Recent results from studies of electric discharges in the mesosphere

Surveys in Geophysics

Volumn 29, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 71-137

  Neubert, T ^a   Rycroft, M ^b   Farges, T ^c   Blanc, E ^c   Chanrion, O ^a   Arnone, E ^d   Odzimek, A ^d   Arnold, N ^d   Enell, C F ^e   Turunen, E ^e   Bosinger T ^f   Mika, A ^g   Haldoupis, C ^g   Steiner, R J ^g   van der Velde, O ^h   Soula, S ^h   Berg, P ⁱ   Boberg, F ⁱ   Thejll, P ⁱ   Christiansen, B ⁱ   Ignaccolo, M ^j   Fullekrug M ^j   Verronen, P T ^k   Montanya, J ^l   Crosby, N ^m   more..

^a TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF DENMARK   (Denmark)

^b CAESAR Consultancy   (United Kingdom)

^c DIF   (France)

^d UNIVERSITY OF LEICESTER   (United Kingdom)

^e UNIVERSITY OF OULU   (Finland)

^f UNIVERSITY OF OULU   (Finland)

^g UNIVERSITY OF CRETE   (Greece)

^h UNIVERSITÉ DE TOULOUSE   (France)

ⁱ DANISH METEOROLOGICAL INSTITUTE   (Denmark)

^j University of Bath   (United Kingdom)

^k FINNISH METEOROLOGICAL INSTITUTE   (Finland)

^l UNIVERSITAT POLITÈCNICA DE CATALUNYA   (Spain)

^m BELGIAN INSTITUTE FOR SPACE AERONOMY   (Belgium)

more..

Author keywords

Electric discharges; Lightning; Mesosphere; Sprites; Thunderstorms

Indexed keywords

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE EMISSION; ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES; GAMMA RAYS; GASES; INTEGRATED CIRCUITS; IONIZATION OF GASES; IONOSPHERE; LIGHTNING; RADIATION EFFECTS; THUNDERSTORMS;

ATMOSPHERIC DYNAMICS; GLOBAL ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRIC CIRCUIT; MESOSPHERE; MODELLING OF PROCESS; SIMULTANEOUS OBSERVATION; SPRITES; TERRESTRIAL GAMMA RAY FLASHES; TRACE GAS CONCENTRATIONS;

ELECTRIC DISCHARGES;

ATMOSPHERIC DYNAMICS; ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRICITY; CLOUD TO GROUND LIGHTNING; ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION; MESOSPHERE; MODELING; SPRITE; STRATOSPHERE; THUNDERSTORM;

EURASIA; EUROPE; SOUTHERN EUROPE;

EID: 54949145312     PISSN: 01693298     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10712-008-9043-1     Document Type: Review

References (185)

1. Adachi T, Fukunishi H, Takahashi Y, Hiraki Y, Hsu R-R, Su H-T et al (2006) Electric field transition between the diffuse and streamer regions of sprites estimated from ISUAL/array photometer measurements. Geophys Res Lett 33:17803. doi: 10.1029/2006GL026495
2. Allegrini P, Grigolini P, Hamilton P, Palatella L, Raffaelli G, Virgilio M (2002) Facing non-stationary conditions with a new indicator of entropy increase: The CASSANDRA algorithm. In: Nova MM (ed) Emergent nature. World Scientific, Singapore
3. Allegrini P, Benci V, Grigolini P, Hamilton P, Ignaccolo M, Menconi G et al (2003) Compression and diffusion: A joint approach to detect complexity. Chaos Solitons Fractals 15:517. doi: 10.1016/ S0960-0779(02)00136-4
4. Armstrong RA, Shorter JA, Taylor MJ, Suszcynsky DM, Lyons WA, Jeong LS (1998) Photometric measurements in the SPRITES '95 and '96 campaigns: nitrogen second positive (399.8 nm) and the first negative (427.8 nm) emission. J Atmos Terr Phys 60:787. doi: 10.1016/S1364-6826(98)00026-1
5. Arnold N, Neubert T (2002) The electric earth: Cosmic influences on the atmosphere. Astron Geophys 43:6.9-6.12
6. 2. Geophys Res Lett 35:L05807. doi: 10.1029/ 2007GL031791
7. Arnone E, Berg P, Boberg F, Bór J, Chanrion O, Enell C-F et al (2008b) The Eurosprite 2005 campaign. In: Proc. 33rd atmospheric studies by optical methods (33AM), IRF Sci. Rep. no. 292. Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Kiruna
8. Arrayás M, Ebert U, Hundsdorfer W (2002) Spontaneous branching of anode-directed streamers between planar electrodes. Phys Rev Lett 88:174502. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.174502
9. Austin J, Butchart N (1992) A three-dimensional modeling study of the influence of planetary wave dynamics on polar ozone photochemistry. J Geophys Res 97(D9):10165-10186
10. 2. J Geophys Res 108(A2). doi: 10.1029/2002JA009566
11. Barth CA, Bailey SM (2004) Comparison of a thermospheric model with Student Nitric Oxide Explorer (SNOE) observations of nitric oxide. J Geophys Res 109(A3). doi: 10.1029/2003JA010227
12. Berg P, Christiansen B, Thejll P, Arnold N (2007) The dynamical response of the middle atmosphere to the tropospheric solar signal. J Geophys Res 112:D20122. doi: 10.1029/2006JD008237
13. Birdsall CK (1991) Particle in cell charged particle simulations, plus Monte Carlo collisions with neutral atoms. IEEE Trans Plasma Sci 19(2):65-85. doi: 10.1109/27.106800
14. Blanc E (1985) Observations in the upper atmosphere of infrasonic waves from natural and artificial sources: A summary. Ann Geophys 3:6673-6688
15. Blanc E, Farges T, Roche R, Brebion D, Hua T, Labarthe A et al (2004) Nadir observations of sprites from the International Space Station. J Geophys Res 109:A02306. doi: 10.1029/2003JA009972
16. Boccippio DJ, Williams ER, Heckman SJ, Lyons WA, Baker IT, Boldi R (1995) sprites, ELF transients, and positive ground strokes. Science 269:1088. doi: 10.1126/science.269.5227.1088
17. Boeck WL, Vaughan OH Jr, Blakeslee RJ, Vonnegut B, Brook M, McKune J (1995) Observations of lighting in the stratosphere. J Geophys Res 100:1465. doi: 10.1029/94JD02432
18. Boeck WL, Vaughan OH Jr, Blakeslee RJ, Vonnegut B, Brook M (1998) The role of the space shuttle videotapes in the discovery of sprites, jets and elves. J Atmos Terr Phys 60:669. doi: 10.1016/S1364-6826(98)00025-X
19. Bösinger T, Mika A, Shalimov SL, Haldoupis C, Neubert T (2006) Is there a unique signature in the ULF-response to sprite-associated lightning flashes? J Geophys Res 111:A10310. doi: 10.1029/2006JA011887
20. Brunetti M, Cecchini S, Galli M, Giovannini G, Pagliarin A (2000) Gamma-ray bursts of atmospheric origin in the MeV energy range. Geophys Res Lett 27(11):1599-1602. doi: 10.1029/2000GL003750
21. Carey LD, Murphey MJ, McCormick TL, Demetriades NWS (2005) Lightning location relative to storm structure in a leading-line, trailing-stratiform mesoscale convective system. J Geophys Res 110:D03105. doi: 10.1029/2003JD004371
22. Chaboureau J-P, Cammas J-P, Duron J, Mascart PJ, Sitnikov NM, Voessing H-J (2007) A Numerical study of tropical cross-tropopause transport by convective overshoots. Atmos Chem Phys 7:1731-1740
23. Chanrion O, Neubert T (2008) A PIC-MCC code for simulations of long streamer propagation at sprite altitude. J Comput Phys 227:7222-7245. doi: 10.1016/j.jcp.2008.04.016
24. Chern JL, Hsu RR, Su HT, Mende SB, Fukunishi H, Takahashi Y et al (2003) Global survey of upper atmospheric transient luminous events on the ROCSAT-2 satellite. J Atmos Sol Terr Phys 65:647-659. doi: 10.1016/ S1364-6826(02)00317-6
25. Cho M, Rycroft MJ (1998) Computer simulation of the electric field structure and optical emission from cloud-top to the ionosphere. J Atmos Sol Terr Phys 60:871-888. doi: 10.1016/S1364-6826(98)00017-0
26. Cho M, Rycroft MJ (2001) Non-uniform ionisation of the upper atmosphere due to the electromagnetic pulse from a horizontal lightning discharge. J Atmos Sol Terr Phys 63:559-580. doi: 10.1016/S1364-6826(00)00235-2
27. Christian HJ, Blakeslee RJ, Boccippio DJ, Boeck WL, Buechler DE, Driscoll KT, Goodman SJ, Hall JM, Koshak WJ, Mach DM, Stewart MF (2003) Global frequency and distribution of lightning as observed from space by the Optical Transient Detector. J Geophys Res 108(D1):4005. doi: 10.1029/ 2002JD002347
28. Christiansen B (2001) Downward propagation of zonal mean zonal wind anomalies from the stratosphere to the troposphere: Model and reanalysis. J Geophys Res 106(D21):27307-27322. doi: 10.1029/2000JD000214
29. Christiansen B, Guldberg A, Hansen AW, Riishøjgaard LP (1997) On the response of a three-dimensional general circulation model to imposed changes in the ozone distribution. J Geophys Res 102(D11):13051-13077. doi: 10.1029/97JD00529
30. Crutzen PJ, Solomon S (1980) Response of mesospheric ozone to particle precipitation. Planet Space Sci 28:1147-1153. doi: 10.1016/ 0032-0633(80)90073-2
31. Cummer SA (2003) Current moment in sprite-producing lightning. J Atmos Sol Terr Phys 65:499. doi: 10.1016/S1364-6826(02)00318-8
32. Cummer SA, Inan US (1997) Measurement of charge transfer in sprite producing lightning using ELF radio atmospherics. Geophys Res Lett 24(14):1731-1734. doi: 10.1029/97GL51791
33. Cummer SA, Inan US, Bell TF, Barrington-Leigh CP (1998) ELF radiation produced by electrical currents in sprites. Geophys Res Lett 25(8):1281-1284. doi: 10.1029/98GL50937
34. Cummer SA, Jaugey N, Li J, Lyons WA, Nelson TE, Gerken EA (2006a) Submillisecond imaging of sprite development and structure. Geophys Res Lett 33:L04104. doi: 10.1029/2005GL024969
35. Cummer SA, Frey HU, Mende SB, Hsu R-R, Su H-T, Chen AB et al (2006b) Simultanous radio and satellite optical measurements for high-altitude sprite current and lightning continuing current. J Geophys Res 111:A10315. doi: 10.1029/2006JA011809
36. Cummins KL, Murphy MJ, Bardo EA, Hiscox WL, Pyle RB, Pifer AE (1998) A combined TOA/MDF technology upgrade of the U.S. National Lightning Detection Network. J Geophys Res 103:9035-9044. doi: 10.1029/98JD00153
37. Déqué M, Dreveton C, Braun A, Cariolle D (1994) The ARPEGE/ IFS atmosphere model: A contribution to the French community climate modelling. Clim Dyn 10:249-266. doi: 10.1007/BF00208992
38. Dewan EM, Picard RH, O'Neil RR, Gardiner HA, Gibson J, Mill JD et al (1998) MSX satellite observations of thunderstorm-generated gravity-waves in mid-wave infrared images of the upper stratosphere. Geophys Res Lett 25:939-942. doi: 10.1029/98GL00640
39. Dowden RL, Brundell JB, Lyons WA, Nelson T (1996) Detection and location of red sprites by VLF scattering of subionospheric transmissions. Geophys Res Lett 23:1737-1740. doi: 10.1029/96GL01697
40. Drüe C, Hauf T, Finke U, Keyn S, Kreyer O (2007) Comparison of a SAFIR lightning detection network in northern Germany to the operational BLIDS network. J Geophys Res 112:D18114. doi: 10.1029/2006JD007680
41. Dwyer JR, Rassoul HK, Al-Dayeh M, Caraway L, Wright B, Chrest A et al (2004a) Measurements of x-ray emission from rocket-triggered lightning. Geophys Res Lett 31:L05118. doi: 10.1029/2003GL018770
42. Dwyer JR, Rassoul HK, Al-Dayeh M, Caraway L, Wright B, Chrest A et al (2004b) A ground level gamma-ray burst observed in association with rocket-triggered lightning. Geophys Res Lett 31:L05119. doi: 10.1029/ 2003GL018771
43. Dwyer JR, Rassoul HK, Saleh Z, Uman MA, Jerauld J, Plumer JA (2005) X-ray bursts produced by laboratory sparks in air. Geophys Res Lett 32:L20809. doi: 10.1029/2005GL024027
44. Eack KB, Beasley WH, Rust WD, Marshall TC, Stoltenberg M (1996) X-ray pulses observed above a mesoscale convective system. Geophys Res Lett 23:2915. doi: 10.1029/96GL02570
45. Ebert U, Montijn C, Briels TMP, Hundsdorfer W, Meulenbroek B, Rocco A et al (2006) The multiscale nature of streamers. Plasma Sources Sci Technol 15:118-129. doi: 10.1088/0963-0252/15/2/S14
46. Enell C-F, Arnone E, Chanrion O, Adachi T, Verronen PT, Seppälä A et al (2008) Parameterisation of the chemical effect of sprites in the middle atmosphere. Ann Geophys 26:13-27
47. Farges T, Blanc E, Le Pichon A, Neubert T, Allin TH (2005) Identification of infrasound produced by sprites during the Sprite2003 campaign. Geophys Res Lett 32:L01813. doi: 10.1029/2004GL021212
48. Farges T, Blanc E, Tanguy M (2007) Experimental evidence of D region heating by lightning-induced electromagnetic pulses on MF radio links. J Geophys Res 112:A10302. doi: 10.1029/2007JA012285
49. Fischer H, Birk M, Blom C, Carli B, Carlotti M, von Clarmann T et al (2007) M. L'opez-Puertas, P. Mosner, H. Nett, H. Oelhaf, G. Perron, J. Remedios, M. Ridolfi, G. Stiller, and R. Zander, MIPAS: An instrument for atmospheric and climate research. Atmos Chem Phys Discuss 7:8795-8893
50. Fishman GJ, Baht PN, Mallozzi R, Horack JM, Koshut T, Kouveliotou C et al (1994) Discovery of intense gamma-ray flashes of atmospheric origin. Science 164:1313. doi: 10.1126/science.264.5163.1313
51. Franz RC, Nemzek RJ, Winckler JR (1990) Television image of a large upward electrical discharge above a thunderstorm system. Science 249:48. doi: 10.1126/science.249.4964.48
52. Frey HU, Mende SB, Cummer SA, Chen AB, Hsu R-R, Su HT et al (2005) Beta-type stepped leader of elve-producing ligtning. Geophys Res Lett 32:L13824. doi: 10.1029/2005GL023080
53. Fukunishi HY, Takahashi Y, Kubota M, Sakanoi K, Inan US, Lyons WA (1996) Elves: Lightning-induced transient luminous events in the lower ionosphere. Geophys Res Lett 23:2157. doi: 10.1029/96GL01979
54. Fukunishi H, Takahashi Y, Sato M, Shono A, Fujito M, Watanabe Y (1997) Ground- based observations of ULF transients excited by strong lightning discharges producing elves and sprites. Geophys Res Lett 24(23):2973. doi: 10.1029/97GL03022
55. Füllekrug M (2006) Elementary model of sprite igniting electric fields. Am J Phys 74(9):804-805. doi: 10.1119/1.2206573
56. Füllekrug M, Constable S (2000) Global triangulation of intense lightning discharges. Geophys Res Lett 27(3):333-336. doi: 10.1029/ 1999GL003684
57. Füllekrug M, Reising S (1998) Excitation of Earth-Ionosphere Cavity Resonances by Sprite-Associated Lightning Flashes. Geophys Res Lett 25:4145-4148. doi: 10.1029/1998GL900133
58. Füllekrug M, Moudry DR, Dawes G, Sentman DD (2001) Mesospheric sprite current triangulation. J Geophys Res 106(17):20189-20194. doi: 10.1029/2001JD900075
59. Füllekrug M, Mareev EA, Rycroft MJ (eds) (2006a) Sprites, elves and intense lightning discharges Springer, Dordrecht, p 398
60. Füllekrug M, Ignaccolo M, Kuvshinov A (2006b) Stratospheric Joule heating by lightning continuing current inferred from radio remote sensing. Radio Sci 41. doi: 10.1029/2006RS003472
61. Gerken E, Inan U, Barrington-Leigh C (2000) Telescopic imaging of sprites. Geophys Res Lett 27:2637-2640. doi: 10.1029/2000GL000035
62. Gordillio-Vazquez FJ (2008) Air plasma kinetics under the influence of sprites. J Phys D Appl Phys 41:xXx. doi: 10.1088/0022-3727/41/17/175303
63. Gray LJ (2003) The influence of the equatorial upper stratosphere on stratospheric sudden warmings. Geophys Res Lett 30:4. doi: 10.1029/ 2002GL016430
64. Gurevich AV, Zybin KP (2004) High energy cosmic ray particles and the most powerful discharges in thunderstorm atmosphere. Phys Lett A 329:341-347. doi: 10.1016/j.physleta.2004.06.094
65. Gurevich AV, Milikh GM, Roussell-Dupré RA (1992) Runaway electron mechanism of air breakdown and preconditioning during a thunderstorm. Phys Lett A 165:463. doi: 10.1016/0375-9601(92)90348-P
66. Gurevich AV, Zybin KP, Roussel-Dupré RA (1999) Lightning initiation by simultaneous effect of runaway breakdown and cosmic ray showers. Phys Res Lett 254(1-2):79-87
67. Haldoupis C, Neubert T, Inan U, Mika A, Allin TH, Marshall RA (2004) Sub-ionospheric early VLF signal perturbations observed in one-to-one association with sprites. J Geophys Res 109(A10):A10303. doi: 1029/ 2004JA010651
68. Haldoupis C, Steiner RJ, Mika Á, Shalimov S, Marshall RA, Inan US et al (2006) "Early/slow" events: A new category of VLF perturbations observed in relation with sprites. J Geophys Res 111:A11321. doi: 10.1029/2006JA011960
69. Heavner MJ (2000) Optical spectroscopic observations of sprites, blue jets, and elves: Inferred microphysical processes and their macrophysical implications. Thesis, University of Alaska, Fairbanks
70. Hedin AE (1991) Extension of the MSIS thermospheric model into the middle and lower atmosphere. J Geophys Res 96(A2):1159-1172. doi: 10.1029/90JA02125
71. Huntrieser H, Schlager H, Roiger A, Lichtenstern M, Schumann U, Kurz C et al (2007) X over Brazil during TROCCINOX: Airborne measurements in tropical and subtropical thunderstorms and the importance of mesoscale convective systems. Atmos Chem Phys 7:2987-3013
72. Ignaccolo M, T Farges A Mika, TH Allin, O Chanrion, E Blanc, T Neubert, AC Fraser-Smith, M. Füllekrug (2006) The planetary rate of sprite events. Geophys Res Lett 33(11):L11808, 1-4
73. Ignaccolo M, Farges T, Blanc E, Füllekrug M (2008) Automated chirp detection with diffusion entropy: Application to infrasound from sprites. Chaos Solitons Fractals 38:1039-1050. doi: 10.1016/ j.chaos.2007.02.011
74. Inan US, Lehtinen NG (2005) Production of terrestrial gamma-ray flashes by an electromagnetic pulse from a lightning return stroke. Geophys Res Lett 32:L19818. doi: 10.1029/2005GL023702
75. Inan US, Bell TF, Pasko VP, Sentman DD, Wescott EM, Lyons WA (1995) VLF signatures of ionospheric disturbances associated with sprites. Geophys Res Lett 22:3461-3464. doi: 10.1029/95GL03507
76. Inan US, Sampson WA, Taranenko YN (1996) Space-time structure of optical flashes and ionization changes produced by lightning-EMP. Geophys Res Lett 23:133. doi: 10.1029/95GL03816
77. Inan US, Piddyachiy D, Peter WB, Sauvaud JA, Parrot M (2007) DEMETER satellite observations of lightning-induced electron precipitation. Geophys Res Lett 34:L07103. doi: 10.1029/2006GL029238
78. Jacobson RA, Holzworth R, Harlin J, Dowden R, Lay E (2006) Performance assessment of the World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN), using the Los Alamos Sferic Array (LASA) as ground truth. J Atmos Ocean Technol 23:1082. doi: 10.1175/JTECH1902.1
79. Leblanc F, Aplin KL, Yair Y, Harrison RG, Lebreton JP, Blanc M (eds) (2008) Planetary atmospheric electricity. Space Sci Ser ISSI 30:532
80. Lehtinen NG, Walt M, Inan US, Bell TF, Pasko VP (1996) Gamma-ray emission produced by a relativistic beam of runaway electrons accelerated by quasi-electrostatic thundercloud fields. Geophys Res Lett 23:2645. doi: 10.1029/96GL02573
81. Lehtinen NG, Bell TF, Pasko VP, Inan US (1997) A two-dimensional model of runaway electron beams driven by quasi-electrostatic thundercloud fields. Geophys Res Lett 23:2635
82. Le Pichon A, Garcés MA, Blanc E, Barthelemy M, Drob DP (2002) Acoustic propagation and atmosphere characteristics derived from infrasonic waves generated by the Concorde. J Acoust Soc Am 111:629-641. doi: 10.1121/1.1404434
83. Liszka L (2004) On the possible infrasound generation by sprites. J Low Frequency Noise Vib Active Contr 23:85-93. doi: 10.1260/0263092042869838
84. Liszka L, Hobara Y (2006) Sprite-attributed infrasonic chirps-their detection, occurrence and properties between 1994 and 2004. J Atmos Sol Terr Phys 68:1179-1188. doi: 10.1016/j.jastp.2006.02.016
85. Liu N, V P Pasko (2004) Effects of photoionization on propagation and branching of positive and negative streamers in sprites. J Geophys Res 109, A04301, 1-17. doi: 10.1029/2003JA010064 A04301, 1-17. doi: 10.1029/ 2003JA010064
86. Lyons WA (1994) Characteristics of luminous structures in the stratosphere above thunderstorms as imaged by low-light video. Geophys Res Lett 21:875-878. doi: 10.1029/94GL00560
87. Lyons WA (1996) Sprite observations above the US High Plains in relation to their parent thunderstorm systems. J Geophys Res 101:29641-29652. doi: 10.1029/96JD01866
88. Lyons WA, Nelson TE, Williams ER, Cummer SA, Stanley MA (2003) Characteristics of sprite-producing positive cloud-to-ground lightning during the 10 July STEPS mesoscale convective system. Mon Weather Rev 131:2417. doi: 10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<2417:COSPCL>2.0.CO;2
89. Lyons WA, Andersen LM, Nelson TE, Huffines GR (2006) Characteristics of sprite-producing electrical storms in the STEPS2000 domain. In: Second conf. on meteorological applications of lightning data, Amercan Meteorological Society, Atlanta
90. Marshall JS, Palmer WM (1948) The distribution of raindrops with size. J Meteorol 5:165-166
91. Marshall RA, Inan US, Lyons WA (2007) Very low frequency sferic bursts, sprites and their association with lightning activity. J Geophys Res 112:D22105. doi: 1029/2007JD008857
92. Mazur V, Williams E, Boldi R, Maier L, Proctor DE (1997) Initial comparison of lightning mapping with operational time-of-arrival and interferometric systems. J Geophys Res 102(D10):11071-11086. doi: 10.1029/97JD00174
93. Mazur V, Shao X-M, Krehbiel PR (1998) "Spider" lightning in intracloud and positive cloud-to-ground flashes. J Geophys Res 103(D16):19811-19822. doi: 10.1029/98JD02003
94. McCarthy MP, Parks GK (1985) Further observations of X-rays inside thunderstorm systems. Geophys Res Lett 12:393. doi: 10.1029/ GL012i006p00393
95. McHarg MG, Stenbaek-Nielsen HC, Kammae T (2007) Observation of streamer formation in sprites. Geophys Res Lett 34:L06804. doi: 10.1029/ 2006GL027854
96. Mende SB, Frey HU, Rairden RL, Su H-T, Hsu R-R, Hsu R-R, Hsu R-R, Hsu R-R, Hsu R-R, Hsu R-R, Allin TH et al (2002) Fine structure of sprites and proposed global observations, Cospar Colloquia Series. In: Liu LH (ed) Space Weather Study using Multipoint Techniques, vol 12. Pergamon Elsevier Science, pp 275-282
97. Mende SB, Frey HU, Hsu R-R, Su HT, Chen AB, Lee LC, Sentman DD, Takahashi Y, Fukunishi H (2005) D region ionisation by lightning-induced electromagnetic pulses. J Geophys Res 110:A11312. doi: 10.1029/ 2005JA011064
98. Mika Á (2007) Very Low Frequency EM Wave Studies of Transient Luminous Events in the Lower Ionosphere. PhD thesis, University of Crete, May
99. Mika Á, Haldoupis C, Marshall RA, Neubert T, Inan US (2005) Subionospheric VLF signatures and their association with sprites observed during EuroSprite-2003. J Atmos Sol Terr Phys 67:1580-1597. doi: 10.1016/j.jastp.2005.08.011
100. Mika Á, Haldoupis C, Neubert T, Hsu HT, Hsu RR, Steiner RJ et al (2006) Early VLF perturbations observed in association with elves. Ann Geo 24:2179-2189
101. Miyasato R, Fukunishi H, Takahashi Y, Taylor MJ (2003) Energy estimation of electrons producing sprite halos using array photometer data. J Atmos Sol Terr Phys 65:573-581. doi: 10.1016/S1364-6826(02)00322-X
102. Montijn C, Hundsdorfer W, Ebert U (2006) An adaptive grid refinement strategy for the simulation of negative streamers. J Comput Phys 219:801-835. doi: 10.1016/j.jcp.2006.04.017
103. Moore CB, Eack KB, Aulich GD, Rison W (2001) Energetic radiation associated with lightning stepped-leaders. Geophys Res Lett 28(11):2141
104. Morrill J, Bucsela E, Siefring C, Heavner M, Berg S, Moudry D, et al (2002) Electron energy and electric field estimates in sprites derived from ionised and neutral N2 emissions. Geophys Res Lett 29. doi: 10.1029/ 2001GL014018
105. Moss GD, Pasko VP, Liu N, Veronis G (2006) Monte Carlo model for analysis of thermal runaway electrons in streamer tips in transient luminous events and streamer zones of lightning leaders. J Geophys Res 111:A02307. doi: 10.1029/2005JA011350
106. Moudry D, Stenbaek-Nielsen H, Sentman D, Wescott E (2003) Imaging of elves, halos and sprite initiation at 1 ms time resolution. J Atmos Sol Terr Phys 65:509-518. doi: 10.1016/S1364-6826(02)00323-1
107. Nemiroff RJ, Bonnell JT, Norris JP (1997) Temporal and spectral characteristics of terrestrial gamma flashes. J Geophys Res 102:9659. doi: 10.1029/96JA03107
108. Neubert T (2003) On sprites and their exotic kin. Science 300:747
109. Neubert T, Allin TH, Stenbaek-Nielsen H, Blanc E (2001) Sprites over Europe. Geophys Res Lett 28:3585. doi: 10.1029/2001GL013427
110. Neubert T, Allin TH, Blanc E, Farges T, Haldoupis C, Mika A et al (2005) Co-ordinated observations of transient luminous events during the Eurosprite2003 campaign. J Atmos Sol Terr Phys 67:807-820. doi: 10.1016/ j.jastp.2005.02.004
111. 2 line-mixing. J Quant Spectrosc Radiat Transf 103:14-26
112. Ogawa T, Tanaka Y, Fraser-Smith AC, Gendrin R (1967) Worldwide simultaneity of occurrence of a Q-type ELF burst in the Schumann resonance frequency range. J Geomag Geoelectr 19:377-385
113. Ohkubo A, Fukunishi H, Takahashi Y, Adachi T (2005) VLF/ELF sferic evidence for in-cloud discharge activity producing sprites. Geophys Res Lett 32:L04812. doi: 10.1029/2004GL021943
114. Østgaaard N, Gjesteland T, Stadsnes J, Connell PH, Carlson B (2008) Production altitude and time delays of terrestrial gamma flashes: Revisiting the Burst and Transient Source Experiment spectra. J Geophys Res 113:A02307. doi: 10.1029/2007JA012618
115. Pancheshnyi S (2005) Role of electronegative gas admixtures in streamer start, formation and branching phenomena. Plasma Sources Sci Technol 14:645-653. doi: 10.1088/0963-0252/14/4/002
116. Parks GK, Mauk BH, Spiger R, Chin J (1981) X-ray enhancements detected during thunderstorm and lightning activities. Geophys Res Lett 8:1176. doi: 10.1029/GL008i011p01176
117. Pasko VP (2006) Theoretical modeling of sprites and jets. In: Füllekrug M, Mareev EA, Rycroft MJ (eds) Sprites, elves and intense lightning discharges. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 253-311
118. Pasko V P, J B Snively (2007) Mechanism of infrasound radiation from sprites. Eos Trans AGU 88(52), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract AE23A-0899, San Francisco, CA, 10-14 December. OUT OF ORDER: IT SHOULD BE BEFORE Peterson
119. Pasko VP, Inan US, Taranenko YN, Bell TF (1995) Heating, ionization and upward discharges in the mesosphere due to intense quasi-electrostatic thundercloud fields. Geophys Res Lett 22:365. doi: 10.1029/95GL00008
120. Pasko VP, Inan US, Bell TF (1996) Sprites as luminous columns of ionization produced by quasi-electrostatic thundercloud fields. Geophys Res Lett 23:649. doi: 10.1029/96GL00473
121. Pasko VP, Inan US, Bell TF, Taranenko YN (1997) Sprites produced by quasi-electrostatic heating and ionization in the lower ionosphere. J Geophys Res 102:4529. doi: 10.1029/96JA03528
122. Pasko VP, Inan US, Bell TF (1998) Spatial structure of sprites. Geophys Res Lett 25:2123-2126. doi: 10.1029/98GL01242
123. Pasko VP, Stanley MA, Mathews JD, Inan US, Wood TG (2002) Electrical discharge from a thundercloud top to the lower ionosphere. Nature 416:152-154. doi: 10.1038/416152a
124. X production in simulated blue jets, sprites, and TLE discharges, In: AGU fall meeting abstracts, p A990+, December
125. Raizer YP (1997) Gas discharge physics. Springer, Netherland, p 125
126. Rakov VA, Uman MA (2003) Lightning: Physics and Effects. University Press, Cambridge, p 687
127. Reising SC, Inan US, Bell TF, Lyons WA (1996) Evidence for continuing currents in sprite-producing lightning flashes. Geophys Res Lett 23(24):3639-3742. doi: 10.1029/96GL03480
128. Rodger C (1999) Red Sprites, Upward Lightning, and VLF Perturbations. Rev Geophys 37(3):317-336. doi: 10.1029/1999RG900006
129. Rodger CJ, McCormick RJ, Clilverd MA (2004) Testing the importance of precipitation loss mechanisms in the inner radiation belt. Geophys Res Lett 31:L10803. doi: 10.1029/2004GL019501
130. Rodger CJ, Enell C-F, Turunen E, Clilverd MA, Thomson NR (2007) Significance of lightning driven inner radiation belt energy deposition into the atmosphere: Implications for ionisation-levels and neutral chemistry. Ann Geophys 25:1745-1757
131. Rodger CJ, Seppälä A, Clilverd MA (2008) Significance of transient luminous events to neutral chemistry: Experimental measurements. Geophys Res Lett 35:L07803. doi: 10.1029/2008GL033221
132. Roussel-Dupré RA (1997) HF echoes from ionization potentially produced by high-altitude discharges. J Geophys Res 102:4613. doi: 10.1029/96JA02354
133. Roussel-Dupré RA (2005) Current Modeling of High-Altitude Discharges at Los Alamos. In: CAL-Crete meeting
134. Roussel-Dupré RA, Gurevich AV (1996) On runaway break-down and upward propagating discharges. J Geophys Res 101:2297. doi: 10.1029/ 95JA03278
135. Roussel-Dupré RA, Gurevich AV, Tunnell T, Milikh GM (1994) Kinetic theory of runaway air breakdown. Phys Rev E Stat Phys Plasmas Fluids Relat Interdiscip Topics 49:2257. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevE.49.2257
136. Roussel Dupré RA, Symbalisty EMD, Tierney HE, Tripplett L (2002) New fully electromagnetic simulations of sprites initiated by runaway air breakdown. In: URSI proceedings, Maastricht, NL
137. Rowland HL (1998) Theories and simulations of elves, sprites and blue jets. J Atmos Sol Terr Phys 60:831-844. doi: 10.1016/ S1364-6826(98)00034-0
138. Rycroft MJ (1973) Enhanced energetic electron intensities at 100 km altitude and a whistler propagating through the plasmasphere. Planet Space Sci 21(2):239-251. doi: 10.1016/0032-0633(73)90009-3
139. Rycroft MJ, Odzimek A, Arnold NF et al (2007) New model simulations of the global atmospheric electric circuit driven by thunderstorms and electrified shower clouds: The roles of lightning and sprites. J Atmos Sol Terr Phys 69. doi: 10.1016/j.jastp.2007.09.004
140. Saetre C, Barth CA, Stadsnes J, Østgaard N, Bailey SM, Baker DN et al (2007) Thermospheric nitric oxide at higher latitudes: Model calculations with auroral energy input. J Geophys Res 112:A08306. doi: 10.1029/2006JA012203
141. São Sabbas FT, Sentman DD (2003) Dynamical relationship of infrared cloudtop temperatures with occurrence rates of cloud-to-ground lightning and sprites. Geophys Res Lett 30:1236. doi: 10.1029/ 2002GL015382
142. Sato M, H Fukunishi (2003) Global sprite occurrence locations and rates derived from triangulation of transient Schumann resonance events. Geophys Res Lett 30(16):1859. doi: 10.1029/2003GL017291
143. Schumann U, Huntrieser H (2007) The global lightning-induced nitrogen oxides source. Atmos Chem Phys Discuss 7:2623-2818
144. Sentman DD, São Sabbas FT (2002) Energy deposition of sprites in the middle-upper atmosphere. In: Third Brazilian workshop on atmospheric electricity, November 4-7, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
145. Sentman DD, Wescott EM, Osborne DL, Hampton DL, Heavner MJ (1995) Preliminary results from the Sprites94 aircraft campaign: 1 Red sprites. Geophys Res Lett 22:1205. doi: 10.1029/95GL00583
146. Sentman DD, Wescott EM, Picard RH, Winick JR, Stenbaek-Nielsen HC, Dewan EM et al (2003) Simultaneous observations of mesospheric gravity waves and sprites generated by a Midwestern thunderstorm. J Atmos Sol Terr Phys 65:537-550. doi: 10.1016/S1364-6826(02)00328-0
147. Sentman DD, Stenbaek-Nielsen HC, McHarg MG, Morill JC (2008) Plasma chemistry of sprite streamers. J Geophys Res 113:D11112. doi: 10.1029/ 2007JD008941
148. Seppälä A, Verronen PT, Clilverd MA, Randall CE, Tamminen J, Sofieva V et al (2007) Arctic and Antarctic polar winter NOx and energetic particle precipitation in 2002-2006. Geophys Res Lett 34:12810. doi: 10.1029/2007GL029733
149. Shalimov SL, Bösinger T (2006) An alternative explanation for the ultra-slow tail of sprite-associated flashes of lightning. J Atmos Sol Terr Phys 68(7):814-820. doi: 10.1016/j.jastp.2005.12.001
150. Shalimov SL, Bösinger T (2008) On distant excitation of the ionospheric Alfvén resonator by positive cloud-to-ground lightning discharges. J Geophys Res 113:A02303. doi: 10.1029/2007JA012614
151. Shimazaki T (1984) Minor constituents in the middle atmosphere. In: Developments in earth and planetary physics, vol 6. D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht
152. Smith DM, Lopez LI, Lin RP, Barrington-Leigh CP (2005) Terrestrial gamma-ray flashes observed up to 20 MeV. Science 307:1085. doi: 10.1126/ science.1107466
153. Soula S, van der Velde O, Montanyà J, Neubert T, Ganot M (2008) Analysis of thunderstorm and lightning activity associated with sprites observed during the Eurosprite campaigns: Two case studies. Atmos Res (in press)
154. Stanley M, Krehbiel P, Max Brook, Charles More, Rison W, Abrahams B (1999) High speed video of initial sprite development. Geophys Res Lett 26:3201. doi: 10.1029/1999GL010673
155. Stanley M, Brook M, Krehbiel P (2000) Detection of daytime sprites via a unique sprite ELF signature. Geophys Res Lett 27:871-874. doi: 10.1029/ 1999GL010769
156. Stenbaek-Nielsen DR, Moudry, Wescott EM, Sentman DD, Sâo FT (2000) Sprites and possible mesospheric effects. J Geophys Res 27:3829
157. Stenbaek-Nielsen MG, McHarg, Kammae T, Sentman DD (2007) Observed emission rates in sprite streamer heads. Geophys Res Lett 34(11):L11105. doi: 10.1029/2007GL029881
158. Stolzenburg M, Marshall TC, Rust WD, Bruning E, MacGorman DR, Hamlin T (2007) Electric fields observed near lightning flash initiations. Geophys Res Lett 34:L04804. doi: 10.1029/2006GL028777
159. Su HT, Hsu RR, Chen AB, Wang YC, Hsiao WS, Lai WC, Lee LC, Sato M, Fukunishi H (2003) Gigantic jets between a thundercloud and the ionosphere. Nature 423:974 26
160. Suszcynsky DM, Strabley R, Roussel-Dupre R et al (1999) Video and photometric observations of a sprite in coincidence with a meteor-triggered jet event. J Geophys Res 104(D24):31361-31367. doi: 10.1029/1999JD900962
161. Svensmark H, Pedersen JOP, Marsh ND, Enghoff MB, Uggerhøj UI (2007) Experimental evidence for the role of ions in particle nucleation under atmospheric conditions. Proc R Soc A 463:385-396. doi: 10.1098/ rspa.2006.1773
162. Symbalisty EMD, Roussel-Dupre RA, ReVelle DO, Suszcynsky DM, Yukhimuk VA, Taylor MJ (2000) Meteor trails and columniform sprites. Icarus
163. Swenson GR, Rairden R (1998) What is the source of sprite seed electrons? In: AGU fall meeting, A41C-14, San Francisco
164. Tararenko YN, Inan US, Bell TF (1993) Interaction with the lower ionosphere of electromagnetic pulses from lightning: Heating, attachment, and ionization. Geophys Res Lett 20:1539-1542. doi: 10.1029/ 93GL01696
165. Taranenko Y, Roussel-Dupré R (1996) High altitude discharges and gamma-ray flashes: A manifestation of runaway air breakdown. Geophys Res Lett 23:571. doi: 10.1029/95GL03502
166. Taylor MJ, Bailey MA, Pautet PD, Cummer SA, Jaugey N, Thomas JN et al (2008) Rare measurements of a sprite with halo event driven by a negative lightning discharge over Argentina. Geophys Res Lett 35:L14812. doi: 10.1029/2008GL033984
167. Tinsley BA, Rohrbaugh RP, Hei M, Beard KV (2000) Effects of image charges on the scavenging of aerosol particles by cloud droplets, and on droplet charging and possible ice nucleation processes. J Atmos Sci 57:2118. doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(2000)057<2118:EOICOT>2.0.CO;2
168. Tinsley BA, Rohrbaugh RP, Hei M (2001) Electroscavenging in clouds with broad droplet size distributions and weak electrification. Atmos Res 115:59-60. doi: 10.1016/S0169-8095(01)00112-0
169. Turunen E, Matveinen H, Tolvanen J, Ranta HD (1996) Region ion chemistry model. In: Schunk RW (ed) STEP Handbook of Ionospheric Models. Scientific Committee on Solar-Terrestrial Physics (SCOSTEP) Secretariat, Boulder, Colorado, USA, pp 1-25
170. Valdivia JA, Milikh GM, Papadopoulos K (1998) Model of red sprites due to Intracloud Fractal Lightning Discharges. Radio Sci 33:1655. doi: 10.1029/98RS02201
171. Vallance Jones A (1974) Aurora Geophysics and Astrophysics monographs, vol 9. D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht
172. van der Velde OA, Mika Á, Soula S, Haldoupis C, Neubert T, Inan US (2006) Observations of the relationship between sprite morphology and in-cloud lightning processes. J Geophys Res 111:D15203. doi: 10.1029/ 2005JD006879
173. Vaughan OH Jr, Vonnegut B (1989) Recent observations of lightning discharges from the top of a thundercloud into the air above. J Geophys Res 94:13179. doi: 10.1029/JD094iD11p13179
174. Verronen PT (2006) Ionosphere-atmosphere interaction during solar proton events. PhD thesis, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland, ISBN: 951-697-650-6
175. Verronen PT, A Seppälä, MA Clilverd, CJ Rodger, E Kyrölä, C-F Enell, T Ulich, E Turunen, (2005) Diurnal variation of ozone depletion during the October-November 2003 solar proton event. J Geophys Res 110(A09S32). doi: 10.1029/2004JA010932
176. Verronen PT, Seppälä A, Kyrölä E, Tamminen J, Pickett HM, Turunen E (2006) Production of Odd Hydrogen in the Mesosphere During the January 2005 Solar Proton Event. Geophys Res Lett 33:L24811. doi: 10.1029/2006GL028115
177. Vitt FM, Jackman CH (1996) A comparison of sources of odd nitrogen production from 1974 through 1993 in the Earth's middle atmosphere as calculated using a two-dimensional model. J Geophys Res 101(D3):6729-6739. doi: 10.1029/95JD03386
178. Wescott EM, Sentman D, Osborne D, Hampton D, Heavner M (1995) Preliminary results from the Sprites94 aircraft campaign: 2. blue jets. Geophys Res Lett 22:1209. doi: 10.1029/95GL00582
179. Wescott EM, Sentman D, Heavner M, Hampton D, Lyons WA, Nelson T (1998) Observations of 'Columniform' sprites. J Atmos Terr Phys 60:733. doi: 10.1016/S1364-6826(98)00029-7
180. Williams ER (2002) Global electric circuit. In: Holton JR, Pyle JA, Curry JA (eds) Encyclopedia of atmospheric sciences. Academic Press, New York, pp 733-743
181. Wilson CTR (1925) The electric field of a thunderstorm and some of its effects. Proc R Soc Lond 37:32D
182. Winands GJJ (2007) Efficient streamer plasma generation. Ph.D. thesis, Eindhoven Univ. Techn., The Netherlands, available on http://alexandria.tue.nl/extra2/200710708.pdf
183. Winckler JR, Lyons WA, Nelson TE, Nemzek RJ (1996) New high-resolution ground-based studies of sprites. J Geophys Res 101:6997. doi: 10.1029/ 95JD03443
184. Yair Y, Israelevich P, Devir AD, Moalem M, Price C, Joseph JH et al (2004) New observations of sprites from the space shuttle. J Geophys Res 109:D15201. doi: 10.1029/2003JD004497
185. Zheleznyak MB, Mnatsakayan AK, Sizykh SV (1982) Photoionisation of nitrogen and oxygen mixtures by radiation from a gas discharge. High Temp 20:357-362