Lightning location relative to storm structure in a leading-line, trailing-stratiform mesoscale convective system

Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres

Volumn 110, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 1-23

  Carey, Lawrence D ^a   Murphy, Martin J ^b   McCormick, Tracy L ^c,d   Demetriades, Nicholas W S ^b  

^a TEXAS A AND M UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b VAISALA OYJ   (Finland)

^c NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d NOAA EARTH SYSTEM RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRICITY; CONVECTION; LIGHTNING; SPATIAL VARIATION; STORM;

EID: 17344365138     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2003JD004371     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. Biggerstaff, M. I., and R. A. Houze Jr. (1991), Kinematic and precipitation structure of the 10-11 June 1985 squall line, Mon. Weather Rev., 119, 3035-3065.
2. Boccippio, D. J. (1996), The electrification of stratiform anvils, Ph.D. dissertation, Mass. Inst. of Technol., Cambridge.
3. Boccippio, D. J., S. J. Heckman, and S. J. Goodman (2001), A diagnostic analysis of the Kennedy Space Center LDAR network: 1. Data characteristics, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 4769-4786.
4. Brook, M., M. Nakano, P. Krehbiel, and T. Takeuti (1982), The electrical structure of the Hokuriku winter thunderstorms, J. Geophys. Res., 87 1207-1215.
5. Coleman, L. M., T. C. Marshall, M. Stolzenburg, T. Hamlin, P. R. Krehbiel, W. Rison, and R. J. Thomas (2003), Effects of charge and electrostatic potential on lightning propagation, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D9), 4298, doi:10.1029/2002JD002718.
6. Cressman, G. (1959), An operational analysis system, Mon. Weather Rev., 87, 367-374.
7. Crum, T. D., R. L. Alberty, and D. W. Burgess (1993), Recording, archiving, and using WSR-88D data, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 74, 645-653.
8. Cummins, K. L., M. J. Murphy, E. A. Bardo, W. L. Hiscox, R. B. Pyle, and A. E. Pifer (1998), A combined TOA/MDF technology upgrade of the U.S. National Lightning Detection Network, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 9035-9044.
9. Dotzek, N., R. M. Rabin, L. D. Carey, D. R. MacGorman, T. L. McCormick, N. W. Demetriades, M. J. Murphy, and R. L. Holle (2005), Lightning Activity related to satellite and radar observations of a mesoscale convective system over Texas on 7-8 April 2002, Atmos. Res., in press.
10. Engholm, C. D., E. R. Williams, and R. M. Dole (1990), Meteorological and electrical conditions associated with positive cloud-to-ground lightning, Mon. Weather Rev., 118, 470-487.
11. Fritsch, J. M., and G. S. Forbes (2001), Mesoscale convective systems, in Severe Convective Storms, Meteorol. Monogr., vol. 28, no. 50, edited by C. A. Doswell III, pp. 323-358, Am. Meteorol. Soc., Boston, Mass.
12. Fritsch, J. M., R. J. Kane, and C. R. Chelius (1986), The contribution of mesoscale weather systems to the warm-season precipitation in the United States, J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol., 25, 1333-1345.
13. Goodman, S. J., and D. R. MacGorman (1986), Cloud-to-ground lightning activity in mesoscale convective complexes, Mon. Weather Rev., 114 2320-2328.
14. Holle, R. L., A. I. Watson, R. E. Lopez, and D. R. MacGorman (1994), The life cycle of lightning and severe weather in a 3-4 June 1985 PRE-STORM mesoscale convective system, Mon. Weather Rev., 122, 1798-1808.
15. Houze, R. A., Jr. (1993), Cloud Dynamics, 573 pp., Elsevier, New York.
16. Houze, R. A., Jr., and D. D. Churchill (1984), Microphysical structure of winter monsoon cloud clusters, J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 3405-3411.
17. Houze, R. A., Jr., S. A. Rutledge, M. I. Biggerstaff, and B. F. Smull (1989), Doppler radar depiction of midlatitude mesoscale convective systems, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 70, 608-619.
18. Houze, R. A., Jr., B. F. Smull, and P. Dodge (1990), Mesoscale organization of springtime rainstorms in Oklahoma, Mon. Weather Rev., 117, 613-654.
19. Hunter, S. H., T. J. Schuur, T. C. Marshall, and W. D. Rust (1992), Electric and kinematic structure of the Oklahoma mesoscale convective system of 7 June 1989, Mon. Weather Rev., 120, 2226-2239.
20. Krehbiel, P. R. (1986), The electrical structure of thunderstorms, in The Earth's Electrical Environment, Studies in Geophysics, pp. 90-113, National Acad. Sci. Press, Washington, D. C.
21. Krehbiel, P. R., R. J. Thomas, W. Rison, T. Hamlin, J. Harlin, and M. Davis (2000), GPS-based mapping system reveals lightning inside storms, Eos Trans. AGU, 81, 21-25.
22. Krider, R. P. (1974), An unusual photograph of an air lightning discharge, Weather, 29, 24-27.
23. Lang, T. J., S. A. Rutledge, and K. C. Wiens (2004a), Origins of positive cloud-to-ground lightning flashes in the stratiform region of a mesoscale convective system, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L10105, doi:10.1029/2004GL019823.
24. Lang, T. J., et al. (2004b), The Severe Thunderstorm Electrification and Precipitation Study (STEPS), Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 85, 1107-1125.
25. Lennon, C., and L. Maier (1991), Lightning mapping system, NASA Conf. Publ., 3106(2), 89.1-89.10.
26. Ligda, M. G. H. (1956), The radar observation of lightning, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 9, 329-346.
27. Locatelli, J. D., and P. V. Hobbs (1974), Fall speeds and masses of solid precipitation particles, J. Geophys. Res., 79, 2185-2197.
28. Lyons, W. A., E. R. Williams, S. A. Cummer, and M. A. Stanley (2003), Characteristics of sprite-producing positive cloud-to-ground lightning during the19 July 2000 STEPS mesoscale convective systems, Mon. Weather Rev., 131, 2417-2427.
29. MacGorman, D. R., and C. D. Morgenstern (1998), Some characteristics of cloud-to-ground lightning in mesoscale convective systems, J. Geophys, Res., 103, 14,011-14,023.
30. MacGorman, D. R., and W. D. Rust (1998), The Electrical Nature of Storms, 422 pp., Oxford Univ. Press, New York.
31. MacGorman, D. R., A. A. Few, and T. L. Teer (1981), Layered lightning activity, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 9900-9910.
32. Maier, L., C. Lennon, T. Britt, and S. Schaefer (1995), Lightning Detection and Ranging (LDAR) system performance analysis, paper presented at International Conference on Cloud Physics, Am. Meteorol. Soc., Dallas, Tex.
33. Marshall, T. C., and W. D. Rust (1993), Two types of vertical electrical structures in stratiform precipitation regions of mesoscale convective systems, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 74, 2159-2170.
34. Marshall, T. C., M. Stolzenburg, and W. D. Rust (1996), Electric field measurements above mesoscale convective systems, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 6979-6996.
35. Mazur, V., and L. H. Ruhnke (1993), Common physical processes in natural and artificially triggered lightning, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 12,913-12,930.
36. Mazur, V., and W. D. Rust (1983), Lightning propagation and flash density in squall lines as determined with radar, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 1495-1502.
37. Mazur, V., E. Williams, R. Boldi, L. Maier, and D. E. Proctor (1997), Initial comparison of lightning mapping with operational time-of-arrival and interferometric systems, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 11,071-11,085.
38. Mazur, V., X.-M. Shao, and P. R. Krehbiel (1998), "Spider" lightning in intracloud and positive cloud-to-ground flashes, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 19,811-19,822.
39. McCormick, T. L. (2003), Three-dimensional radar and total lightning characteristics of mesoscale convective systems, M.S. thesis, 354 pp., Dep. of Mar., Earth, and Atmos. Sci., N. C. State Univ., Raleigh. (Available at http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/ etd-08042003-035751/unrestricted/etd.pdf)
40. Mo, Q., A. G. Detwiler, J. Hallett, and R. Black (2003), Horizontal structure of the electric field in the stratiform region of an Oklahoma mesoscale convective system, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D7), 4225, doi:10.1029/2001JD001140.
41. Orville, R. E., R. W. Henderson, and L. F. Bosart (1988), Bipole patterns revealed by lightning locations in mesoscale storm systems, Geophys. Res. Lett., 15, 129-132.
42. Oye, D., and M. Case (1995), REORDER: A program for gridding radar data-Installation and use manual for the UNIX version, Atmos. Technol. Div., Natl. Cent. for Atmos. Res., Boulder, Colo.
43. Petersen, W. A., and S. A. Rutledge (1992), Some characteristics of cloud-to-ground lightning in tropical northern Australia, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 11,553-11,560.
44. Proctor, D. E. (1971), A hyperbolic system for obtaining VHF radio pictures of lightning, J. Geophys. Res., 76, 1478-1489.
45. Proctor, D. E. (1991), Regions where lightning flashes began, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 5099-5112.
46. Rison, W., R. J. Thomas, P. R. Krehbiel, T. Hamlin, and J. Harlin (1999), A GPS-based three-dimensional lightning mapping system: Initial observations in central New Mexico, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 3573-3576.
47. Rutledge, S. A., and R. A. Houze Jr. (1987), A diagnostic modeling study of the trailing stratiform region of a midlatitude squall line, J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 2640-2656.
48. Rutledge, S. A., and D. R. MacGorman (1988), Cloud-to-ground lightning activity in the 10-11 June 1985 mesoscale convective system observed during the Oklahoma-Kansas PRE-STORM project, Mon. Weather Rev., 116 1393-1408.
49. Rutledge, S. A., and W. A. Petersen (1994), Vertical radar reflectivity structure and cloud-to-ground lightning in the stratiform region of MCSs: Further evidence for in situ charging in the stratiform region, Mon. Weather Rev., 122, 1760-1776.
50. Rutledge, S. A., C. Lu, and D. R. MacGorman (1990), Positive cloud-to-ground lightning flashes in mesoscale convective systems, J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 2085-2100.
51. Rutledge, S. A., E. R. Williams, and W. A. Petersen (1993), Lightning and electrical structure of mesoseale convective systems, Atmos. Res., 29, 27-53.
52. Saunders, C. P. R., W. D. Keith, and R. P. Mitzeva (1991), The effect of liquid water on thunderstorm charging, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 11,007-11,017.
53. Schuur, T. J., and S. A. Rutledge (2000a), Electrification of stratiform regions in mesoscale convective systems, part I: An observational comparison of symmetric and asymmetric MCSs, J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 1961-1982.
54. Schuur, T. J., and S. A. Rutledge (2000b), Electrification of stratiform regions in mesoscale convective systems, part II: Two-dimensional numerical model simulations of a symmetric MCS, J. Atmos. Sci., 57 1983-2006.
55. Schuur, T. J. B. F. Smull, W. D. Rust, and T. C. Marshall (1991), Electrical and kinematic structure of the stratiform precipitation region trailing an Oklahoma squall line, J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 825-842.
56. Shao, X. M., and P. R. Krehbiel (1996), The spatial and temporal development of intracloud lightning, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 26,641-26,668.
57. Shepherd, T. R., W. D. Rust, and T. C. Marshall (1996), Electric fields and charges near 0°C in stratiform clouds, Mon. Weather Rev., 124 919-938.
58. Stolzenburg, M. (1990), Characteristics of the bipolar pattern of lightning locations observed in 1988 thunderstorms, Bull Am. Meteorol. Soc., 71, 1331-1338.
59. Stolzenburg, M., and T. C. Marshall (1994), Testing models of thunderstorm charge distributions with Coulomb's law, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 25,921-25,932.
60. Stolzenburg, M., T. C. Marshall, W. D. Rust, and B. F. Smull (1994), Horizontal distribution of electrical and meteorological conditions across the stratiform region of a mesoscale convective system, Mon. Weather Rev., 122, 1777-1797.
61. Stolzenburg, M., W. D. Rust, B. F. Smull, and T. C. Marshall (1998), Electrical structure in thunderstorm convective regions: 1. Mesoscale convective systems, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 14,059-14,078.
62. Stolzenburg, M., T. C. Marshall, and W. D. Rust (2001), Serial soundings of electric field through a mesoscale convective system, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 12,371-12,380.
63. Takahashi, T. (1978), Riming electrification as a charge generation mechanism in thunderstorms, J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 1536-1548.
64. Teer, T. L., and A. A. Few (1974), Horizontal lightning, J. Geophys. Res., 79, 3436-3441.
65. Terman, F. E., R. A. Helliwell, J. M. Pettit, D. A. Watkins, and W. R. Rambo (1955), Electronic and Radio Engineering, 4th ed., 1078 pp., McGraw-Hill, New York.
66. Thomas, R. J., P. R. Krehbiel, W. Rison, T. Hamlin, J. Harlin, and D. Shown (2001), Observations of VHF source powers radiated by lightning, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 143-146.
67. Thomas, R. J., W. Winn, S. Huhyady, W. Rison, P. Krehbiel, T. Hamlin, and J. Harlin (2002), Accuracy of the lightning mapping array, paper presented at 17th International Lightning Detection Conference, Vaisala, Inc., Tucson, Ariz.
68. Toracinta, E. R., K. I. Mohr, E. J. Zipser, and R. E. Orville (1996), A comparison of WSR-88D reflectivities, SSM/I brightness temperatures, and lightning for mesoscale convective systems in Texas. part I: Radar reflectivity and lightning, J. Appl. Meteorol., 35, 902-918.
69. Wacker, R. S., and R. E. Orville (1999a), Changes in measured lightning flash count and return stroke peak current after the 1994 U.S. National Lightning Detection Network upgrade: 1. Observations, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 2151-2158.
70. Wacker, R. S., and R. E. Orville (1999b), Changes in measured lightning flash count and return stroke peak current after the 1994 U.S. National Lightning Detection Network upgrade: 2. Theory, J. Geophys. Res., 104 2159-2162.
71. Williams, E. R. (1989), The tripole structure of thunderstorms, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 13,151-13,167.
72. Williams, E. R. (1998), T he positive charge reservoir for sprite-producing lightning, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 60, 689-692.
73. Williams, E. R., C. M. Cooke, and K. A. Wright (1985), Electrical discharge propagation in and around space charge clouds, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 6059-6070.
74. Williams, E. R., R. Zhang, and D. J. Boccippio (1994), Microphysical growth state of ice particles and large-scale electrical structure of clouds, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 10,787-10,792.