Interventions for Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Volumn , Issue 4, 2008, Pages

  González, Urbà ^a   Pinart, Mariona ^a   Reveiz, Ludovic ^b   Alvar, Jorge ^c  

^a HOSPITAL PLATÓ   (Spain)

^b Instituto de Investigaciones   (Colombia)

^c WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALLOPURINOL; AMPHOTERICIN B; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIFUNGAL AGENT; ANTIMONY DERIVATIVE; AZITHROMYCIN; COTRIMOXAZOLE; DAPSONE; FLUCONAZOLE; GAMMA INTERFERON; IMIQUIMOD; ISETHIONIC ACID; ITRACONAZOLE; MEGLUMINE ANTIMONATE; MESYLIC ACID; METHYLBENZETHONIUM CHLORIDE; METRONIDAZOLE; MILTEFOSINE; OMEPRAZOLE; PAROMOMYCIN; PENTOXIFYLLINE; PLACEBO; RIFAMPICIN; SITAMAQUINE; SODIUM CHLORIDE; STIBOCAPTATE; STIBOGLUCONATE SODIUM; SULFADIAZINE ZINC; UNINDEXED DRUG; ZINC SULFATE;

ABDOMINAL PAIN; ANEMIA; ANOREXIA; ARTHRALGIA; BRADYCARDIA; BURN; BURNING SENSATION; CELL DESTRUCTION; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONFIDENCE INTERVAL; CONTACT DERMATITIS; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; COUGHING; CREATININE BLOOD LEVEL; CRYOTHERAPY; DIARRHEA; DIZZINESS; DRUG TOLERABILITY; EDEMA; ERYTHEMA; FEVER; FOLLOW UP; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; HEADACHE; HEART PALPITATION; HISTOLOGY; HUMAN; HYPERTHERMIC THERAPY; IMMUNOCOMPETENCE; INFLAMMATION; LEISHMANIASIS; LYMPHADENITIS; MACULOPAPULAR RASH; META ANALYSIS; MONOTHERAPY; MYALGIA; NAUSEA; NONHUMAN; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PAIN; PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY; PHYSIOTHERAPY; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PRURITUS; QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS; RASH; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SIDE EFFECT; SKIN LEISHMANIASIS; SMEAR; SYNCOPE; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TACHYCARDIA; THORAX PAIN; TREATMENT OUTCOME; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; URTICARIA; VOMITING; WOUND HEALING;

EID: 55049140286     PISSN: 1469493X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005067.pub3     Document Type: Review

References (157)

1. Al-Fouzan 1991 {published data only} Al-Fouzan AS, Al-Saleh QA, Najem NM, Rostom AI. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Kuwait. International Journal of Dermatology 1991;30(7):519-21.
2. Alkhawajah 1997 {published data only} Alkhawajah AM, LArbi E, Al-Gindan Y, Abahussein A, Jain S. Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis with antimony: intramuscular versus intralesional administration. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 1997;91(8):899-905.
3. Alrajhi 2002 {published data only} Alrajhi AA, Ibrahim EA, de Vol EB, Khairat M, Faris RM, Maguire JH. Fluconazole for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by leishmania major. New England Journal of Medicine 2002; Vol. 346, issue 12:891-5.
4. Alsaleh 1995 {published data only} Alsaleh Qasem A, Dvorak R, Nanda A. Ketoconazole in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Kuwait. International Journal of Dermatology 1995;34(7):495-7.
5. Asilian 1995 {published data only} Asilian A, Jalayer T, Whitworth G, Ghasemi RL, Nilforooshzadeh M, Olliaro P. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of a two-week regimen of aminosidine (paramomycin) ointment for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1995;53(6):648-51.
6. Asilian 2003 {published data only} Asilian A, Jalayer T, Nilforoosshzadeh, Ghassemi RL, Peto R, Wayling S, et al.Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis with aminosidine (paromomycin) ointment: double-blind, randomized trial in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2003;81(5):353-9.
7. Asilian 2004A {published data only} Asilian A, Sadeghinia A, Faghihi G, Momeni A. Comparative study of the efficacy of combined cryotherapy and intralesional meglumine antimoniate (glucantime) vs. cryothrapy and intralesional meglumine antimoniate (glucantime) alone for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. International Journal of Dermatology 2004;43:281-3.
8. 2laser efficacy in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. International Journal of Dermatology 2004;43:736-8.
9. Asilian 2006 {published data only} Asilian A, Davami M. Comparison between the efficacy of photodynamic therapy and topical paromomycin in the treatment of Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis: a placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. Clinics in Dermatology 2006;31:634-7.
10. Ben- Salah 1995 {published data only} Ben-Salah AB, Zakraoui H, Zaatour A, Ftaiti A, Zaafouri B, Garraoui A, et al.A randomized, placebo-controlled trial in Tunisia treating cutaneous leishmaniasis with paromomycin ointment. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1995;53(2):162-6.
11. Dandashi 2005 {published data only} Dandashi A. Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis with fluconazole: a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV 2005;19 (Suppl 2):43.
12. Dogra 1990 {published data only} Dogra J, Aneja N, Lal Behari B, Mishra SN. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in India: Clinical Experience with Itraconazole. International Journal of Dermatology 1990;29(9):661- 2.
13. Dogra 1991 {published data only} Dogra J. A double-blind study on the efficacy of oral dapsone in cutaneous leishmaniasis. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1991;85:212-3.
14. Dogra 1992 {published data only} Dogra J. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in India: evaluation of oral drugs (dapsone versus itraconazole). European Journal of Dermatology 1992;2:568-9.
15. Dogra 1996 {published data only} Dogra J, Saxena VN. Itraconazole and Leishmaniasis: A randomised double-blind trial in cutaneous disease. International journal for parasitology 1996;26(12):1413- 5.
16. Esfandiarpour 2002 {published data only} Esfandiarpour I, Alavi A. Evaluating the efficacy of allopurinol and meglumine antimoniate (glucantime) in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. International Journal of Dermatology 2002;41:521-4.
17. Faghihi 2003 {published data only} Faghihi G, Tavakoli-kia R. Topical paromomycin vs intralesional meglumine antimoniate in cutaneous leishmaniasis. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology 2003;28(1): 13-6.
18. Firooz 2005 {published data only} Firooz A, Khatami A, Khamesipour A, Nassiri-Kashani M, Behnia F, Nilforoushzadeh M, et al.Intralesional injection of 2% zinc sulphate solution in the treatment of acute Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis: a randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial. Journal of Drugs in dermatology: JDD 2005;4(1):73- 9.
19. Firooz 2006 {published data only} Firooz A, Khamesipour A, Ghoorchi MH, Nassiri-Kashani M, Ebrahim Eskandari S, Khatami A, et al.Imiquimod in combination with meglumine antimoniate for cutaneous leishmaniasis: a randomized assessor-blind controlled trial. Archives of Dermatology 2006;142:1575-9.
20. Gholami 2000 {published data only} * Gholami A, Khamesipour A, Momeni A, Ghazanfari T, Nilforoushzadeh MA, Darajeh Z, et al.Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis with 5% garlic cream: a randomized, double-blind study. Iranian Journal of Dermatology 2000;3(3):2-6.
21. Harms 1991 {published data only} Harms G, Chehade AK, Douba M, Roepke M, Mouakeh A, Rosenkaimer F, et al.A randomized trial comparing a pentavalent antimonial drug and recombinant interfferon in the local treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1991;85:214-6.
22. Iraji 2004 {published data only} Iraji F, Vali A, Asilian A, Shahtalebi M, Momeni AZ. Comparison of intralesionally injected Zinc sulphate with Meglumine Antimoniate in the treatment of acute cutaneous leishmaniasis. Dermatology 2004;209:46-9.
23. Iraji 2005 {published data only} Iraji F, Sadeghinia A. Efficacy of paromomycin ointment in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis: results of a double-blind, randomized trial in Isfahan, Iran. Annals of tropical medicine and parasitology 2005;99(1):3-9.
24. Jaffar 2006 {published data only} Jaffar H. Rifampicin in cutaneous leishmaniasis- a therapeutic trial in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Pakistan Association of Dermatologists 2006;16:4-9.
25. Kochar 2000 {published data only} Kochar DK, Aseri S, Sharma BV, Bumb RA, Mehta RD, Purohit SK. The role of rifampicin in the management of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Oxford University Press 2000;93(11):733-7.
26. Kochar 2006 {published data only} Kochar DK, Saini G, Kochar SK, Sirohi P, Bumb RA, Mehta RD, et al.A double blind, randomised placebo controlled trial of rifampicin with omeprazole in the treatment of human cutaneous leishmaniasis. Journal of vector borne diseases 2006;43:161-7.
27. Larbi 1995 {published data only} Larbi EB, Al-Khawajah A, Al-gindan Y, Jain S, Abahusain A, Al-Zayer A. A randomized, double-blind, clinical trial of topical clotrimazole versus mizonazole for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the eastern province of Saudi Arabia. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1995;52(2):166-8.
28. Lynen 1992 {published data only} Lynen L, Van Damme W. Local application of Diminazene aceturate: an effective treatment for cutaneous Leishmaniasis?. Annales de la Société belge de médecine tropicale 1992;72:13-9.
29. Mashood 2001 {published data only} Mashood AA, Hussain K. Efficacy of allopurinol compared with pentostam in the treatment of old worls cutaneous leishmaniasis. Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons - Pakistan : JCPSP 2001;11 (6):367-70.
30. Mohebali 2007 {published data only} Mohebali M, Fotouhi A, Hooshmand B, Zarei Z, Akhoundi B, Rahnema A, et al.Comparison of miltefosine and meglumine antimoniate for the treatment of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) by a randomized clinical trial in Iran. Acta tropica 2007;103:33-40.
31. Momeni 1996 {published data only} Momeni AZ, Jalayer T, Emamjomeh M, Bashardost N, Ghassemi RL, Meghdadi M, et al.Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis with itraconazole. Archives of Dermatology 1996;132:784-6.
32. Momeni 2002 {published data only} Momeni AZ, Reiszadae MR, Aminjavaheri M. Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis with a combination of allopurinol and low-dose meglumine antimoniate. International Journal of Dermatology 2002;41:441-3.
33. Momeni 2003 {published data only} * Momeni AZ, Aminjavaheri M, Omidghaemi MR. Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis with ketoconazole cream. The Journal of Dermatological Treatment 2003;14(1):26-9.
34. Mujtaba 1999 {published data only} * Mujtaba G, Khalid M. Weekly vs fortnightly intralesional meglumine antimoniate in cutaneous leishmaniasis. International Journal of Dermatology 1999;38(8): 607-9.
35. Nassiri-Kashani 2005 {published data only} Nassiri-Kashani M, Firooz A, Khamesipour A, Mojtahed F, Nilforoushzadeh M, Hejazi H, et al.A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of itraconazole in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology: JEADV 2005;19:80-3.
36. Nilforoushzadeh 2004 {published data only} Nilforoushzadeh MA. Efficacy of combined triple therapy (paromomycin ointment, cryotherapy and intralesional Glucantime) in comparison with intralesional Glucantime for treatment of acute cutaneous leishmaniasis. Iranian Journal of Dermatology 2004;3(7):136-9.
37. Nilforoushzadeh 2006 {published data only} Nilforoushzadeh MA, Jaffary F, Reiszadeh MR. Comparative effect of topical trichloroacetic acid and intralesional meglumine antimoniate in the treatment of acute cutaneous leishmaniasis. International Journal of Pharmacology 2006;2(6): 633-6.
38. Nilforoushzadeh MA, Reiszadeh MR, Jafari F. Topical trichloroacetic acid compared with intralesional glucantime injection in the treatment of acute wet cutaneous leishmaniasis: An open clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Dermatology 2003;2(6):34-9.
39. Nilforoushzadeh 2007 {published data only} Nilforoushzadeh MA, Jaffary F, Moradi S, Derakhshan R, Haftbaradaran E. Effect of topical honey application along with intralesional injection of glucantime in the treatment of cutanneous leishmaniasis. BMC complementary and alternative medicine 2007;7:13.
40. Reithinger 2005 {published data only} Reithinger R, Mohsen M, Wahid M, Bismullah M, Quinnell RJ, Davies CR, et al.Efficacy of thermotherapy to treat cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania tropica in Kabul, Afghanistan: a randomized, controlled trial. CID 2005;40:1148-54.
41. Sadeghian 2006 {published data only} Sadeghian G, Nilforoushzadeh MA. Effect of combination therapy with systemic glucantime and pentoxifylline in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. International Journal of Dermatology 2006;45:819-21.
42. Sadeghian 2006B {published data only} Sadeghian G, Nilfroushzadeh MA, Siadat AH. A comparison between intralesional hypertonic sodium chloride solution and meglumine antimoniate in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Egyptian Dermatology Online Journal 2;1:8.
43. Sadeghian 2007 {published data only} Sadeghian G, Nilfroushzadeh MA, Iraji F. Efficacy of local heat therapy by radiofrequency in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis, compared with intralesional injection of meglumine antimoniate. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology 2007;32(4):371-4.
44. Salmanpour 2001 {published data only} Salmanpour R, Handjani F, Noupisheh MK. Comparative study of the efficacy of oral ketoconazole with intra-lesional meglumine antimoniate (glucantime) for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. The Journal of Dermatological Treatment 2001;12:159-62.
45. Salmanpour 2006 {published data only} Salmanpour R, Razmavar MR, Abtahi N. Comparison of intralesional meglumine antimoniate, cryotherapy and their combination in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. International Journal of Dermatology 2006;45(9):1115-6.
46. Sharquie 1997 {published data only} Sharquie KE, Najim RA, Farjou IB. A compararive controlled trial of intralesionally- administered zinc sulphate, hypertonic sodium chloride and pentavalent antimony compound against cutaneous leishmaniasis. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology 1997;22(4):169-73.
47. Sharquie 2001 {published data only} Sharquie KE, Najim RA, Farjou IB, Al-timimit DJ. Oral Zinc sulphate in the treatment of acute cutaneous leishmaniasis. Clinics in dermatology 2001;26:21-6.
48. Shazad 2005 {published data only} Shazad B, Abbaszadeh B, Khamesipour A. Comparison of topical paromomycin sulfate (twice/day) with intralesional meglumine antimoniate for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by L.major. European Journal of Dermatology 2005;15(2):85- 7.
49. Zerehsaz 1999 {published data only} Zerehsaz F, Salmanpour R, Farhad H, Ardehali S, Panjehshahin MR, Tabei SZ, et al.A double-blind randomized clinical trial of a topical herbal extract (Z-HE) vs. systemic meglumine antimoniate for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran. International Journal of Dermatology 1999;38(8):610-2.
50. Özgöztasi 1997 {published data only} Özgöztasi O, Baydar I. A randomized clinical trial of topical paromomycin versus oral ketoconazole for treating cutaneous leishmaniasis in Turkey. International Journal of Dermatology 1997;36(1):61-3.
51. Dogra 1986 {published data only} Dogra J, Behari Lal B, Nath Misra S. Dapsone in the treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. International Journal of Dermatology 1986;25(6):398-400.
52. Dogra 1994 {published data only} Dogra J, Aneja N. Leishmaniasis and itraconazole: a controlled clinical trial on cutaneous subtypes. International journal of antimicrobial agents 1994;4:309-11.
53. El On 1992 {published data only} El-On J, Halevy S, Grunwald MH, Weinrauch L. Topical treatment of Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by leishmania major: a double blind control study. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 1992;27:227-31.
54. Frankenburg 1993 {published data only} Frankenburg S, Gross A, Jonas F, Klaus S. Effect of topical paromomycin on cell-mediated immunity during cutaneous leishmaniasis. International Journal of Dermatology 1993;32(1):68-70.
55. Moosavi 2005 {published data only} Moosavi Z, Nakhli A, Rassaii S. Comparing the efficiency of topical paromomycin with intralesional meglumine antimoniate for cutaneous leishmaniasis. International Journal of Dermatology 2005;44(12):1064-5.
56. Singh 1995 {published data only} Singh S, Singh R, Sundar S. Failure of Ketaconazole in oriental sore in India. Journal of Chemotherapy 1995;7(4):202-3.
57. Trau 1987 {published data only} Trau H, Schewach-Millet M, Shoham J, Doerner T, Shor R, Passwell JH. Topical application of Human fibroblast interferon (IFN) in cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Israel Journal of Medical Sciences 1987;23:1125-7.
58. Layegh 2007 {published data only} Layegh P, Yazdanpanah M J, Vosugh EM, Pezeshkpoor F, Shakeri M T, Moghiman T. Efficacy of azithromycin versus systemic meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime) in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2007;77(1):99-101.
59. ISRCTN32701387 {published data only} Nilforoushzadeh M. A comparative study of the efficacy of combination therapy with oral omeprazole and low dose of systemic meglumine antimoniate versus the standard dose of systemic meglumine antimoniate in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Clinical-Trials.gov.
60. NCT00480883 {published data only} Ejaz A. Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis With Meglumine Antimoniate 20 Mg/Kg/Day Versus Meglumine Antimoniate 10 Mg/Kg/Day And Tablet Allopurinol 20 Mg/Kg/Day. ClinicalTrials. gov.
61. NCT00606580 {unpublished data only} A Pivotal, Randomized, Double-Blind, Vehicle-Controlled Study to Evaluate WR 279,396 and Paromomycin Alone to Treat Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (in Tunisia). Ongoing study Date of first enrolment: January 2008.
62. Alrajhi 2003 Alrajhi AA. Cutaneous leishmaniasis of the Old World. Skin therapy letter 2003;8(2):1-4.
63. Alvar 2006 Alvar J, Yactayo S, Bern C. Leishmaniasis and poverty. Trends in Parasitology 2006;22(12):552-7.
64. Alvar 2008 Alvar J, Aparicio P, Aseffa A, den Boer M, Cañavate C, Dedet JP, et al.The Relationship between Leishmaniasis and AIDS: The Second 10 Years.. Clinical Microbiology Review 2008;2:334-59.
65. Aram 1987 Aram H, Leibovici V. Ultrasound-induced hyperthermia in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Cutis 1987;40:350-3.
66. Arevalo 2007 Arevalo I, Tulliano G, Quispe A, Spaeth G, Mathlashewski, LLanoscuantas A, et al.Role of imiquimod and parenteral meglumine antimoniate in the intitial treatment of cutaneous lesihmaniasis. CID 2007;44:1549-54.
67. Babajev 1991 Babajev KB, Babajev OG, Korepanov VI. Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis using a carbon dioxide laser. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1991;69:103-6.
68. Badaro 1990 Badaro R, Falcoff E, Badaro FS, Carvalho EM, Pedral-Sampaio D, Barral A, et al.Treatment of visceral leishmaniasis with pentavalent antimony and interferon gamma. New England Journal of Medicine 1990;322(1):16-21.
69. Baryza 1995 Baryza MJ, Baryza GA. The Vancouver Scar Scale: an administration tool and its interrater reliability. Journal of Burn Care Rehabilitation 1995;16(5):535-8.
70. Bassiouny 1982 Bassiouny A, El Meshad M, Talaat M, Kutty K, Metawaa B. Cryosurgery in cutaneous leishmaniasis. British Journal of Dermatology 1982;107(4):467-74.
71. Berman 1981 Berman JD, Neva FA. Effect of temperature on multiplication of Leishmania amastigotes within monocyte-derived macrophages in vitro. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 1981;30:318-21.
72. Berman 2005 Berman J. Miltefosine to treatment leishmaniasis: drug evaluation. Expert Opinion on Investigational drugs 2005;6(8): 1381-8.
73. Bigby 2003 Bigby M, Williams H. Appraising Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses. Archives of Dermatology 2003;139:795-798.
74. Bogenrieder 2003 Bogenrieder T, Lehn, N, Landthaler M, Stolz, W. Treatment of Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis with intralesionally injected meglumine antimoniate using a Dermojet device. Dermatology 2003;206(3):269-72.
75. Borelli 1987 Borelli D. A clinical trial of itraconazole in the treatment of deep mycoses and leishmaniasis. Reviews of infectious diseases 1987;9(1):S57-63.
76. Bryceson 1994 Bryceson ADM, Murphy A. Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis of the Old World with aminosidine ointment: results of an open study in patients in London. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1994;88:226-8.
77. Bygbjerg 1980 Bygbjerg IC, Knudsen L, Kieffer M. Failure of rifampicin therapy to cure cutaneous leishmaniasis. Archives of Dermatology 1980;116:988.
78. Cauwenberg 1986 Cauwenberg G, Doncker PD. Itraconazole (R 51 211): a clinical review of its anti mycotic activity in dermatology, gynecology, and internal medicine. Drug development research 1986;8:317-23.
79. Chulay 1983 Chulay JD, Anzeze EM, Koech DK, Bryceson AD. High-dose sodium stibogluconate treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Kenya. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1983;77(5):717-21.
80. Chunge 1985 Chunge CN, Gachihi G, Muigai R, Wasunna K, Rashid JR, Chulay JD, et al.Visceral leishmaniasis unresponsive to antimonial drugs. III. Successful treatment using a combination of sodium stibogluconate plus allopurinol. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1985;79:715-8.
81. Crawford 2005 Crawford R, Holmes D, Meymandi S. Comparative study of the efficacy of combined imiquimod 5% cream and intralesional meglumine antimoniate versus imiquimod 5% cream and intralesional meglumine antimoniate alone for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2005;52:S118.
82. Croft 2006 Croft SL, Seifert K, Yardley V. Current scenario of drug development for Leishmaniasis. The Indian journal of medical research 2006;123(3):399-410.
83. Davis 2003 Davies CR, Kaye P, Croft SL, Sundar S. Leishmaniasis: new approaches to disease control. BMJ 2003;326(7385):377-82.
84. Desjeux 1996 Desjeux P. Leishmaniasis. Public health aspects and control. Clinical Dermatology 1996;14:417-23.
85. El-On 1985 el-On J, Weinrauch L, Livshin R, Even-Paz Z, Jacobs GP. Topical treatment of recurrent cutaneous leishmaniasis with ointment containing paromomycin and methylbenzethonium chloride. BMJ 1985;291(6497): 704-5.
86. El-Safi 1990 El-Safi SH, Murphy AG, Bryceson ADM, Neal RA. A double-blind clinical trial of the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis with paromomycin ointment. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1990;84:690-1.
87. Enk 2003 Enk CD, Fritsch C, Jonas F, Nasereddin A, Ingber A, Jaffe CL, et al.Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis with photodynamic therapy. Archives of Dermatology 2003;139(4):432-4.
88. Faber 2003 Faber WR, Oskam L, Gool T van, Kroon NCM, Knegt-Junk KJ, Hofwegen H, et al.Value of diagnostic techniques for cutaneous leishmaniasis. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2003;49:70-4.
89. Garnier 2006 Garnier T, Brown, MB, Lawrence, MJ, Croft, L. In-vitro and in-vivo studies on a topical formulation of sitamaquine dihydrochloride for cutaneous leishmaniasis. The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology 58;8:1043-54.
90. Glasziou 2007 Glasziou P, Chalmers I, Rawlins M, McCulloch P. When are randomised trials unnecessary? Picking signal from noise. British Medical Journal 2007;334(7589):349-51.
91. Gonzalez 2004 González U, Ospina EG, Rengifo-Pardo M, Macaya A, Tweed J. Interventions for American cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2004, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004834]
92. Goodman 2007 Goodman AC. Beware the "Texas sharp shooter" in rate ratios of progression. British Medical Journal 2007;334(7591):440.
93. Hepburn 2001 Hepburn NC. Management of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 2001;14:151-4.
94. Herwaldt 1999 Herwaldt B.L. Leishmaniasis. Lancet 1999;354:1191-9.
95. Iqbal 2006 Iqbal J, Bukhari I, Jamshid M, Bashir S, Masoom Yasinzai M, et al.Hexadecyl-phosphorylcholine ointment for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis: an animal trial. Eastern Mediterranean health journal 2006;12(5):685-9.
96. Jha 1983 Jha TK. Evaluation of allopurinol in the treatment of kala-azar occurring in North Bihar, India. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1983;77:204-7.
97. Jiang 2002 Jiang S, Meadows J, Anderson SA, Mukkada AJ. Antileishmanial activity of the antiulcer agent omeprazole. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy 2002;46(8):2569-74.
98. Junaid 1986 Junaid AJN. Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis with infrared heat. International Journal of Dermatology 1986;25:470-2.
99. Juni 2001 Juni P, Altman DG, Egger M. Systematic reviews in health care: Assessing the quality of controlled trials. BMJ 2001;323:42-6.
100. Kager 1981 Kager PA, Rees PH, Wellde BT, Hockmeyer WT, Lyerly WH. Allopurinol in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1981;75:556-9.
101. Karamian 2007 Karamian M, Motazedian MH, Mehrabani D, Gholami K. Leishmania major infection in a patient with visceral leishmaniasis: treatment with Amphotericin B. Parasitology research 2007;101(5):1431-4.
102. Khalid 2005 Khalid FA, Abdalla NM, O.Mohomed HE, Toum AM, A. Magzoub MM, Ali MS. In vitro Assessment of Anti - Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Activity of Some Sudanese Plants. Türkiye Parazitoloji Dergisi 2005;29(1):3-6.
103. Khan 2005 Khan SJ, Muneeb S. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Pakistan. Dermatology Online Journal 2005;11(1):4.
104. Khatami 2007 Khatami A, Firooz A, Gorouhi F, Dowlati Y. Treatment of acute Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis: a systematic review of the randomized controlled trials. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2007;57(2):335.e1-29.
105. Laguna 1999 Laguna F, López-Vélez R, Pulido F, Salas A, Torre-Cisneros J, Torres E, et al.Treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in HIV-infected patients: a randomized trial comparing meglumine antimoniate with amphotericin B. Spanish HIV-Leishmania Study Group. AIDS 1999;13(9):1063-9.
106. Leibovici 1986 Leibovici V, Aram H. Cryotherapy in acute cutaneous leishmaniasis. International Journal of Dermatology 1986;25(7): 473-5.
107. Lessa 2001 Lessa HA, Machado P, Lima F, Cruz AA, Bacellar O, Guerreiro J, et al.Successful treatment of refractory mucosal leishmaniasis with pentoxifylline plus antimony. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 2001;65(2):87-9.
108. Levine 1992 Levine N. Cutaneous leishmaniasis treated with controlled localized heating. Archives of Dermatology 1992;128(6):759-61.
109. Mapar 2001 Mapar MA, Kavoosi H, Dabbagh MA. Assessment of the effect of topical opium in treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Iranian Journal of Dermatology 2001;4(4):23-8.
110. Markle 2004 Markle WH, Makhoul K. Cutaneous leishmaniasis: recognition and treatment. American Family Physician 2004;69(6): 1455-60.
111. Meawad 1997 Meawad OB. Selective heat therapy in cutaneous leishmaniasis: a preliminary experience using the 585 nm pulsed dye laser. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV 1997;8:241-4.
112. Minodier 2007 Minodier P, Parola P. Cutaneous leishmaniasis treatment. Travel medicine and infectious disease 2007;5(3):150-8.
113. Modabber 2007 Modabber F, Buffet PA, Torreele E, Milon G, Croft SL. Consultative meeting to develop a strategy for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Institute Pasteur, Paris. 13-15 June, 2006. Kinetoplastid biology and disease 2007;6:3.
114. Moore 2001 Moore OA, Smith LA, Campbell F, Seers K, McQuay KJ, Moore RA. Systematic review of the use of honey as a wound dressing. BMC complementary and alternative medicine 2001;1:2.
115. Moskowitz 1999 Moskowitz PF, Kurban AK. Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis: Retrospective and advances for the 21st century. Clinical Dermatology 1999;17:305-15.
116. Musa 2005 Musa AM, Khalil EA, Mahgoub FA, Hamad S, Elkadaru AM, El Hassan AM. Efficacy of liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) in the treatment of persistent post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL). Annals of tropical medicine and parasitology 2005;99(6):563-9.
117. Najim 1998 Najim RA, Sharquie KE, Farjou IB. Zinc sulphate in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis: an in vitro and animal study. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 1998;93:831-7.
118. Navin 1990 Navin TR, Arana BA, Arana FE, de Mérida AM, Castillo AL, Pozuelos JL. Placebo-controlled clinical trial of meglumine antimoniate (glucantime) versus localized controlled heat in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Guatemala. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 1990;42(1):43-50 (89-153).
119. Neva 1984 Neva FA, Petersen EA, Corsey R, Bogaert H, Martinez D. Observations on local heat treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 1984;33:800-4.
120. Passwell 1986 Passwell JH, Shor R, Shoham J. The enhancing effect of interferon-beta and -gamma on the killing of Leishmania tropica major in human mononuclear phagocytes in vitro. Journal of immunology 1986;136(8):3062-6.
121. Pieper 2003 Pieper B, Caliri Mh. Nontraditional wound care: A review of the evidence for the use of sugar, papaya/papain, and fatty acids. Journal of wound, ostomy, and continence nursing : official publication of The Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nurses Society / WOCN 2003;30(4): 175-83.
122. Ponte-Sucre 2003 Ponte-Sucre A. Physiological consequences of drug resistance in Leishmania and their relevance for chemotherapy. Kinetoplastid biology and disease 2003;2(1):14.
123. R-Cuartero 1990 Rodriguez-Cuartero A, Pérez-Blanco FJ, López-Fernández A. Cotrimoxazole for visceral leishmaniasis. Infection 1990;18(1):40.
124. Rathi 2005 Rathi SK, Pandhi RK, Chopra P, Khanna N. Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis: a histopathological study. Journal of dermatology, venereology and leprology 2005;71(4):250-53.
125. Reithinger 2005B Reithinger R, Aadil K, Kolaczinski J, Mohsen M, Hami S. Social impact of leishmaniasis, Afghanistan. Emerging infectious diseases 2005;11(4):634-6.
126. Reithinger 2007 Reithinger R, Dujardin JC, Louzir H, Pirmez C, Alexander B, Brooker S. Cutaneous leishmaniasis. The Lancet infectious diseases 2007;7(9):581-96.
127. Remme 2002a Remme JH, Blas E, Chitsulo L, Desjeux PM, Engers HD, Kanyok TP, et al.Strategic emphases for tropical diseases research: a TDR perspective. Trends in Parasitology 2002;18(10):421-26.
128. Remme 2002b Remme JHF, Blas E, Chitsulo L, Desjeux PM, Engers HD, Kanyok TP, et al.Strategic emphases for tropical diseases research: a TDR prespective. Trends in Microbiology 2002;10(10):435-40.
129. 2 laser radiation. Revista cubana de medicina tropical 1990;42:197-202.
130. Sacks 1983 Sacks DL, Barral A, Neva F. Thermosensitivity patterns of Old vs. New World cutaneous strains of Leishmania growing within mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 1983;32:300-4.
131. Sampaio 1960 Sampaio SA, Godoy JT, Paiva L, Dillon NL, da Lacaz CS. The treatment of American (mucocutaneous) leishmaniasis with amphotericin B. Archives of Dermatology 1960;82:627-35.
132. Sampaio 1997 Sampaio RN, Marsden PD. Treatment of the mucosal form of leishmaniasis without response to glucantime, with liposomal amphotericin B. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 1997;30(2):125-8.
133. Savioli 2006 Savioli L, Engels D, Daumerie D, Jannin J, Alvar J, Asiedu K, et al. Response from Savioli and colleagues from the Department of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization. PLoS medicine 2006;3(6):e283.
134. Schalling 2002 Schalling DFH, Oskam L. Molecular biological applications in the diagnosis and control of leishmaniasis and parasite identification. Tropical Medicine and International Health 2002;7:641-51.
135. Sharquie 1995 Sharquie KE. A new intralesional therapy for cutaneousd leishmaniasis with hypertonic sodium chloride solution. Journal of Dermatology (Japan) 1995;22:732-7.
136. Sharquie 1996 Sharquie KE, Al- Azzawi KE. Intralesional therapy for cutaneous leishmaniasis with 2% zinc sulfate solution. Journal of Pan-Arab League of Dermatologists 1996;7:41-6.
137. Sharquie 1998 Sharquie KE, Al-Hamamy H, El- Yassin D. Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis by direct current electrotherapy: the Baghdadin device. Journal of Dermatology 1998;25:234-7.
138. Sherwood 1994 Sherwood JA, Gachihi GS, Muigai RK, Skillman DR, Mugo M, Rashid JR, et al.Phase 2 efficacy trial of an oral 8-aminoquinoline (WR6026) for treatment of visceral leishmaniasis. CID 1994;19(6):1034-9.
139. Sindermann 2006 Sindermann H, Engel J. Development of miltefosine as an oral treatment for leishmaniasis. Transactions of the royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2006;100:S17-20.
140. Soto 2004 Soto J, Arana BA, Toledo J, Rizzo N, Vega JC, Diaz A, et al.Miltefosine for new world cutaneous leishmaniasis. CID 2004;38:1266-72.
141. Stojkovic 2007 Stojkovic M, Junghanss T, Krause E, Davidson RN. First case of typical Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis treated with
142. Sundar 2006 Sundar S, Chatterjee M. Visceral leishmaniasis - current therapeutic modalities. The Indian journal of medical research The Indian journal of medical research 2006;123(3):345-52.
143. Sundar 2007A Sundar S, Chakravarty J, Rai VK, Agrawal N, Singh SP, Chauhan V, et al.Amphotericin B treatment for Indian visceral leishmaniasis: response to 15 daily versus alternate-day infusions. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2007;45(5):556-61.
144. Sundar 2007B Sundar S, Jha TK, Thakur CP, Sinha PK, Bhattacharya SK. Injectable paromomycin for Visceral leishmaniasis in India. New England Journal of Medicine 2007;356(25):2571-81.
145. Teklemariam 1994 Teklemariam S, Hiwot AG, Frommel D, Miko TL, Ganlov G, Bryceson A. Aminosidine and its combination with sodium stibogluconate in the treatment of diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania aethiopica. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1994;88(3):334-9.
146. Thakur 1996 Thakur CP, Pandey AK, Sinha GP, Roy S, Behbehani K, Olliaro P. Comparison of three treatment regimens with liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) for visceral leishmaniasis in India: a randomized dose-finding study. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1996;90(3):319-22.
147. Urcuyo 1982 Urcuyo FG, Zaias N. Oral ketoconazole in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. International Journal of Dermatology 1982;21:414-6.
148. V-Castrejon 1997 Velasco-Castrejon O, Walton BC, Rivas-Sanchez B, Garcia MF, Lazaro GJ, Hobart O, et al.Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis with localized current field (radio frequency) in Tabasco, Mexico. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 1997;57(3):309-12.
149. Vaneau 2007 Vaneau M, Chaby G, Guillot B, Martel P, Senet P, Téot L, et al.Consensus panel recommendations for chronic and acute wound dressings. Archives of Dermatology 2007;143(10):1291-4.
150. Vardy 2001 Vardy D, Barenholz Y, Naftoliev N, Klaus S, Gilead L, Frankenburg S. Efficacious topical treatment for human cutaneous leishmaniasis with ethanolic lipid amphotericin B. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2001;95(2):184-6.
151. Weigel 2001 Weigel MM, Armijos RX. The traditional and conventional medical treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis in rural Ecuador. Revista panamericana de salud pública = Pan American journal of public health 2001;10(6):395-404.
152. Weinrauch 1983a Weinrauch L, Livshin R, El-On J. Cutaneous leishmaniasis treatment with ketoconazole. Cutis 1983;32(3):288- 90.
153. Weinrauch 1983b Weinrauch L, Livshin R, Even-Paz Z, El-On J. Efficacy of ketoconazole in cutaneous leishmaniasis. Archives of Dermatology 1983;275(5):353-4.
154. WHO 2001 World Health Organization. WHO Report on global surveillance of epidemic-prone infectious diseases.. http://www.who.int/emc- documents/surveillance/docs/whocdscsrisr2001.html/Leishmaniasis/Leishmaniasis. htm 2001, issue date last accessed: 2/4/2004.
155. WHO 2002 World Health Organization (WHO). Leishmaniasis. World Health Report 2002. http://www.who.int/whr/2002/annex/en/ 2002, issue date last accessed: 2/4/2004.
156. WHO 2007 World Heald Organisation. Control of leishmaniasis. Report by the Secretariat. http://ftp.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA60/A60_10- en.pdf 22 March 2007.
157. WHO 2008, in press World Health Organization (WHO). Report of the Fifth Consultatve Meeting on HIV-Leishmania co-infection. Addis Ababa, 20 to 22 March 2007. WHO/CDS/NTD/IDM/2007 2008 (in press).