. (1995) The three heavy-chain precursors for the inter-alpha-inhibitor family in mouse: new members of the multicopper oxidase protein group with differential transcription in liver and brain. Biochem. J., 306, pp. 505-512.
22. Blom, A. M., Morgelin, M., Oyen, M., Jarvet, J. and Fries, E. (1999) Structural characterization of inter-alpha-inhibitor. Evidence for an extended shape. J. Biol. Chem., 274, pp. 298-304.
23. Castillo, G. M. and Templeton, D. M. (1993) Subunit structure of bovine ESF (extracellular-matrix stabilizing factor(s)). A chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan with homology to human I alpha i (inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitors). FEBS Lett., 318, pp. 292-296.
24. Yamamoto, T., Yamamoto, K. and Sinohara, H. (1996) Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor and its related proteins in Syrian hamster urine and plasma. J. Biochem. (Tokyo), 120, pp. 145-152.
25. Thuveson, M. and Fries, E. (1999) Intracellular proteolytic processing of the heavy chain of rat pre-alpha-inhibitor. The COOH-terminal propeptide is required for coupling to bikunin. J. Biol. Chem., 274, pp. 6741-6746.
26. Heron, A., Bourguignon, J., Calle, A., Borghi, H., Sesboue, R., Diarra-Mehrpour, M. and Martin, J. P. (1994) Post-translational processing of the inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor in the human hepatoma HepG2 cell line. Biochem. J., 302, pp. 573-580.
27. Thogersen, I. B. and Enghild, J. J. (1995) Biosynthesis of bikunin proteins in the human carcinoma cell line HepG2 and in primary human hepatocytes. Polypeptide assembly by glycosaminoglycan. J. Biol. Chem., 270, pp. 18700-18709.
28. Thuveson, M. and Fries, E. (2000) The low pH in trans-Golgi triggers autocatalytic cleavage of pre-alpha -inhibitor heavy chain precursor. J. Biol. Chem., 275, pp. 30996-31000.
29. Kaczmarczyk, A., Thuveson, M. and Fries, E. (2002) Intracellular coupling of the heavy chain of pre-alpha-inhibitor to chondroitin sulfate. J. Biol. Chem., 277, pp. 13578-13582.
30. Saguchi, K., Tobe, T., Hashimoto, K., Sano, Y., Nakano, Y., Miura, N. H. and Tomita, M. (1995) Cloning and characterization of cDNA for inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor family heavy chain-related protein (IHRP), a novel human plasma glycoprotein. J. Biochem. (Tokyo), 117, pp. 14-18.
31. Choi-Miura, N. H., Sano, Y., Oda, E., Nakano, Y., Tobe, T., Yanagishita, T., Taniyama, M., Katagiri, T. and Tomita, M. (1995) Purification and characterization of a novel glycoprotein which has significant homology to heavy chains of inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor family from human plasma. J. Biochem. (Tokyo), 117, pp. 400-407.
32. Pu, X. P., Iwamoto, A., Nishimura, H. and Nagasawa, S. (1994) Purification and characterization of a novel substrate for plasma kallikrein (PK-120) in human plasma. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1208, pp. 338-343.
33. Himmelfarb, M., Klopocki, E., Grube, S., Staub, E., Klaman, I., Hinzmann, B., Kristiansen, G., Rosenthal, A., Durst, M. and Dahl, E. (2004) ITIH5, a novel member of the inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain family is downregulated in breast cancer. Cancer Lett., 204, pp. 69-77.
34. Clark, H. F., Gurney, A. L., Abaya, E., Baker, K., Baldwin, D., Brush, J. Chen, J. et al. (2003) The secreted protein discovery initiative (SPDI), a large-scale effort to identify novel human secreted and transmembrane proteins: A bioinformatics assessment. Genome Res., 13, pp. 2265-2270.
35. Whittaker, C. A. and Hynes, R. O. (2002) Distribution and evolution of von Willebrand/integrin A domains: Widely dispersed domains with roles in cell adhesion and elsewhere. Mol. Biol. Cell, 13, pp. 3369-3387.
36. Suprenant, K. A. (2002) Vault ribonucleoprotein particles: Sarcophagi, gondolas, or safety deposit boxes?. Biochemistry, 41, pp. 14447-14454.
37. Liu, Y., Snow, B. E., Kickhoefer, V. A., Erdmann, N., Zhou, W., Wakeham, A. Gomez, M. et al. (2004) Vault poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase is associated with mammalian telomerase and is dispensable for telomerase function and vault structure in vivo. Mol. Cell Biol., 24, pp. 5314-5323.
38. Leveillard, T., Salier, J. P., Sesboue, R., Bourguignon, J., Diarra-Mehrpour, M. and Martin, J. P. (1989) Dra I polymorphism in the human inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain gene ITIH1. Nucleic Acids Res., 17, p. 5419.
39. Leveillard, T., Salier, J. P., Sesboue, R., Bourguignon, J., Diarra-Mehrpour, M. and Martin, J. P. (1988) Sst I RFLP in the human inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain gene ITIH1. Nucleic Acids Res., 16, p. 11852.
40. Leveillard, T., Sesboue, R., Salier, J. P., Bourguignon, J., Le Gueult, L.C., Diarra-Mehrpour, M. and Martin, J. P. (1989) An Apa I polymorphism for the human inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain gene ITIH1 on chromosome 3. Nucleic Acids Res., 17, p. 2875.
41. Thiberville, L., Bourguignon, J., Beldjord, C., Diarra-Mehrpour, M., Nouvet, G. and Martin, J. P. (1994) Detection by the polymerase chain reaction of two polymorphisms in exon 14 of the human inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H1 gene. Hum. Genet., 93, pp. 91-92.
42. Leveillard, T., Diarra-Mehrpour, M., Salier, J. P., Sesboue, R., Bourguignon, J. and Martin, J. P. (1990) Bgl I reveals two polymorphic sites in the human inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain gene ITI H2. Nucleic Acids Res., 18, p. 386.
43. Leveillard, T., Sirugo, G., Hanauer, A., Sesboue, R., Bourguignon, J., Diarra-Mehrpour, M., Salier, J. P. and Martin, J. P. (1990) An hypervariable polymorphism detected in the human inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain gene ITIH2. Nucleic Acids Res., 18, p. 1319.
44. Leveillard, T., Bourguignon, J., Salier, J. P., Diarra-Mehrpour, M., Sesboue, R. and Martin, J. P. (1989) Two RFLPs in human inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain gene ITIH2 on chromosome 10. Nucleic Acids Res., 17, p. 5418.
45. Vogt, U., Gurtler, L. and Cleve, H. (1992) Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor polymorphism in African blacks. Electrophoresis, 13, pp. 337-338.
46. Caeiro, J. L., Liste, I., Vogt, U. and Ribeiro, J. C. (1994) Analysis of the inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor polymorphism in west Africa: description of a new allele, ITI*7. Electrophoresis, 15, pp. 1191-1192.
47. Harada, A., Umetsu, K. and Suzuki, T. (1995) Genetic polymorphism of the H1 subunit of inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor. Int. J. Legal Med., 108, pp. 113-115.
48. Vogt, U., Sesboue, R., Bourguignon, J., Diarra-Mehrpour, M., Martin, J. P. and Cleve, H. (1994) The polymorphism of the plasma inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor (ITI) and its relationship to the heavy chain H1 subunit gene (ITIH1) at 3p211-212. Hum. Genet., 94, pp. 39-44.
49. Ding, M., Umetsu, K., Yuasa, I., Sato, M., Harada, A. and Suzuki, T. (1995) Molecular basis of inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H1 (ITIH1) polymorphism. Hum. Genet., 95, pp. 435-436.
50. Fujita, Y., Ezura, Y., Emi, M., Sato, K., Takada, D., Iino, Y. Katayama, Y. et al. (2004) Hypercholesterolemia associated with splice-junction variation of inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4) gene. J. Hum. Genet., 49, pp. 24-28.
51. Hutadilok, N., Ghosh, P. and Brooks, P. M. (1988) Binding of haptoglobin, inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor, and alpha 1 proteinase inhibitor to synovial fluid hyaluronate and the influence of these proteins on its degradation by oxygen derived free radicals. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 47, pp. 377-385.
52. Yingsung, W., Zhuo, L., Morgelin, M., Yoneda, M., Kida, D., Watanabe, H. Ishiguro, N. et al. (2003) Molecular heterogeneity of the SHAP-hyaluronan complex. Isolation and characterization of the complex in synovial fluid from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J. Biol. Chem., 278, pp. 32710-32718.
53. Yoneda, M., Zhao, M., Zhuo, L., Watanabe, H., Yamada, Y., Huang, L. Nagasawa, S. et al. (2000) Roles of inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor and hyaluronan-binding proteoglycans in hyaluronan-rich matrix formaiton. New frontiers in Medical Sciences: Redefining Hyaluronan, pp. 21-31. Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam
54. Scarchilli, L., Camaioni, A., Bottazzi, B., Negri, V., Doni, A., Deban, L. Bastone, A. et al. (2007) PTX3 interacts with inter-alpha -trypsin inhibitor implications for hyaluronan organization and cumulus oophorus expansion. J. Biol. Chem., 282, pp. 30161-30170.
55. Salustri, A., Garlanda, C., Hirsch, E., De Acetis, M., Maccagno, A., Bottazzi, B. Doni, A. et al. (2004) PTX3 plays a key role in the organization of the cumulus oophorus extracellular matrix and in in vivo fertilization. Development, 131, pp. 1577-1586.
56. Zhuo, L. and Kimata, K. (2001) Cumulus oophorus extracellular matrix: its construction and regulation. Cell Struct. Funct., 26, pp. 189-196.
57. Sanggaard, K. W., Karring, H., Valnickova, Z., Thogersen, I. B. and Enghild, J. J. (2005) The TSG-6 and I alpha I interaction promotes a transesterification cleaving the protein-glycosaminoglycan-protein (PGP) cross-link. J. Biol. Chem., 280, pp. 11936-11942.
58. Rugg, M. S., Willis, A. C., Mukhopadhyay, D., Hascall, V. C., Fries, E., Fulop, C., Milner, C. M. and Day, A. J. (2005) Characterization of complexes formed between TSG-6 and inter-alpha-inhibitor that act as intermediates in the covalent transfer of heavy chains onto hyaluronan. J. Biol. Chem., 280, pp. 25674-25686.
59. Fulop, C., Szanto, S., Mukhopadhyay, D., Bardos, T., Kamath, R. V., Rugg, M. S. Day, A. J. et al. (2003) Impaired cumulus mucification and female sterility in tumor necrosis factor-induced protein-6 deficient mice. Development, 130, pp. 2253-2261.
60. Carrette, O., Nemade, R. V., Day, A. J., Brickner, A. and Larsen, W. J. (2001) TSG-6 is concentrated in the extracellular matrix of mouse cumulus oocyte complexes through hyaluronan and inter-alpha-inhibitor binding. Biol. Reprod., 65, pp. 301-308.
61. Mukhopadhyay, D., Hascall, V. C., Day, A. J., Salustri, A. and Fulop, C. (2001) Two distinct populations of tumor necrosis factor-stimulated gene-6 protein in the extracellular matrix of expanded mouse cumulus cell-oocyte complexes. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 394, pp. 173-181.
62. Garantziotis, S., Hollingsworth, J. W., Ghanayem, R. B., Timberlake, S., Zhuo, L., Kimata, K. and Schwartz, D. A. (2007) Inter-{alpha}-trypsin inhibitor attenuates complement activation and complement-induced lung injury. J. Immunol., 179, pp. 4187-4192.
63. Hinshelwood, J., Spencer, D. I., Edwards, Y. J. and Perkins, S. J. (1999) Identification of the C3b binding site in a recombinant vWF-A domain of complement factor B by surface-enhanced laser desorption-ionisation affinity mass spectrometry and homology modelling: implications for the activity of factor B. J. Mol. Biol., 294, pp. 587-599.
64. Hui, K. M., Orriss, G. L., Schirmer, T., Magnadottir, B., Schifferli, J. A. and Inal, J. M. (2005) Expression of functional recombinant von Willebrand factor-A domain from human complement C2: A potential binding site for C4 and CRIT. Biochem. J., 389, pp. 863-868.
65. Choi-Miura, N. H., Takahashi, K., Yoda, M., Saito, K., Hori, M., Ozaki, H., Mazda, T. and Tomita, M. (2000) The novel acute phase protein, IHRP, inhibits actin polymerization and phagocytosis of polymorphonuclear cells. Inflamm. Res., 49, pp. 305-310.
66. Pineiro, M., Andres, M., Iturralde, M., Carmona, S., Hirvonen, J., Pyorala, S. Heegaard, P. M. et al. (2004) ITIH4 (inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4) is a new acute-phase protein isolated from cattle during experimental infection. Infect. Immun., 72, pp. 3777-3782.
67. Kroczynska, B., King-Simmons, L., Alloza, L., Alava, M. A., Elguindi, E. C. and Blond, S. Y. (2005) BIP co-chaperone MTJ1/ERDJ1 interacts with inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 338, pp. 1467-1477.
68. Daveau, M., Rouet, P., Scotte, M., Faye, L., Hiron, M., Lebreton, J. P. and Salier, J. P. (1993) Human inter-alpha-inhibitor family in inflammation: Simultaneous synthesis of positive and negative acute-phase proteins. Biochem. J., 292, pp. 485-492.
69. Pugia, M. J., Sommer, R., Corey, P., Anderson, L., Gleason, S., Jortani, S. A. Elin, R. J. et al. (2004) The uristatin dipstick is useful in distinguishing upper respiratory from urinary tract infections. Clin. Chim. Acta, 341, pp. 73-81.
70. Duan, X., Yarmush, D., Berthiaume, F., Jayaraman, A. and Yarmush, M. L. (2005) Immunodepletion of albumin for two-dimensional gel detection of new mouse acute-phase protein and other plasma proteins. Proteomics, 5, pp. 3991-4000.
71. Koomen, J. M., Shih, L. N., Coombes, K. R., Li, D., Xiao, L. C., Fidler, I. J., Abbruzzese, J. L. and Kobayashi, R. (2005) Plasma protein profiling for diagnosis of pancreatic cancer reveals the presence of host response proteins. Clin. Cancer Res., 11, pp. 1110-1118.
72. Fung, E. T., Yip, T. T., Lomas, L., Wang, Z., Yip, C., Meng, X. Y. Lin, S. et al. (2005) Classification of cancer types by measuring variants of host response proteins using SELDI serum assays. Int. J. Cancer, 115, pp. 783-789.
73. Cho, W. C., Yip, T. T., Ngan, R. K., Podust, V. N., Yip, C., Yiu, H. H. Yip, V. et al. (2007) ProteinChip array profiling for identification of disease- and chemotherapy-associated biomarkers of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Clin. Chem., 53, pp. 241-250.
74. Lim, Y. P., Bendelja, K., Opal, S. M., Siryaporn, E., Hixson, D. C. and Palardy, J. E. (2003) Correlation between mortality and the levels of inter-alpha inhibitors in the plasma of patients with severe sepsis. J. Infect. Dis., 188, pp. 919-926.
75. Opal, S. M., Lim, Y. P., Siryaporn, E., Moldawer, L. L., Pribble, J. P., Palardy, J. E. and Souza, S. (2007) Longitudinal studies of inter-alpha inhibitor proteins in severely septic patients: A potential clinical marker and mediator of severe sepsis. Crit. Care Med., 35, pp. 387-392.
76. Wu, R., Cui, X., Lim, Y. P., Bendelja, K., Zhou, M., Simms, H. H. and Wang, P. (2004) Delayed administration of human inter-alpha inhibitor proteins reduces mortality in sepsis. Crit. Care Med., 32, pp. 1747-1752.
77. Yang, S., Lim, Y. P., Zhou, M., Salvemini, P., Schwinn, H., Josic, D., Koo, D. J., Chaudry, I. H. and Wang, P. (2002) Administration of human inter-alpha-inhibitors maintains hemodynamic stability and improves survival during sepsis. Crit. Care Med., 30, pp. 617-622.
78. Jourdain, M., Carrette, O., Tournoys, A., Fourrier, F., Mizon, C., Mangalaboyi, J., Goudemand, J., Mizon, J. and Chopin, C. (1997) Effects of inter-alpha-inhibitor in experimental endotoxic shock and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 156, pp. 1825-1833.
79. Werbowetski-Ogilvie, T. E., Agar, N. Y., Waldkircher de Oliveira, R.M., Faury, D., Antel, J. P., Jabado, N. and Del Maestro, R.F. (2006) Isolation of a natural inhibitor of human malignant glial cell invasion: inter alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 2. Cancer Res., 66, pp. 1464-1472.
80. Daveau, M., Jean, L., Soury, E., Olivier, E., Masson, S., Lyoumi, S. Chan, P. et al. (1998) Hepatic and extra-hepatic transcription of inter-alpha-inhibitor family genes under normal or acute inflammatory conditions in rat. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 350, pp. 315-323.
81. Paris, S., Sesboue, R., Delpech, B., Chauzy, C., Thiberville, L., Martin, J. P., Frebourg, T. and Diarra-Mehrpour, M. (2002) Inhibition of tumor growth and metastatic spreading by overexpression of inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor family chains. Int. J. Cancer, 97, pp. 615-620.
82. Monaco, C., Negrini, M., Sozzi, G., Veronese, M. L., Vorechovsky, I., Godwin, A. K. and Croce, C. M. (1997) Molecular cloning and characterization of LOH11CR2A, a new gene within a refined minimal region of LOH at 11q23. Genomics, 46, pp. 217-222.
83. Chang, N. S., Carey, G., Pratt, N., Chu, E. and Ou, M. (1998) p53 overexpression and downregulation of inter-alpha-inhibitor are associated with hyaluronidase enhancement of TNF cytotoxicity in L929 fibroblasts. Cancer Lett., 131, pp. 45-54.
84. Worcester, E. M. (1996) Inhibitors of stone formation. Semin. Nephrol., 16, pp. 474-486.
85. Atmani, F., Mizon, J. and Khan, S. R. (1996) Identification of uronic-acid-rich protein as urinary bikunin, the light chain of inter-alpha-inhibitor. Eur. J. Biochem., 236, pp. 984-990.
86. Marengo, S. R., Resnick, M. I., Yang, L. and Chung, J. Y. (1998) Differential expression of urinary inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor trimers and dimers in normal compared to active calcium oxalate stone forming men. J. Urol., 159, pp. 1444-1450.
87. Dawson, C. J., Grover, P. K., Kanellos, J., Pham, H., Kupczyk, G., Oates, A. and Ryall, R. L. (1998) Inter-alpha-inhibitor in calcium stones. Clin. Sci. (Lond), 95, pp. 187-193.
88. Dawson, C. J., Grover, P. K. and Ryall, R. L. (1998) Inter-alpha-inhibitor in urine and calcium oxalate urinary crystals. Br. J. Urol., 81, pp. 20-26.
89. Hedgepeth, R. C., Yang, L., Resnick, M. I. and Marengo, S. R. (2001) Expression of proteins that inhibit calcium oxalate crystallization in vitro in the urine of normal and stone-forming individuals. Am. J. Kidney Dis., 37, pp. 104-112.
90. Atmani, F. and Khan, S. R. (1999) Role of inter-alpha-inhibitor and its related proteins in urolithiasis. Purification of an inter-alpha-inhibitor related protein from the bovine kidney. Urol. Res., 27, pp. 57-61.
91. Moriyama, M. T., Glenton, P. A. and Khan, S. R. (2001) Expression of inter-alpha inhibitor related proteins in kidneys and urine of hyperoxaluric rats. J. Urol., 165, pp. 1687-1692.
92. Janssen, U., Thomas, G., Glant, T. and Phillips, A. (2001) Expression of inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor and tumor necrosis factor-stimulated gene 6 in renal proximal tubular epithelial cells. Kidney Int., 60, pp. 126-136.
93. Mizushima, S., Nii, A., Kato, K. and Uemura, A. (1998) Gene expression of the two heavy chains and one light chain forming the inter-alpha-trypsin-inhibitor in human tissues. Biol. Pharm. Bull., 21, pp. 167-169.
94. Ricchiuti, V., Hartke, D. M., Yang, L. Z., Goldman, H. B., Elder, J. S., Resnick, M. I. and Marengo, S. R. (2002) Levels of urinary inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor trimer as a function of age and sex-hormone status in males and females not forming stones. BJU Int., 90, pp. 513-517.
95. Dean, C., Kanellos, J., Pham, H., Gomes, M., Oates, A., Grover, P. and Ryall, R. (2000) Effects of inter-alpha-inhibitor and several of its derivatives on calcium oxalate crystallization in vitro. Clin. Sci. (Lond), 98, pp. 471-480.
96. Soury, E., Olivier, E., Daveau, M., Hiron, M., Claeyssens, S., Risler, J. L. and Salier, J. P. (1998) The H4P heavy chain of inter-alpha-inhibitor family largely differs in the structure and synthesis of its prolin-rich region from rat to human. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 243, pp. 522-530.
97. Tamura, K., Dudley, J., Nei, M. and Kumar, S. (2007) MEGA4: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis (MEGA) software version 4.0. Mol. Biol. Evol., 24, pp. 1596-1599.