New insights in preventive cardiology and cardiac rehabilitation

Current Opinion in Cardiology

Volumn 23, Issue 5, 2008, Pages 477-486

  Franklin, Barry A ^a   Trivax, Justin E ^a   Vanhecke, Thomas E ^a  

^a WILLIAM BEAUMONT HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

Cardiovascular risk factors; Coronary revascularization; Hypercholesterolemia; Metabolic equivalents; Smoking cessation; Statins

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; AMFEBUTAMONE; ANTIANGINA PECTORIS AGENT; ANTITHROMBOCYTIC AGENT; ATENOLOL; BILE ACID SEQUESTRANT; CYANOCOBALAMIN; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; FIBRIC ACID DERIVATIVE; FOLIC ACID; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; NICOTINE GUM; NICOTINE PATCH; NICOTINIC ACID; OMEGA 3 FATTY ACID; PLACEBO; PYRIDOXINE; VARENICLINE; HYPOCHOLESTEROLEMIC AGENT;

ACUTE HEART INFARCTION; ADJUVANT THERAPY; ANGIOCARDIOGRAPHY; ANGIOPLASTY; ARTERY DISEASE; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CARDIOLOGY; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CLINICAL TRIAL; CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFT; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; CORONARY ARTERY OBSTRUCTION; DISEASE COURSE; DRUG HALF LIFE; FITNESS; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HEART DISEASE; HEART INFARCTION; HEART MUSCLE REVASCULARIZATION; HEART PROTECTION; HEART REHABILITATION; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; INTRINSIC SYMPATHOMIMETIC ACTIVITY; KINESIOTHERAPY; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; LIPOPROTEIN BLOOD LEVEL; MORTALITY; PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; SECONDARY PREVENTION; SMOKING CESSATION; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; STABLE ANGINA PECTORIS; TOBACCO DEPENDENCE; TREADMILL EXERCISE; VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION; WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; LIFESTYLE; PREVENTIVE MEDICINE; PRIMARY PREVENTION; RISK FACTOR;

ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENTS; CARDIOLOGY; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; EXERCISE THERAPY; HUMANS; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL-COA REDUCTASE INHIBITORS; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; LIFE STYLE; PREVENTIVE MEDICINE; PRIMARY PREVENTION; PROGNOSIS; RISK FACTORS; SMOKING CESSATION;

EID: 55849113682     PISSN: 02684705     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/HCO.0b013e32830b360b     Document Type: Review

References (91)

1. Lloyd-Jones DM, Nam BH, D'Agostino RB Sr, et al. Parental cardiovascular disease as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in middle-aged adults: a prospective study of parents and offspring. JAMA 2004; 291:2204-2211.
2. Samani NJ, Erdmann J, Hall AS, et al. Genomewide association analysis of coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 2007; 357:443-453.
3. McPherson R, Pertsemlidis A, Kavaslar N, et al. A common allele on chromosome 9 associated with coronary heart disease. Science 2007; 316:1488-1491.
4. Helgadottir A, Thorleifsson G, Manolescu A, et al. A common variant on chromosome 9p21 affects the risk of myocardial infarction. Science 2007; 316:1491 -1493.
5. Thorgeirsson TE, Geller F, Sulem P, et al. A variant associated with nicotine dependence, lung cancer and peripheral arterial disease. Nature 2008; 452:638-642.
6. Hung RJ, McKay JD, Gaborieau V, et al. A susceptibility locus for lung cancer maps to nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit genes on 15q25. Nature 2008; 452:633-637.
7. Smith SC Jr, Allen J, Blair SN, et al. AHA/ACC guidelines for secondary prevention for patients with coronary and other atherosclerotic vascular disease: 2006 update endorsed by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 47:2130-2139.
8. Otvos JD, Jeyarajah EJ, Cromwell WC. Measurement issues related to lipoprotein heterogeneity. Am J Cardiol 2002; 90 (Suppl 8A):22i-29i.
9. El Harchaoui K, van der Steeg W, Stroes E, et al. Value of low-density lipoprotein particle number and size as predictors of coronary artery disease in apparently healthy men and women: the EPIC-Norfolk Prospective Population Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 49:547-553.
10. Rosenson RS, Otvos JD, Freedman DS. Relations of lipoprotein subclass levels and low-density lipoprotein size to progression of coronary artery disease in the Pravastatin Limitation of Atherosclerosis in the Coronary Arteries (PLAC-I) trial. Am J Cardiol 2002; 90:89-94.
11. Packard CJ, O'Reilly DS, Caslake MJ, et al. Lipoprotein-associated phospho-lipase A2 as an independent predictor of coronary heart disease. West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group. N Engl J Med 2000; 343:1148-1155.
12. Ballantyne CM, Hoogeveen RC, Bang H, et al. Lipoprotein-associated phos-pholipase A2, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and riskfor incident coronary heart disease in middle-aged men and women in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Circulation 2004; 109:837-842.
13. Sabatine MS, Morrow DA, O'Donoghue M, et al. Prognostic utility of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 for cardiovascular outcomes in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007; 27:2463-2469.
14. Marcovina SM, Koschinsky ML. A critical evaluation of the role of Lp(a) in cardiovascular disease: can Lp(a) be useful in risk assessment? Semin Vasc Med 2002; 2:335-344.
15. Kamstrup PR, Benn M, Tybaerg-Hansen A, Nordestgaard BG. Extreme lipoprotein(a) levels and risk of myocardial infarction in the general population: the Copenhagen City Heart Study. Circulation 2007; 117:176-184.
16. Bennet A, Di Angelantonio E, Erqou S, et al. Lipoprotein(a) levels and risk of future coronary heart disease: large-scale prospective data. Arch Intern Med 2008; 168:598-608.
17. Maher VM, Brown BG, Marcovina SM, et al. Effects of lowering elevated LDL cholesterol on the cardiovascular risk of lipoprotein(a). JAMA 1995; 274:1771 -1774.
18. Lichtenstein AH, Appel LJ, Brands M, et al. Diet and lifestyle recommendations revision 2006: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Nutrition Committee. Circulation 2006; 114:82-96.
19. Thun MJ, Peto R, Lopez AD, et al. Alcohol consumption and mortality among middle-aged and elderly U.S. adults. N Engl J Med 1997; 337:1705-1714.
20. Ashar BH, Rice TN, Sisson SD. Physicians' understanding of the regulation of dietary supplements. Arch Intern Med 2007; 167:966-969.
21. Kris-Etherton PM, Harris WS, Appel LJ, AHA Nutrition Committee. Omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: new recommendations from the American Heart Association. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003; 23: 151-152.
22. Wang C, Harris WS, Chung M, et al. n-3 Fatty acids from fish or fish-oil supplements, but not alpha-linolenic acid, benefit cardiovascular disease outcomes in primary- and secondary-prevention studies: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 84:5-17.
23. Lee IM, Cook NR, Gaziano JM, et al. Vitamin E in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer: the Women's HealthStudy:arandomized controlled trial. JAMA 2005; 294:56-65.
24. Yusuf S, Dagenais G, Pogue J, et al. Vitamin E supplementation and cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 2000; 342:154-160.
25. Miller ER 3rd, Pastor-Barriuso R, Dalal D, et al. Meta-analysis: high-dosage vitamin E supplementation may increase all-cause mortality. Ann Intern Med 2005; 142:37-46.
26. Lonn E, Yusuf S, Arnold MS, et al. Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) 2 Investigators. Homocysteine lowering with folic acid and B vitamins in vascular disease. N Engl J Med 2006; 354:1567-1577.
27. Lange H, Suryapranata H, De Luca G, et al. Folate therapy and in-stent restenosis after coronary stenting. N Engl J Med 2004; 350:2673-2681.
28. Doll R, Peto R, Boreham J, Sutherland I. Mortality in relation to smoking: 50 years' observation on male British doctors. BMJ 2004; 328:1519-1527.
29. Barnoya J, Glantz SA. Cardiovascular effects of secondhand smoke: nearly as large as smoking. Circulation 2005; 111:2684-2698.
30. Fichtenberg CM, Glantz SA. Effect of smoke-free workplaces on smoking behaviour: systematic review. BMJ 2002; 325:188-196.
31. Juster HR, Loomis BR, Hinman TM, et al. Declines in hospital admissions for acute myocardial infarction in New York state after implementation of a comprehensive smoking ban. Am J Public Health 2007; 97:2035-2039.
32. Bartecchi C, Alsever RN, Nevin-Woods C, et al. Reduction in the incidence of acute myocardial infarction associated with a citywide smoking ordinance. Circulation 2006; 114:1490-1496.
33. Wu P, Wilson K, Dimoulas P, Mills EJ. Effectiveness of smoking cessation therapies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health 2006; 6:300-315.
34. Jorenby DE, Hays JT, Rigotti NA, et al. Efficacy of varenicline, an alpha4beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist, vs placebo or sustained-release bupropion for smoking cessation: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2006; 296:56-63.
35. LaRosa JC, Grundy SM, Waters DD, et al. Intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin in patients with stable coronary disease. N Engl J Med 2005; 352:1425-1435.
36. Cannon CP, Steinberg BA, Murphy SA, et al. Meta-analysis of cardiovascular outcomes trials comparing intensive versus moderate statin therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 48:438-445.
37. Beckett NS, Peters R, Fletcher AE, et al. Treatment of hypertension in patients 80 years of age or older. N Engl J Med 2008; 358:1887-1898.
38. Kastelein JJ, Akdim F, Stroes ES, et al. Simvastatin with or without ezetimibe in familial hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med 2008; 358:1431-1443.
39. Rozanski A, Blumenthal JA, Davidson KW, et al. The epidemiology, patho-physiology, and management of psychosocial risk factors in cardiac practice: the emerging field of behavioral cardiology. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 45:637-651.
40. Williams RB, Barefoot JC, Schneiderman N. Psychosocial risk factors for cardiovascular disease: more than one culprit at work. JAMA 2003; 290: 2190-2192.
41. Shibeshi WA, Young-Xu Y, Blatt CM. Anxiety worsens prognosis in patients with coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 49:2021-2027.
42. Caspi A, Harrington H, Moffitt TE, et al. Socially isolated children 20 years later: risk of cardiovascular disease. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2006; 160: 805-811.
43. Aboa-Eboulé C, Brisson C, Maunsell E, et al. Job strain and risk of acute recurrent coronary heart disease events. JAMA 2007; 298:1652-1660.
44. Schneider RH, Alexander CN, Staggers F, et al. Long-term effects of stress reduction on mortality in persons > or =55 years of age with systemic hypertension. Am J Cardiol 2005; 95:1060-1064.
45. Keeley EC, Boura JA, Grines CL Primary angioplasty versus intravenous thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: a quantitative review of 23 randomised trials. Lancet 2003; 361:13-20.
46. King SB 3rd, Smith SC Jr, Hirshfeld JW Jr, et al. 2007 focused update of the ACC/AHA/SCAI 2005 guideline update for percutaneous coronary intervention: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 51:172-209.
47. Henderson RA, Pocock SJ, Clayton TC, et al. Seven-year outcome in the RITA-2 trial: coronary angioplasty versus medical therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 42:1161 -1170.
48. Parisi AF, Folland ED, Hartigan P. A comparison of angioplasty with medical therapy in the treatment of single-vessel coronary artery disease. Veterans Affairs ACME Investigators. N Engl J Med 1992; 326:10-16.
49. Hueb WA, Bellotti G, de Oliveira SA, et al. The Medicine, Angioplasty or Surgery Study (MASS): a prospective, randomized trial of medical therapy, balloon angioplasty or bypass surgery for single proximal left anterior descending artery stenoses. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995; 26:1600-1605.
50. Pitt B, Waters D, Brown WV, et al. Aggressive lipid-lowering therapy compared with angioplasty in stable coronary artery disease. Atorvastatin versus Revascularization Treatment Investigators. N Engl J Med 1999; 341:70-76.
51. Hueb W, Lopes NH, Gersh BJ, et al. Five-year follow-up of the Medicine, Angioplasty, or Surgery Study (MASS II): a randomized controlled clinical trial of 3 therapeutic strategies for multivessel coronary artery disease. Circulation 2007; 115:1082-1089.
52. Katritsis DG, Ioannidis JP. Percutaneous coronary intervention versus conservative therapy in nonacute coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis. Circulation 2005; 111:2906-2912.
53. Boden WE, O'Rourke RA, Teo KK, et al. Optimal medical therapy with or without PCI for stable coronary disease. N Engl J Med 2007; 356:1503-1516.
54. Ford ES, Ajani UA, Croft JB, et al. Explaining the decrease in U.S. deaths from coronary disease, 1980-2000. N Engl J Med 2007; 356:2388-2398.
55. Hambrecht R, Walther C, Mobius-Winkler S, et al. Percutaneous coronary angioplasty compared with exercise training in patients with stable coronary artery disease: a randomized trial. Circulation 2004; 109:1371 -1378.
56. Peterson PN, Magid DJ, Ross C, et al. Association of exercise capacity on treadmill with future cardiac events in patients referred for exercise testing. Arch Intern Med 2008; 168:174-179.
57. Blair SN, Kohl HW 3rd, Paffenbarger RS Jr, et al. Physical fitness and all-cause mortality. A prospective study of healthy men and women. JAMA 1989; 262:2395-2401.
58. Blair SN, Kampert JB, Kohl HW 3rd, et al. Influences of cardiorespiratory fitness and other precursors on cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in men and women. JAMA 1996; 276:205-210.
59. Myers J, Prakash M, Froelicher V, et al. Exercise capacity and mortality among men referred for exercise testing. N Engl J Med 2002; 346:793-801.
60. Gulati M, Pandey DK, Arnsdorf MF, et al. Exercise capacity and the risk of death in women: the St James Women Take Heart Project. Circulation 2003; 108:1554-1559.
61. Kokkinos P, Myers J, Kokkinos JP, et al. Exercise capacity and mortality in black and white men. Circulation 2008; 117:614-622.
62. Cohen B, Vittinghoff E, Whooley M. Association of socioeconomic status and exercise capacity in adults with coronary heart disease (from the Heart and Soul Study). Am J Cardiol 2008; 101:462-466.
63. Vanhees L, Fagard R, Thijs L, et al. Prognostic significance of peak exercise capacity in patients with coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994; 23:358-363.
64. Kavanagh T, Mertens DJ, Hamm LF, et al. Prediction of long-term prognosis in 12 169 men referred for cardiac rehabilitation. Circulation 2002; 106:666-671.
65. Kavanagh T, Mertens DJ, Hamm LF, et al. Peak oxygen intake and cardiac mortality in women referred for cardiac rehabilitation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 42:2139-2143.
66. Dutcher JR, Kahn J, Grines C, Franklin B. Comparison of left ventricular ejection fraction and exercise capacity as predictors of two- and five-year mortality following acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 2007; 99:436-441.
67. Franklin BA. Fitness: the ultimate marker for risk stratification and health outcomes? Prev Cardiol 2007; 10:42-45.
68. Swain DP, Franklin BA. Comparison of cardioprotective benefits of vigorous versus moderate intensity aerobic exercise. Am J Cardiol 2006; 97:141 -147.
69. Barnard RJ, MacAlpin R, Kattus AA, Buckberg GD. Ischemic response to sudden strenuous exercise in healthy men. Circulation 1973; 48:936-942.
70. Dimsdale JE, Hartley LH, Guiney T, et al. Postexercise peril. Plasma catecholamines and exercise. JAMA 1984; 251:630-632.
71. 2 reserve and the minimal intensity for improving cardiorespiratory fitness. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2002; 34:152-157.
72. Swain DP, Franklin BA. Is there a threshold intensity for aerobic training in cardiac patients? Med Sci Sports Exerc 2002; 34:1071-1075.
73. Braith RW, Stewart KJ. Resistance exercise training: its role in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Circulation 2006; 113:2642-2650.
74. Williams MA, Haskell WL, Ades PA, et al. Resistance exercise in individuals with and without cardiovascular disease: 2007 update: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Council on Clinical Cardiology and Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism. Circulation 2007; 116:572-584.
75. McCartney N, McKelvie RS, Martin J, et al. Weight-training-induced attenuation of the circulatory response of older males to weight lifting. J Appl Physiol 1993; 74:1056-1060.
76. FitzGerald SJ, Barlow CE, Kampert JB, et al. Muscular fitness and all-cause mortality: prospective observations. J Phys Act Health 2004; 1:7.
77. Jurca R, Lamonte MJ, Barlow CE, et al. Association of muscular strength with incidence of metabolic syndrome in men. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2005; 37: 1849-1855.
78. Pate RR, Pratt M, Blair SN, et al. Physical activity and public health. A recommendation from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine. JAMA 1995; 273:402-407.
79. United States Department of Health and Human Services. Physical activity and health: a report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Centerfor Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion; 1996.
80. Leon AS, Norstrom J. Evidence of the role of physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness in the prevention of coronary heart disease. Quest 1995; 47:311 -319.
81. Haskell WL, Lee IM, Pate RR, et al. Physical activity and public health: updated recommendation for adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Circulation 2007; 116:1081-1093.
82. Leon AS, Franklin BA, Costa F, et al. Cardiac rehabilitation and secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. An American Heart Association Scientific Statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology (Subcommittee on Exercise, Cardiac Rehabilitation, and Prevention) and the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism (Subcommittee on Physical Activity), in collaboration with the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation. Circulation 2005; 111: 369-376.
83. Balady GJ, Williams MA, Ades PA, et al. Core components of cardiac rehabilitation/secondary prevention programs: 2007 update. A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association Exercise, Cardiac Rehabilitation, and Prevention Committee, the Council on Clinical Cardiology; the Councils on Cardiovascular Nursing, Epidemiology and Prevention, and Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism; and the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation. Circulation 2007; 115: 2675-2682.
84. American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand. Exercise for patients with coronary artery disease. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1994; 26:i-v.
85. EUROASPIRE. A European Society of Cardiology survey of secondary prevention of coronary heart disease: principal results. EUROASPIRE Study Group. European Action on Secondary Prevention through Intervention to Reduce Events. Eur Heart J 1997; 18:1569-1582.
86. Wenger NK, Froelicher ES, Smith LK, et al. Cardiac rehabilitation as secondary prevention. Clinical practice guidelines. Quick reference guide for clinicians, No. 17. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Healthcare Policy and Research and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. AHCPR Pub. No. 96-0673; October 1995.
87. Taylor RS, Brown A, Ebrahim S, et al. Exercise-based rehabilitation for patients with coronary heart disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Med 2004; 116:682-692.
88. Suaya JA, Shepard DS, Normand SL, et al. Use of cardiac rehabilitation by Medicare beneficiaries after myocardial infarction or coronary bypass surgery. Circulation 2007; 116:1653-1662.
89. Ades PA, Waldmann ML, McCann WJ, et al. Predictors of cardiac rehabilitation participation in older coronary patients. Arch Intern Med 1992; 152: 1033-1035.
90. Vanhecke TE, Miller WM, Franklin BA, et al. Awareness, knowledge, and perception of heart disease among adolescents. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2006; 13:718-723.
91. Mosca L, Ferris A, Fabunmi R, Robertson RM. Tracking women's awareness of heart disease: an American Heart Association national study. Circulation 2004; 109:573-579.