Myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy: Possible connections and treatments

Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine

Volumn 9, Issue 7, 2008, Pages 666-671

  Castellano, Graziella ^a   Affuso, Flora ^a   Di Conza, Pasquale ^a   Fazio, Serafino ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NAPLES FEDERICO II   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NAPLES FEDERICO II   (Italy)

Author keywords

Antigenic mimicry; Autoimmunity; Dilated cardiomyopathy; Myocarditis

Indexed keywords

AUTOANTIBODY; AZATHIOPRINE; BETA INTERFERON; GAMMA INTERFERON; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; INTERLEUKIN 1; INTERLEUKIN 10; INTERLEUKIN 12; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; INTERLEUKIN 6; PLACEBO; PREDNISOLONE; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; IMMUNOLOGIC FACTOR;

AUTOIMMUNITY; CARDIAC PATIENT; CELLULAR IMMUNITY; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONGESTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY; CYTOKINE RELEASE; CYTOPATHOGENIC EFFECT; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE EXACERBATION; DRUG MEGADOSE; HEART FAILURE; HEART INJURY; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE EJECTION FRACTION; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; IMMUNOADSORPTION; IMMUNOLOGICAL TOLERANCE; IMMUNOMODULATION; IMMUNOREGULATION; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; MOLECULAR MIMICRY; MYOCARDITIS; PATHOGENESIS; REVIEW; TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VIRUS ETIOLOGY; VIRUS MYOCARDITIS; ANIMAL; ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY; IMMUNOLOGY;

ANIMALS; AUTOIMMUNITY; CARDIOMYOPATHY, DILATED; HUMANS; IMMUNOGLOBULINS, INTRAVENOUS; IMMUNOLOGIC FACTORS; IMMUNOSORBENT TECHNIQUES; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENTS; MYOCARDITIS;

EID: 55249124384     PISSN: 15582027     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2459/JCM.0b013e3282f3e9c2     Document Type: Review

References (62)

1. Hjalmarson A, Fu M, Mobini R. Who are the enemies? Inflammation and autoimmune mechanisms. Eur Heart J 2002; 4 (Suppl G):27-32.
2. Pauschinger M, Chandrasekharan K, Noutsias M, Kuhl U, Schwimmbeck LP, Schultheiss HP. Viral heart disease: molecular diagnosis, clinical prognosis, and treatment strategies. Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl) 2004; 193:65-69.
3. Nakamura H, Kato T, Yamamura T, Yamamoto T, Umemoto S, Sekine T, et al. Characterization of T cell receptors beta chain of accumulating T cells in chronic ongoing myocarditis demonstrated by heterotropic cardiac transplantation in mice. Jpn Circ J 2001; 65:106-110.
4. Huber SA. Animal models of human disease. Autoimmunity in myocarditis: relevanceofanimalmodels. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1997;83:93-102.
5. Friman G. The incidence and epidemiology of myocarditis. Eur Heart J 1999; 20:1120-1125.
6. Higuchi ML, Benvenuti LA, Martins Reis M, Metzger M. Pathophysiology of the heart in Chagas' disease: current status and new developments. Cardiovasc Res 2003; 60:96-107.
7. Pauschinger M, Doerner A, Kuehl U, Schwimmbeck PL, Poller W, Kandolf R, et al. Enteroviral RNA replication in the myocardium of patients with left ventricular dysfunction and clinically suspected myocarditis. Circulation 1999; 99:889-895.
8. Pauschinger M, Bowles NE, Fuentes-Garcia FJ, Pham V, Kuhl U, Schwimmbeck PL, etal. Detection ofadenoviral genome in the myocardium of adult patients with idiopathic left ventricular dysfunction. Circulation 1999; 99:1348-1354.
9. Why HJ, Meany BT, Richardson PJ, Olsen EG, Bowles NE, Cunningham L, et al. Clinical and prognostic significance of detection of enteroviral RNA in the myocardium of patients with myocarditis or dilated cardiomyopathy. Circulation 1994; 89:2582-2589.
10. Kuhl U, Pauschinger M, Schwimmbeck PL, Seeberg B, Lober C, Noutsias M, et al. Parvovirus B19 infection mimicking acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 2003; 108:945-950.
11. Kandolf R, Sauter M, Aepinus C, Schnorr JJ, Selinka HC, Klingel K. Mechanisms and consequences of enterovirus persistence in cardiac myocytes and cells of the immune system. Virus Res 1999; 62: 149-158.
12. Calabrese F, Thiene G. Myocarditis and inflammatory cardiomyopathy: microbiological and molecular biological aspects. Cardiovasc Res 2003; 60:11-25.
13. Mason JW. Myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy: an inflammatory link. Cardiovasc Res 2003; 60:5-10.
14. Takata S, Nakamura H, Umemoto S, Yamaguchil K, Sekine T, Kato T, et al. Identification of autoantibodies with the corresponding antigen for repetitive coxsackievirus infection-induced cardiomyopathy. Circ J 2004; 68:677-682.
15. Calabrese F, Van der Wal AC, Levi M. Infection and inflammation in the cardiovascular system. Cardiovasc Res 2003; 60:1-4.
16. Figulla HR. Transformation of myocarditis and inflammatory cardiomyopathy to idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: facts and fiction. Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl) 2004; 193:61-64.
17. Kuhl U, Pauschinger M, Noutsias M, Seeberg B, Bock T, Lassner D, et al. High prevalence of viral genomes and multiple viral infections in the myocardium of adults with 'idiopathic' left ventricular dysfunction. Circulation 2005; 111:887-893.
18. Mason JW. Viral latency: a link between myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy? J Mol Cell Cardiol 2002; 34:695-698.
19. Eriksson U, Penninger JM. Autoimmune heart failure: new understanding of pathogenesis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2005; 37:27-32.
20. Rose NR, Hill SL. The pathogenesis of postinfectious myocarditis. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1996; 80:92-99.
21. PauschingerM, ChandrasekharanK,LiJ,Poller W, Noutsias M, Tschope C, et al. Inflammation and extracellular matrix protein metabolism: two sides of myocardial remodelling. Eur Heart J 2002; 4 (Suppl I):49-53.
22. Finsterer J, Stollberger C. The heart in human dystrophinopathies. Cardiology 2003; 99:1-19.
23. Goodwin FC, Muntoni F. Cardiac involvement in muscular dystrophies: molecular mechanisms. Muscle Nerve 2005; 32:577-588.
24. Megeney LA, Kablar B, Perry RL, Ying C, May L, Rudnicki MA. Severe cardiomyopathy in mice lacking dystrophin and MyoD. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999; 96:220-225.
25. Badorff C, Lee GH, Lamphear BJ, Martone ME, Campbell KP, Rhoads RE, et al. Enteroviral protease 2A cleaves dystrophin: evidence of cytoskeletal disruption in an acquired cardiomyopathy. Nat Med 1999; 5:320-326.
26. Badorff C, Knowlton KU. Dystrophin disruption in enterovirus-induced myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy: from bench to bedside. Med Microbiol Immunol 2004; 193:121-126.
27. Xiong D, Lee GH, Bardoff C, Dorner A, Lee S, Wolf P, et al. Dystrophin deficiency markedly increases enterovirus-induced cardiomyopathy: a genetic predisposition to viral heart disease. Nat Med 2002; 8:872- 877.
28. Nakamura H, Yamamura T, Umemoto S, Fukuta S, Shioi T, Matsumori A, et al. Autoimmune response in chronic ongoing myocarditis demonstrated by heterotropic cardiac transplantation in mice. Circulation 1996; 94:3348-3354.
29. Maisch B, Ristic AD, Hufnagel G, Pankuweit S. Pathophysiology of viral myocarditis: the role of humoral immune response. Cardiovasc Pathol 2002; 11:112-122.
30. Spotnitz MD, Lesch M. Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy as a late complication of healed viral (coxsackie B virus) myocarditis: historical analysis, review of the literature, and a postulated unifying hypothesis. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2006; 49:42-57.
31. Bowles NE, RichardsonP, Olsen GJ, Archard LC. Detection of coxsackie B virus-specific RNA sequences in myocardial biopsy samples from patients with myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy. Lancet 1986; 1:1120- 1123.
32. Rose NR, Hill SL. Autoimmune myocarditis. Int J Cardiol 1996; 54:171- 175.
33. Saraste A, Arola A, Vuorinen T, Kyto V, Kallajoki M, Pulkki K, et al. Cardiomyocyte apoptosis in experimental coxsackievirus B3 myocarditis. Cardiovasc Pathol 2003; 12:255-262.
34. Afanasyeva M, Georgakopoulos D, Rose NR. Autoimmune myocarditis: cellular mediators of cardiac dysfunction. Autoimmun Rev 2004; 3:476- 486.
35. Caforio A, Mahon NJ, Tona F, McKenna WJ. Circulating cardiac autoantibodies in dilated cardiomyopathy and myocarditis: pathogenetic and clinical significance. Eur J Heart Fail 2002; 4:411-417.
36. Klingel K, Hohenadl C, Canu A, Albrecht M, Seemann M, Mall G, et al. Ongoing enterovirus-induced myocarditis is associated with persistent heart muscle infection: quantitative analysis of virus replication, tissue damage, and inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992; 89:314-318.
37. Fairweather D, Kaya Z, Shellam G, Rlawson CM, Rose NR. From infection to autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 2001; 16:175-186.
38. Eriksson U, Penninger JM, Kopf M. Mechanisms of autoimmune heart disease. Drug Discov Today 2004; 1:283-288.
39. Aukrust P, Ueland T, Lien E, Bendtzen K, Muller F, Andreassen AK, et al. Cytokine network in congestive heart failure secondary to ischemic or idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 1999; 83:376-382.
40. Kapadia S, Dibbs Z, Kurrelmeyer K, Kalra D, Seta Y, Wang F, et al. The role of cytokines in the failing human heart. Cardiol Clin 1998; 16:645-656.
41. Matsumori A. Cytokines in myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J 2002; 4 (suppl I):42-45.
42. Furukawa Y, Kobuke K, Matsumori A. Role of cytokines in autoimmune myocarditis and cardiomyopathy. Autoimmunity 2001; 34:165-168.
43. Petersen JW, Felker GM. Inflammatory biomarkers in heart failure. Congest Heart Fail 2006; 12:324-328.
44. Gullestad L, Aukrust P. Review of trials in chronic heart failure showing broad-spectrum anti-inflammatory approaches. Am J Cardiol 2005; 95 (11A):17C-23C.
45. Afanasyeva M, Rose NR. Immune mediators in inflammatory heart disease: insights from a mouse model. Eur Heart J 2002; 4 (Suppl I):31-36.
46. Torre-Amione G. Immune activation in chronic heart failure. Am J Cardiol 20056; 95:3C-8C.
47. Bryant D, Becker L, Richardson J, Shelton J, Franco F, Peshock R, et al. Cardiac failure in transgenic mice with myocardial expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Circulation 1998; 97:1375-1381.
48. Baughman KL. Diagnosis of myocarditis: death of Dallas Criteria. Circulation 2006; 113:593-595.
49. Aretz HT, Billingham ME, Edwards WD, Factor SM, Fallon JT, Fenoglio JJ Jr, et al. Myocarditis. A histopathologic definition and classification. Am J Cardiovasc Pathol 1987; 1:3-14.
50. Magnani JW, Dec GW. Myocarditis: current trends in diagnosis and treatment. Circulation 2006; 113:876-890.
51. Brown CA, O' Connell JB. Myocarditis and idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Med 1995; 99:309-314.
52. Mason JW. Immunopathogenesis and treatment of myocarditis: the United Myocarditis Treatment Trial. J Card Fail 1996; 2 (4 Suppl):S173-S177.
53. Kuhl U, Schultheiss HP. Treatment of chronic myocarditis with corticosteroids. Eur Heart J 1995; 16 (Suppl O):168-172.
54. Parrillo JE, Cunnion RE, Epstein SE, Parker MM, Suffredini AF, Brenner M, et al. A prospective, randomized, controlled trial of prednisone for dilated cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 1989; 321:1061-1068.
55. Frustaci A, Pieroni M, Chimenti C. Immunosuppressive therapy in inflammatory cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J 2002; 4 (Suppl I):69-72.
56. Kuhl U, Pauschinger M, Schwimmbeck PL, Seeberg B, Lober C, Noutsias M, et al. Interferon-beta treatment eliminates cardiotropic viruses and improves left ventricular function in patients with myocardial persistence of viral genomes and left ventricular dysfunction. Circulation 2003; 107:2793-2798.
57. Liu C, Chen J, Liu K. Immunosuppressive treatment for inflammatory cardiomyopathy. Meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Int Heart J 2005; 46:113-122.
58. Zimmermann O, Kochs M, Zwaka TP, Kaya Z, Lepper PM, Bienek-Ziolkowski M, et al. Myocardial biopsy based classification and treatment in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol 2005; 104:92-100.
59. Mann DL. Targeted anticytokine therapy and the failing heart. Am J Cardiol 2005; 95 (Suppl 1):9C-16C.
60. Gullestad L, Aass H, Fjeld JG, Wikeby L, Andreassen AK, Ihlen H, et al. Immunomodulating therapy with intravenous immunoglobulin in patients with chronic heart failure. Circulation 2001; 103:220-225.
61. Bolton AE. Biologic effects and basic science of a novel immune-modulation therapy. Am J Cardiol 2005; 95 (Suppl 1):24C-29C.
62. Torre-Amione G, Sestier F, Radovancevic B, Young J. Broad modulation of tissue responses (immune activation) by celacade may favorably influence pathologic processes associated with heart failure progression. Am J Cardiol 2005; 95 (Suppl 1):30C-37C.