Cutaneous leishmaniasis treatment

Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease

Volumn 5, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 150-158

  Minodier, Philippe ^a   Parola, Philippe ^a  

^a HÔPITAL NORD   (France)

Author keywords

Amphotericin B; Anti infective agents, topical; Antimony; Injections, intralesional; Leishmaniasis, cutaneous; Pentamidine

Indexed keywords

ALLOPURINOL; AMPHOTERICIN B CHOLESTEROL SULFATE; AMPHOTERICIN B LIPID COMPLEX; ANTILEISHMANIAL AGENT; ANTIMONY DERIVATIVE; AZITHROMYCIN; BISPHOSPHONIC ACID DERIVATIVE; FLUCONAZOLE; HEMATOPORPHYRIN; IMIQUIMOD; ITRACONAZOLE; KETOCONAZOLE; MEGLUMINE ANTIMONATE; MENADIONE; MILTEFOSINE; PAROMOMYCIN; PENTAMIDINE; PENTAMIDINE ISETHIONATE; PENTAMIDINE MESYLATE; PENTOXIFYLLINE; PLACEBO; PYRROLE DERIVATIVE; QUINOLINE DERIVED ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; SODIUM CHLORIDE; STIBOGLUCONATE SODIUM; ZINC SULFATE;

ARTICLE; BACTERIAL INFECTION; CARBON DIOXIDE LASER; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CRYOTHERAPY; DISEASE COURSE; DRUG ABSORPTION; DRUG DOSAGE FORM COMPARISON; DRUG DOSE COMPARISON; DRUG DOSE REDUCTION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG FORMULATION; DRUG TISSUE LEVEL; HUMAN; HYPERTHERMIC THERAPY; IN VITRO STUDY; INJECTION SITE PAIN; LEISHMANIA; LEISHMANIA BRAZILIENSIS; LEISHMANIA DONOVANI; LEISHMANIA MAJOR; LEISHMANIA MEXICANA; LEISHMANIA PANAMENSIS; LEISHMANIA TROPICA; LOW LEVEL LASER THERAPY; MONOTHERAPY; NONHUMAN; PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SIDE EFFECT; SKIN LEISHMANIASIS; SOUTH AMERICA; SPECIES DIFFERENCE; SPOROTRICHOSIS; SUPERINFECTION; TREATMENT PLANNING; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS;

ADMINISTRATION, CUTANEOUS; ADMINISTRATION, ORAL; AMINOQUINOLINES; AMPHOTERICIN B; ANIMALS; ANTIMONY; ANTIPROTOZOAL AGENTS; HUMANS; INJECTIONS, INTRALESIONAL; INJECTIONS, INTRAMUSCULAR; LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS; PAROMOMYCIN; PENTAMIDINE; PHOSPHORYLCHOLINE;

EID: 34247178377     PISSN: 14778939     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2006.09.004     Document Type: Article

References (104)

1. Dedet J.P. Leishmanioses tégumentaires. In: Dedet J.P. (Ed). Les leishmanioses (1999), Ellipses, Paris 173-178
2. Ashford R.W., and Jarry D.M. Epidémiologie des leishmanioses de l'Ancien Monde. In: Dedet J.P. (Ed). Les leishmanioses (1999), Ellipses, Paris 131-146
3. Dedet J.P. Epidémiologie des leishmanioses du Nouveau Monde. In: Dedet J.P. (Ed). Les leishmanioses (1999), Ellipses, Paris 147-160
4. Murray H.W., Berman J.D., Davies C.R., and Saravia N.G. Advances in leishmaniasis. Lancet 366 (2005) 1561-1577
5. Blum J., Desjeux P., Schwartz E., Beck B., and Hatz C. Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis among travellers. J Antimicrob Chemother 53 (2004) 158-166
6. Olliaro P.L., Guerin P.J., Gerstl S., Haaskjold A.A., Rottingen J.A., and Sundar S. Treatment options for visceral leishmaniasis: a systematic review of clinical studies done in India, 1980-2004. Lancet Infect Dis 5 (2005) 763-774
7. Kafetzis D.A., Velissariou I.M., Stabouli S., Mavrikou M., Delis D., and Liapi G. Treatment of paediatric visceral leishmaniasis: amphotericin B or pentavalent antimony compounds?. Int J Antimicrob Agents 25 (2005) 26-30
8. Minodier P., Robert S., Noël G., Blanc P., Retornaz K., and Garnier J.M. First-line liposomal amphotericin B for pediatric visceral leishmaniasis in southern France. Arch Pediatr 12 (2005) 1102-1108
9. Minodier P., Retornaz K., Horelt A., and Garnier J.M. Liposomal amphotericin B in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in immunocompetent patients. Fund Clin Pharmacol 17 (2003) 183-188
10. World Health Organization. The leishmaniases. WHO technical report series, vol. 701. Geneva: WHO; 1984.
11. Moskowitz P.F., and Kurban A.K. Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis: retrospectives and advances for the 21st century. Clin Dermatol 17 (1999) 305-315
12. Kharfi M., Benmously R., El Fekih N., Daoud M., Fitouri Z., Mokhtar I., et al. Chilhood leishmaniasis: report of 106 cases. Dermatol Online J 10 (2004) 6
13. Chaffai M., Ben R.S., Ben I.R., Ben O.A., and Makni N. Formes clinico-épidémiologiques des leishmanioses cutanées en Tunisie. Ann Dermatol Venereol 115 (1998) 1255-1260
14. ® in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniosis. Med Mal Infect 36 (2006) 226-228
15. Alkhawajah A.M., Larbi E., Al-Gindan Y., Abahussein A., and Jain S. Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis with antimony: intramuscular versus intralesional administration. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 91 (1997) 899-905
16. Ok U.Z., Balcioglu I.C., Taylan O.A., Ozensoy S., and Ozbel Y. Leishmaniasis in Turkey. Acta Trop 84 (2002) 43-48
17. Uzun S., Uslular C., Yucel A., Acar M.A., Ozpoyraz M., and Memisoglu H.R. Cutaneous leishmaniasis: evaluation of 3074 cases in the Cukurova region of Turkey. Br J Dermatol 140 (1999) 347-350
18. Uzun S., Durdu M., Culha G., Allahverdiyev A.M., and Memisoglu H.R. Clinical features, epidemiology, and efficacy and safety of intralesional antimony treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis: recent experience in Turkey. J Parasitol 90 (2004) 853-859
19. Gurel M.S., Ulukanligil M., and Ozbilge H. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Sanliurfa: epidemiologic and clinical features of the last four years (1997-2000). Int J Dermatol 41 (2002) 32-37
20. Sharquie K.E. A new intralesional therapy of cutaneous leishmaniasis with hypertonic sodium chloride solution. J Dermatol 22 (1995) 732-737
21. Sharquie K.E., Najim R.A., and Farjou I.B. A comparative controlled trial of intralesionally administered zinc sulphate, hypertonic sodium chloride and pentavalent antimony compound against acute leishmaniasis. Clin Exp Dermatol 22 (1997) 169-173
22. Berman J.D. Human leishmaniasis: clinical, diagnostic, and chemotherapeutic developments in the last 10 years. Clin Infect Dis 24 (1997) 684-703
23. El-On J., Halevy S., Grunwald M.H., and Weinrauch L. Topical treatment of Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania major: a double-blind control study. J Am Acad Dermatol 27 (1992) 227-231
24. Asilian A., Jalayer T., Nilforooshzadeh M., Ghassemi R.L., Peto R., Wayling S., et al. Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis with aminosidine (paromomycin) ointment: double-blind, randomized trial in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Bull WHO 81 (2003) 353-359
25. Moosavi Z., Nakhli A., and Rassaii S. Comparing the efficiency of topical paromomycine with intralesional meglumine antimoniate for cutaneous leishmaniasis. Int J Dermatol 44 (2005) 1064-1065
26. Ozgoztasi O., and Baydar I. A randomized clinical trial of topical paromomycin versus oral ketoconazole for treating cutaneous leishmaniasis in Turkey. Int J Dermatol 36 (1997) 61-63
27. Faghihi G., and Tavakoli-kia R. Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis with either topical paromomycin or intralesional meglumine antimoniate. Clin Exp Dermatol 28 (2003) 13-16
28. El-On J., Cawich F., Evans D.A., and Weinrauch L. Topical treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Belize: in vitro and in vivo studies with Leishmania mexicana. Int J Parasitol 23 (1993) 121-127
29. Weinrauch L., Cawich F., Craig P., Sosa J.X., and El-On J. Topical treatment of New World cutaneous leishmaniasis in Belize: a clinical study. J Am Acad Dermatol 29 (1993) 443-446
30. Arana B.A., Mendoza C.E., Rizzo N.R., and Kroeger A. Randomized, controlled, double-blind trial of topical treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis with paromomycin plus methylbenzethonium chloride ointment in Guatemala. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65 (2001) 466-470
31. Neva F.A., Ponce C., Ponce E., Kreutzer R., Modabber F., and Olliaro P. Non-ulcerative cutaneous leishmaniasis in Honduras fails to respond to topical paromomycin. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 91 (1997) 473-475
32. Armijos R.X., Weigel M.M., Calvopina M., Mancheno M., and Rodriguez R. Comparison of the effectiveness of two topical paromomycin treatments versus meglumine antimoniate for New World cutaneous leishmaniasis. Acta Trop 91 (2004) 153-160
33. Buates S., and Matlashewski G. Treatment of experimental leishmaniasis with the immunomodulators imiquimod and S-28463: efficacy and mode of action. J Infect Dis 179 (1999) 1485-1494
34. Arevalo I., Ward B., Miller R., Meng T.C., Najar E., Alvarez E., et al. Successful treatment of drug-resistant cutaneous leishmaniasis in humans by use of imiquimod, an immunomodulator. Clin Infect Dis 33 (2001) 1847-1851
35. Miranda-Verastegui C., Llanos-Cuentas A., Arevalo I., Ward B.J., and Matlashewski G. Randomized, double-blind clinical trial of topical imiquimod 5% with parenteral meglumine antimoniate in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Peru. Clin Infect Dis 40 (2005) 1395-1403
36. Seeberger J., Daoud S., and Pammer J. Transient effect of topical treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis with imiquimod. Int J Dermatol 42 (2003) 576-579
37. Vardy D., Barenholz Y., Naftoliev N., Klaus S., Gilead L., and Frankenburg S. Efficacious topical treatment for human cutaneous leishmaniasis with ethanolic lipid amphotericin B. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95 (2001) 184-186
38. Zvulunov A., Cagnano E., Frankenburg S., Barenholz Y., and Vardy D. Topical treatment of persistent cutaneous leishmaniasis with ethanolic lipid amphotericin B. Pediatr Inf Dis J 22 (2003) 567-569
39. Panagiotopoulos A., Stavropoulos P.G., Hasapi V., Papakonstantinou A.M., Petridis A., and Katsambas A. Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis with cryosurgery. Int J Dermatol 44 (2005) 749-752
40. Al-Majali O., Routh H.B., Abuloham O., Bhowmik K.R., Muhsen M., and Hebeheba H. 2-year study of liquid nitrogen therapy in cutaneous leishmaniasis. Int J Dermatol 36 (1997) 460-462
41. ®) alone for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Int J Dermatol 43 (2004) 281-283
42. Asilian A., Sadeghinia A., Faghihi G., Momeini A., and Amini H.A. The efficacy of treatment with intralesional meglumine antimoniate alone, compared with that of cryotherapy combined with the meglumine antimoniate or intralesional sodium stibogluconate, in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 97 (2003) 493-498
43. Navin T.R., Arana B.A., Arana F.E., De Merida A.M., Castillo A.L., and Pozuelos J.L. Placebo-controlled clinical trial of meglumine antimonite (glucantime) vs. localized controlled heat in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Guatemala. Am J Trop Med Hyg 42 (1990) 43-50
44. Velasco-Castrejon O., Walton B.C., Rivas-Sanchez B., Garcia M.F., Lazaro G.J., Hobart O., et al. Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis with localized current field (radio frequency) in Tabasco, Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg 57 (1997) 309-312
45. Willard R.J., Jeffcoat A.M., Benson P.M., and Walsh D.S. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in soldiers from Fort Campbell, Kentucky returning from Opération Iraqi Freedom highlights diagnostic and therapeutic options. J Am Acad Dermatol 52 (2005) 977-987
46. Reithinger R., Mohsen M., Wahid M., Bismullah M., Quinnell R.J., Davies C.R., et al. Efficacy of thermotherapy to treat cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania tropica in Kabul, Afghanistan: a randomized, controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis 40 (2005) 1148-1155
47. Babajev K.B., Babajev O.G., and Korepanov V.I. Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis using a carbon dioxide laser. Bull WHO 69 (1991) 103-106
48. Asilian A., Sharif A., Faghihi G., Enshaeieh S., Shariati F., and Siadat A.H. Evaluation of CO laser efficacy in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Int J Dermatol 43 (2004) 736-738
49. Asilian A., Iraji F., Hedaiti H.R., Siadat A.H., and Enshaieh S. Carbon dioxide laser for the treatment of lupoid cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL): a case series of 24 patients. Dermatol Online J 12 2 (2006) 3
50. Enk C.D., Fritsch C., Jonas F., Nasereddin A., Ingber A., Jaffe C.L., et al. Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis with photodynamic therapy. Arch Dermatol 139 (2003) 432-434
51. Abok K., Cadenas E., and Brunk U. An experimental model system for leishmaniasis. Effects of porphyrin-compounds and menadione on Leishmania parasites engulfed by cultured macrophages. APMIS 96 (1988) 543-551
52. Gardlo K., Horska Z., Enk C.D., Rauch L., Megahed M., Ruzicka T., et al. Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis by photodynamic therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol 48 (2003) 893-896
53. El-On J., Katz M., and Weinrauch L. Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis by photodynamic therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol 50 (2004) e12
54. Saenz R.E., Paz H., and Berman J.D. Efficacy of ketoconazole against Leishmania braziliensis pananamensis cutaneous leishmaniasis. Am J Med 89 (1990) 147-155
55. Navin T.R., Arana B.A., Arana F.E., Berman J.D., and Chajon J.F. Placebo-controlled clinical trial of sodium stibogluconate (Pentostam) versus ketoconazole for treating cutaneous leishmaniasis in Guatemala. J Infect Dis 165 (1992) 528-534
56. Salmanpour R., Handjani F., and Nouhpisheh M.K. Comparative study of the efficacy of oral ketoconazole with intra-lesional meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime) for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Dermatolog Treat 12 (2001) 159-162
57. Alrajhi A.A., Ibrahim E.A., De Vol E.B., Khairat M., Faris R.M., and Maguire J.H. Fluconazole for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania major. N Engl J Med 346 (2002) 891-895
58. Gonzalez U. Fluconazole for cutaneous leishmaniasis: looking for a better treatment. Arch Dermatol 138 (2002) 1604-1606
59. Baron S., Laube S., Raafat F., and Moss C. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in a Kosovan child treated with oral fluconazole. Clin Exp Dermatol 29 (2004) 546-547
60. Dogra J., and Saxena V.N. Itraconazole and leishmaniasis: a randomised double-blind trial in cutaneous disease. Int J Parasitol 26 (1996) 1413-1415
61. Amato V.S., Padilha A.R., Nicodemo A.C., Duarte M.I., Valentini M., Uip D.E., et al. Use of itraconazole in the treatment of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis: a pilot study. Int J Infect Dis 4 (2000) 153-157
62. Consigli J., Danielo C., Gallerano V., Papa M., and Guidi A. Cutaneous leishmaniasis: successful treatment with itraconazole. Int J Dermatol 45 (2006) 46-49
63. Morelli P., Gianelli E., Calattini S., Corbellino M., Antinori S., and Meroni L. Itraconazole can be effective in the treatment of sporotrichoid leishmaniasis. J Travel Med 11 (2004) 328-330
64. White J.M.L., Salisbury J.R., Jones J., Higgins E.M., and Vega-Lopez F. Cutaneous leishmaniasis: three children with Leishmania major successfully treated with itraconazole. Pediat Dermatol 23 (2006) 78-80
65. Momeni A.Z., Jalayer T., Emamjomeh M., Bashardost N., Ghassemi R.L., Meghdadi M., et al. Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis with itraconazole. Randomized double-blind study. Arch Dermatol 132 (1996) 784-786
66. Nassiri-Kashani M., Firooz A., Khamesipour A., Motjtahed F., Nilforoushzadeh M., Hejazi H., et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of itraconazole in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 19 (2005) 80-83
67. Calvopina M., Guevara A.G., Armijos R.X., Hashiguchi Y., Davidson R.N., and Cooper P.J. Itraconazole in the treatment of New World mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. Int J Dermatol 43 (2004) 659-663
68. Krolewiecki A., Léon S., Scott P., and Abraham D. Activity of azithromycine against Leishmania major in vitro and in vivo. Am J Trop Med Hyg 67 (2002) 273-277
69. Prata A., Silva-Vergara M.L., Costa L., Rocha A., Krolewiecki A., Silva J.C., et al. Efficacy of azithromycin in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 36 (2003) 65-69
70. Silva-Vergara M.L., Silva L.A., Maneira F.R.Z., Silva A.G., and Prata A. Case report: azithromycine in the treatment of mucosal leishmaniasis. Rev Inst Med Trop S Paulo 46 (2004) 175-177
71. Bhattacharya S.K., Jha T.K., Sundar S., Thakur C.P., Engel J., Sindermann H., et al. Efficacy and tolerability of miltefosine for childhood visceral leishmaniasis in India. Clin Infect Dis 38 (2004) 217-221
72. Sundar S., Jha T.K., Thakur C.P., Engel J., Sindermann H., Fischer C., et al. Oral miltefosine for Indian leishmaniasis. N Engl J Med 347 (2002) 1739-1746
73. Soto J., Arana B.A., Toledo J., Rizzo N., Vega J.C., Diaz A., et al. Miltefosine for New World cutaneous leishmaniasis. Clin Infect Dis 38 (2004) 1266-1272
74. Schraner C., Hasse B., Hasse U., Baumann D., Faeh A., Burg G., et al. Successful treatment with miltefosine of disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis in a severely immunocompromised patient infected with HIV-1. Clin Infect Dis 40 (2005) e120-e124
75. 3 (edelfosine) and amphotericin B. Acta Trop 81 (2002) 151-157
76. Yardley V., Croft S.L., De Doncker S., Dujardin J.C., Koirala S., Rijal S., et al. The sensitivity of clinical isolates of Leishmania from Peru and Nepal to miltefosine. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73 (2005) 272-275
77. Najim R.A., Sharquie K.E., and Farjou I.B. Zinc sulphate in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis: an in vitro and animal study. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 93 (1998) 831-837
78. Sharquie K.E., Najim R.A., Farjou I.B., and Al-Timimi D.J. Oral zinc sulphate in the treatment of acute cutaneous leishmaniasis. Clin Exp Dermatol 26 (2001) 21-26
79. Palacios R., Osorio L.E., Grajales L.F., and Ochoa M.T. Treatment failure in children in a randomized clinical trial with 10 and 20 days of meglumine antimoniate for cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania Viannia species. Am J Trop Med Hyg 64 (2001) 187-193
80. Schubach A.d.e.O., Marzochi K.B., Moreira J.S., Schubach T.M., Araujo M.L., Vale A.C., et al. retrospective study of 151 patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis treated with meglumine antimoniate. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 38 (2005) 213-217
81. Romero G.A., Guerra M.V., Paes M.G., and Macedo V.O. Comparison of cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and L. (V.) guyanensis in Brazil: therapeutic response to meglumine antimoniate. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65 (2001) 456-465
82. Kager P.A., Rees P.H., Wellde B.T., Hockmeyer W.T., and Lyerly W.H. Allopurinol in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 75 (1981) 556-559
83. Jha T.K. Evaluation of allopurinol in the treatment of kala-azar occurring in North Bihar, India. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 77 (1983) 204-207
84. Chunge C.N., Gachihi G., Muigai R., Wasunna K., Rashid J.R., Chulay J.D., et al. Visceral leishmaniasis unresponsive to antimonial drugs. III. Successful treatment using a combination of sodium stibogluconate plus allopurinol. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 79 (1985) 715-718
85. Ragusa R., Di Cataldo A., Samperi P., and Schiliro G. Treatment of visceral leishmaniasis with meglumine and allopurinol. Am J Dis Child 147 (1993) 611-612
86. Momeni A.Z., Reiszadae M.R., and Aminjavaheri M. Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis with a combination of allopurinol and low-dose meglumine antimoniate. Int J Dermatol 41 (2002) 441-443
87. Esfandiarpour I., and Alavi A. Evaluating the efficacy of allopurinol and meglumine antimoniate (Glcantime) in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Int J Dermatol 41 (2002) 521-524
88. Momeni A.Z., and Aminjavaheri M. Successful treatment of non-healing cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis, using a combination of meglumine antimoniate plus allopurinol. Eur J Dermatol 13 (2003) 40-43
89. Bafica A., Oliveira F., Freitas L.A.R., Nascimento E.G., and Barral A. American cutaneous leishmaniasis unresponsive to antimonial drugs: successful treatment using combination of N-methilglucamine antimoniate plus pentoxifylline. Int J Dermatol 42 (2003) 203-207
90. Lessa H.A., Machado P., Lima F., Cruz A.A., Bacellar O., Guerreiro J., et al. Successful treatment of refractory leishmaniasis with pentoxifylline plus antimony. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65 (2001) 87-89
91. Minodier P., Piarroux R., Garnier J.M., and Unal D. Pathophysiology of Mediterranean visceral leishmaniasis. Presse Med 28 (1999) 33-39
92. Minodier P., Piarroux R., Garnier J.M., Unal D., Perrimond H., and Dumon H. Pediatric visceral leishmaniasis in southern France. Pediatr Infect Dis J 17 (1998) 701-704
93. Lightburn E., Morand J.J., Meynard J.B., Kraemer P., Chaudier B., Pages F., et al. Thérapeutique des leishmanioses tégumentaires du Nouveau Monde. Expérience à propos de 326 cas traités par isethionate de pentamidine à fortes doses. Med Trop 63 (2003) 35-44
94. De Paula C.D., Sampaio J.H., Cardoso D.R., and Sampaio R.N. A comparative study between the efficacy of pentamidine isothionate given in three doses for one week and N-methil-glucamine in a dose of 20 mg SbV/day for 20 days to treat cutaneous leishmaniasis. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 36 (2003) 365-371
95. Andersen E.M., Cruz-Saldarriaga M., Llanos-Cuentas A., Luz-Cjuno M., Echevarria J., Miranda-Verastegui C., et al. Comparison of meglumine natimoniate and pentamidine for Peruvian cutaneous leishmaniasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 72 (2005) 133-137
96. Amato V.S., Rabello A., Rotondo-Silva A., Kono A., Maldonado T.P.H., Alves I.C., et al. Successful treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis with lipid formulations of amphotericin B in two immunocompromised patients. Acta Trop 92 (2004) 127-132
97. Brown M., Noursadeghi M., Boyle J., and Davidson R.N. Successful liposomal amphotericin B treatment of Leishmania braziliensis cutaneous leishmaniasis. Br J Dermatol 153 (2005) 203-205
98. Paradisi A., Capizzi R., Zampetti A., Proietti I., De Simone C., Feliciani C., et al. Atypical multifocal cutaneous leishmaniasis in an immunocompetent patient treated by liposomal amphotericin B. J Infect 51 (2005) e261-e264
99. Rapp C., Imbert P., Darie H., Simon F., Gros P., Debord T., et al. Traitement par amphotéricine B liposomale d'une leishmaniose cutanée contractée à Djibouti et résistante à l'antimoniate de méglumine. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 96 (2003) 209-211
100. Yardley V., and Croft S.L. A comparison of the activities of three amphotericin B lipid formulations against experimental visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis. Int J Antimicrobiol Agents 13 (2000) 243-248
101. Croft S.L., Barrett M.P., and Urbina J.A. Chemotherapy of trypanosomiases and leishmaniasis. Trends Parasitol 21 (2005) 508-512
102. Dietze R., Carvalho S.F.G., Valli L.C., Berman J., Brewer T., Milhous W., et al. Phase 2 trial of WR6026, an orally administered 8-aminoquinoline, in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania chagasi. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65 (2001) 685-689
103. Nakayama H., Loiseau P.M., Bories C., Torres de Ortiz S., Schinini A., Serna E., et al. Efficacy of orally administered 2-substituted quinolines in experimental murine cutaneous and visceral leishmaniases. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49 (2005) 4950-4956
104. Kish M.A. Guide to development of practice guidelines. Clin Infect Dis 32 (2001) 851-854