Creating surface flux maps from airborne measurements: Application to the mackenzie area GEWEX study MAGS 1999

Boundary-Layer Meteorology

Volumn 129, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 431-450

  Mauder, Matthias ^a   Desjardins, Raymond L ^a   MacPherson, Ian ^b  

^a AGRICULTURE AND AGRI FOOD CANADA   (Canada)

^b NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Airborne flux measurements; Flux mapping; Footprint; Random error; Systematic error; Vertical flux divergence

Indexed keywords

HEAT FLUX; HEATING EQUIPMENT; LATENT HEAT; MAPS; OPTICAL PROJECTORS; PRECIPITATION (METEOROLOGY); RANDOM PROCESSES; TWO DIMENSIONAL; WATER CONTENT; WAVELET TRANSFORMS; WIND POWER;

AIRBORNE FLUX MEASUREMENTS; AIRBORNE MEASUREMENTS; ARCTIC TUNDRAS; ENERGY EXCHANGES; FLIGHT LENGTHS; FLIGHT PATTERNS; FLUX ERRORS; FLUX MEASUREMENTS; FOOTPRINT; FOOTPRINT MODELS; GLOBAL ENERGIES; LATENT HEAT FLUXES; LONG WAVELENGTHS; NUMERICAL MODELS; RESULTING FLUXES; SENSIBLE HEAT FLUXES; SNOW MELTS; SURFACE FLUXES; SURFACE MAPS; VERTICAL FLUX DIVERGENCE; VERTICAL FLUX DIVERGENCES; WATER CYCLES; WIND COMPONENTS;

FLUXES;

AIRBORNE SURVEY; ERROR ANALYSIS; ESTIMATION METHOD; FLUX MEASUREMENT; LATENT HEAT FLUX; MAPPING; NUMERICAL MODEL; SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX; TRANSFORM; WAVELET ANALYSIS;

EID: 56049121013     PISSN: 00068314     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10546-008-9326-6     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Albertson JD, Parlange MB (1999) Natural integration of scalar fluxes from complex terrain. Adv Water Resour 23: 239-252. doi: 10.1016/ S0309-1708(99)00011-1
2. Barr AG, Griffis TJ, Black TA, Lee X, Staebler RM, Fuentes JD, Chen Z, Morgenstern K (2002) Com- paring the carbon budgets of boreal and temperate deciduous forest stands. Can J For Res 32: 813-822. doi: 10.1139/x01-131
3. Betts AK, Desjardins RL, MacPherson JI, Kelly RD (1990) Boundary-layer heat and moisture budgets from FIFE. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 50: 109-138. doi: 10.1007/BF00120520
4. Beyrich F, Leps J-P, Mauder M, Bange J, Foken T, Huneke S, Lohse H, Lüdi A, Meijninger WML, Mironov D, Weisensee U, Zittel P (2006) Area-averaged surface fluxes over the LITFASS region from eddy- covariance measurements. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 121: 33-65. doi: 10.1007/s10546-006-9052-x
5. Bringfelt B, Heikinheimo M, Gustafsson N, Perov V, Lindroth A (1999) A new land-surface treatment for HIRLAM - comparisons with NOPEX measurements. Agric For Meteorol 98-99:239-256. doi: 10.1016/ S0168-1923(99)00101-X
6. Brown-Mitic CM, MacPherson IJ, Schuepp PH, Nagarajan B, Yau PMK, Bales R (2001) Aircraft observations of surface-atmosphere exchange during and after snow melt for different arctic environments: MAGS 1999. Hydrol Process 15: 3585-3602. doi: 10.1002/hyp.1044
7. Caramori P, Schuepp P, Desjardins R, MacPherson I (1994) Structural analysis of airborne flux estimates over a region. J Clim 7: 627-640 doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1994)007<0627:SAOAFE>2.0.CO;2
8. Desjardins RL, MacPherson JI, Mahrt L, Schuepp PH, Pattey E, Neumann H, Baldocchi D, Wofsy S, Fitzjarrald DR, McCaugey H, Joiner DW (1997) Scaling up flux measurements for the boreal forest using aircraft-tower combinations. J Geophys Res 102: 29125-29133. doi: 10.1029/97JD00278
9. Desjardins RL, MacPherson I, Schuepp PH (2000) Aircraft-based flux sampling strategies. In: Meyers RA (eds) Encyclopedia of analytical chemistry. Wiley, Chichester, pp 3573-3588
10. Frech M, Jochum A (1999) The evaluation of flux aggregation methods using aircraft measurements in the surface layer. Agric For Meteorol 98-99:121-143. doi: 10.1016/S0168-1923(99)00093-3
11. Hechtel LM, Stull RB, Moeng C-H (1990) The effects of nonhomogeneous surface fluxes on the convective boundary layer: A case study using large-eddy simulation. J Atmos Sci 47: 1721-1741 doi:10.1175/ 1520-0469(1990)047<1721:TEONSF>2.0.CO;2
12. Howell JF, Mahrt L (1997) Multiresolution flux decomposition. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 83: 117-137. doi: 10.1023/A:1000210427798
13. Jackson TJ (1997) Southern great plains 1997 (SGP97) hydrology experiment plan, version 3/31/97. USDA-ARS-Hydrology Laboratory, Beltsville
14. Kanda M, Inagaki A, Letzel MO, Raasch S, Watanabe T (2004) LES study of the energy imbalance problem with eddy covariance fluxes. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 110: 381-404. doi: 10.1023/B:BOUN.0000007225.45548.7a
15. Kljun N, Calanca P, Rotach MW, Schmid HP (2004) A simple parameterisation for flux footprint predictions. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 112: 503-523. doi: 10.1023/B:BOUN.0000030653.71031.96
16. Kormann R, Meixner FX (2001) An analytical footprint model for non-neutral stratification. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 99: 207-224. doi: 10.1023/A:1018991015119
17. Leclerc MY, Thurtell GW (1990) Footprint prediction of a scalar flux using a markovian analysis. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 52: 247-258. doi: 10.1007/BF00122089
18. Leclerc MY, Shen S, Lamb B (1997) Observations and large-eddy simulation modeling of footprints in the lower convective boundary layer. J Geophys Res 102: 9323-9334. doi: 10.1029/96JD03984
19. Lee X (1998) On micrometeorological observations of surface-air exchange over tall vegetation. Agric For Meteorol 91: 39-49. doi: 10.1016/ S0168-1923(98)00071-9
20. LeMone MA, Grossman RL, Coulter RL, Wesley ML, Klazura GE, Poulos GS, Blumen W, Lundquist JK, Cuenca RH, Kelly SF, Brandes EA, Oncley SP, McMillen RT, Hicks BB (2000) Land-atmosphere interaction research, early results, and opportunities in the Walnut River Watershed in Southeast Kansas: CASES and ABLE. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 81: 757-779 doi:10.1175/ 1520-0477(2000)081<0757:LIRERA>2.3.CO;2
21. Lenschow DH, Stankov BD (1986) Length scales in the convective boundary layer. J Atmos Sci 43: 1198-1209 doi:10.1175/ 1520-0469(1986)043<1198:LSITCB>2.0.CO;2
22. Lenschow DH, Mann J, Kristensen L (1994) How long is long enough when measuring fluxes and other turbulence statistics?. J Atmos Ocean Technol 11: 661-673 doi:10.1175/1520-0426(1994)011<0661:HLILEW>2.0.CO;2
23. Lothon M, Couvreux F, Donier S, Guichard F, Lacarrère P, Lenschow DH, Noilhan J, Saïd F (2007) Impact of coherent eddies on airborne measurements of vertical turbulent fluxes. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 124: 425-447. doi: 10.1007/s10546-007-9182-9
24. MacPherson JI, Marcotte DL, Jordan JE (2001) The NRC Atmospheric Research Aircraft. J Canadian Aero Space Inst 47: 147-157
25. Mahrt L (1996) The bulk aerodynamic formulation over heterogeneous surfaces. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 78: 87-119. doi: 10.1007/BF00122488
26. Mahrt L (2000) Surface heterogeneity and vertical structure of the boundary layer. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 96: 33-62. doi: 10.1023/ A:1002482332477
27. Mahrt L, MacPherson JI, Desjardins R (1994) Observations of fluxes over heterogeneous surfaces. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 67: 345-367. doi: 10.1007/BF00705438
28. Mahrt L, Vickers D, Sun J (2001) Spatial variations of surface moisture flux from aircraft data. Adv Water Resour 24: 1133-1141. doi: 10.1016/ S0309-1708(01)00045-8
29. Mauder M, Desjardins RL, MacPherson JI (2007) Scale analysis of airborne flux measurements over heterogeneous terrain in a boreal ecosystem. J Geophys Res 112: D13112. doi: 10.1029/2006JD008133
30. Mengelkamp H-T, Beyrich F, Heinemann G, Ament F, Bange J, Berger FH, Bösenberg J, Foken T, Hennemuth B, Heret C, Huneke S, Johnsen K-P, Kerschgens M, Kohsiek W, Leps J-P, Liebethal C, Mauder M, Meijninger WML, Raasch S, Simmer C, Spieß T, Tittebrand A, Uhlenbrock J, Zittel P (2006) Evaporation over a heterogeneous land surface: The EVA_GRIPS project. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 87: 775-786. doi: 10.1175/ BAMS-87-6-775
31. Mitic CM, Schuepp PH, Desjardins RL, Macpherson JI (1995) Spatial distribution and co-occurrence of surface-atmosphere energy and gas exchange processes over the CODE grid site. Atmos Environ 29: 3169-3180. doi: 10.1016/1352-2310(94)00331-E
32. Ogunjemiyo S, Schuepp PH, MacPherson JI, Desjardins RL (1997) Analysis of flux maps versus surface characteristics from Twin Otter grid flights in BOREAS 1994. J Geophys Res 102: 29135-29146. doi: 10.1029/97JD01108
33. Pasquill F (1974) Atmospheric diffusion. Wiley, New York, p 437
34. Pederson JR, Massman WJ, Mahrt L, Delany A, Oncley S, Hartog GD, Neumann HH, Mickle RE, Shaw RH, Paw U, Grantz KT, Mac DA, Pherson JI, Desjardins R (1995) California ozone deposition experiment: Methods, results, and opportunities. Atmos Environ 29: 3115-3132. doi: 10.1016/ 1352-2310(95)00136-M
35. Rannik Ü, Aubinet M, Kurbanmuradov O, Sabelfeld KK, Markkanen T, Vesala T (2000) Footprint analysis for measurements over a heterogeneous forest. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 97: 137-166. doi: 10.1023/A:1002702810929
36. Raupach MR, Finnigan JJ (1995) Scale issues in boundary-layer meteorology: Surface energy balances in heterogeneous terrain. Hydrol Process 9: 589-612. doi: 10.1002/hyp.3360090509
37. Schmid HP (2002) Footprint modeling for vegetation atmosphere exchange studies: A review and perspective. Agric For Meteorol 113: 159-183. doi: 10.1016/S0168-1923(02)00107-7
38. Schröter M, Bange J, Raasch S (2000) Simulated airborne flux measurements in a LES generated convective boundary layer. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 95: 437-456. doi: 10.1023/A:1002649322001
39. Schuepp PH, MacPherson JI, Desjardins RL (1992) Adjustment of footprint correction for airborne flux mapping over the FIFE site. J Geophys Res 97: 18455-18466
40. Sellers P, Hall FG, Asrar G, Strebel DE, Murphy RE (1988) The first ISLSCP field experiment (FIFE). Bull Am Meteorol Soc 69: 22-27 doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1988)069<0022:TFIFE>2.0.CO;2
41. Sellers P, Hall F, Ranson KJ, Margolis H, Kelly B, Baldocchi D, den Hartog G, Cihlar J, Ryan MG, Goodison B, Crill P, Lettenmaier D, Wickland DE (1995) The boreal ecosystem-atmosphere study (BOREAS): An overview and early results from the 1994 field year. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 76: 1549-1577 doi:10.1175/ 1520-0477(1995)076<1549:TBESAO>2.0.CO;2
42. Skeib G (1980) Zur Definition universeller Funktionen für die Gradienten von Windgeschwindigkeit und Temperatur in der bodennahen Luftschicht. Z Meteorol 30: 23-32
43. Sogachev A, Menzhulin GV, Heimann M, Lloyd JON (2002) A simple three-dimensional canopy - planetary boundary layer simulation model for scalar concentrations and fluxes. Tellus B Chem Phys Meterol 54: 784-819. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.2002.201353.x
44. Song J, Wesely ML (2003) On comparison of modeled surface flux variations to aircraft observations. Agric For Meteorol 117: 159-171. doi: 10.1016/S0168-1923(03)00042-X
45. Stewart RE, Leighton HG, Marsh P, Moore GWK, Ritchie H, Rouse WR, Soulis ED, Strong GS, Crawford RW, Kochtubajda B (1998) The Mackenzie GEWEX study: The water and energy cycles of a major North American river basin. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 79: 2665-2683 doi:10.1175/ 1520-0477(1998)079<2665:TMGSTW>2.0.CO;2
46. Strunin MA, Hiyama T (2004) Applying wavelet transforms to analyse aircraft-measured turbulence and turbulent fluxes in the atmospheric boundary layer over eastern Siberia. Hydrol Process 18: 3081-3098. doi: 10.1002/hyp.5750
47. Torrence C, Compo GP (1998) A practical guide to wavelet analysis. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 79: 61-78 doi:10.1175/ 1520-0477(1998)079<0061:APGTWA>2.0.CO;2
48. Wieringa J (1986) Roughness-dependent geographical interpolation of surface wind speed averages. Q J Roy Meteorol Soc 112: 867-889. doi: 10.1002/qj.49711247316
49. Wood N, Mason P (1991) The influence of static stability on the effective roughness length for momentum and heat transfer. Q J Roy Meteorol Soc 117: 1025-1056
50. Wyngaard JC (1990) Scalar fluxes in the planetary boundary layer - theory, modeling, and measurement. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 50: 49-75. doi: 10.1007/BF00120518