메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 10, Issue 5, 2008, Pages 443-459

Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians Sepsis Guidelines: The optimal management of severe sepsis in Canadian emermency departments

Author keywords

Emergency medicine; Guidelines; Resuscitation; Sepsis; Septic shock; Severe sepsis

Indexed keywords

ACTIVATED PROTEIN C; ADRENALIN; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; CORTICOSTEROID; CORTICOTROPIN; DEXAMETHASONE; DOBUTAMINE; DOPAMINE; ETOMIDATE; FLUDROCORTISONE; GLUCOCORTICOID; GLUCOSE; HYDROCORTISONE; HYPERTENSIVE AGENT; HYPERTENSIVE FACTOR; INOTROPIC AGENT; INSULIN; LACTIC ACID; MILRINONE; NORADRENALIN; PLACEBO; VASOPRESSIN;

EID: 54949129388     PISSN: 14818035     EISSN: 14818035     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s148180350001054x     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (36)

References (121)
  • 2
    • 33747796236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Strehlow MC, Emond SD, Shapiro NI, et al. National study of emergency department visits for sepsis, 1992 to 2001. Ann Emerg Med 2006;48:326-31,331.e1-3.
    • Strehlow MC, Emond SD, Shapiro NI, et al. National study of emergency department visits for sepsis, 1992 to 2001. Ann Emerg Med 2006;48:326-31,331.e1-3.
  • 3
    • 0037451929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The epidemiology of sepsis in the United States from 1979 through 2000
    • Martin GS, Mannino DM, Eaton S, et al. The epidemiology of sepsis in the United States from 1979 through 2000. N Engl J Med 2003 17;348:1546-54.
    • (2003) N Engl J Med , vol.17 , Issue.348 , pp. 1546-1554
    • Martin, G.S.1    Mannino, D.M.2    Eaton, S.3
  • 4
    • 0034958947 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of severe sepsis in the United States: Analysis of incidence, outcome, and associated costs of care
    • Angus DC, Linde-Zwirble WT, Lidicker J, et al. Epidemiology of severe sepsis in the United States: analysis of incidence, outcome, and associated costs of care. Crit Care Med 2001;29:1303-10.
    • (2001) Crit Care Med , vol.29 , pp. 1303-1310
    • Angus, D.C.1    Linde-Zwirble, W.T.2    Lidicker, J.3
  • 5
    • 0036196810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trends in the use and capacity of california's emergency departments, 1990-1999
    • Lambe S, Washington DL, Fink A, et al. Trends in the use and capacity of california's emergency departments, 1990-1999. Ann Emerg Med 2002;39:389-96.
    • (2002) Ann Emerg Med , vol.39 , pp. 389-396
    • Lambe, S.1    Washington, D.L.2    Fink, A.3
  • 6
    • 0032833406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trends in emergency department utilization, 1988-1997
    • Meggs WJ, Czaplijski T, Benson N. Trends in emergency department utilization, 1988-1997. Acad Emerg Med 1999;6:1030-5.
    • (1999) Acad Emerg Med , vol.6 , pp. 1030-1035
    • Meggs, W.J.1    Czaplijski, T.2    Benson, N.3
  • 7
    • 0036195592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outcome of emergency department patients with delayed admission to an intensive care unit
    • Parkhe M, Myles PS, Leach DS, et al. Outcome of emergency department patients with delayed admission to an intensive care unit. Emerg Med (Fremantle) 2002;14:50-7.
    • (2002) Emerg Med (Fremantle) , vol.14 , pp. 50-57
    • Parkhe, M.1    Myles, P.S.2    Leach, D.S.3
  • 8
    • 0031964115 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Critical care provided in an urban emergency department
    • Nelson M, Waldrop RD, Jones J, et al. Critical care provided in an urban emergency department. Am J Emerg Med 1998;16:56-9.
    • (1998) Am J Emerg Med , vol.16 , pp. 56-59
    • Nelson, M.1    Waldrop, R.D.2    Jones, J.3
  • 9
    • 0028329121 scopus 로고
    • Emergency department procedures and length of stay for critically ill medical patients
    • Varon J, Fromm RE Jr, Levine RL. Emergency department procedures and length of stay for critically ill medical patients. Ann Emerg Med 1994;23:546-9.
    • (1994) Ann Emerg Med , vol.23 , pp. 546-549
    • Varon, J.1    Fromm Jr, R.E.2    Levine, R.L.3
  • 10
    • 0030684732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Critical care of medical and surgical patients in the ED: Length of stay and initiation of intensive care procedures
    • Svenson J, Besinger B, Stapczynski JS. Critical care of medical and surgical patients in the ED: Length of stay and initiation of intensive care procedures. Am J Emerg Med 1997;15:654-7.
    • (1997) Am J Emerg Med , vol.15 , pp. 654-657
    • Svenson, J.1    Besinger, B.2    Stapczynski, J.S.3
  • 11
    • 0032917592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trauma care regionalization: A process-outcome evaluation
    • discussion 579-81
    • Sampalis JS, Denis R, Lavoie A, et al. Trauma care regionalization: a process-outcome evaluation. J Trauma 1999;46:565,79; discussion 579-81.
    • (1999) J Trauma , vol.46 , pp. 565-579
    • Sampalis, J.S.1    Denis, R.2    Lavoie, A.3
  • 12
    • 0035829842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early goal-directed therapy-in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock
    • Rivers E, Nguyen B, Havstad S, et al. Early goal-directed therapy-in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl J Med 2001;345:1368-77.
    • (2001) N Engl J Med , vol.345 , pp. 1368-1377
    • Rivers, E.1    Nguyen, B.2    Havstad, S.3
  • 13
    • 0034647275 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship of symptom-onset-to-balloon time and door-to-balloon time with mortality in patients undergoing angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction
    • Cannon CP, Gibson CM, Lambrew CT, et al. Relationship of symptom-onset-to-balloon time and door-to-balloon time with mortality in patients undergoing angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction. JAMA 2000;283:2941-7.
    • (2000) JAMA , vol.283 , pp. 2941-2947
    • Cannon, C.P.1    Gibson, C.M.2    Lambrew, C.T.3
  • 14
    • 0028783948 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study Group. N Engl J Med 1995;333:1581-7.
    • Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study Group. N Engl J Med 1995;333:1581-7.
  • 15
    • 0035826096 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety of recombinant human activated protein C for severe sepsis
    • Bernard GR, Vincent JL, Laterre PF, et al. Efficacy and safety of recombinant human activated protein C for severe sepsis. N Engl J Med 2001;344:699-709.
    • (2001) N Engl J Med , vol.344 , pp. 699-709
    • Bernard, G.R.1    Vincent, J.L.2    Laterre, P.F.3
  • 16
    • 0037151571 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of treatment with low doses of hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone on mortality in patients with septic shock
    • Annane D, Sebille V, Charpentier C, et al. Effect of treatment with low doses of hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone on mortality in patients with septic shock. JAMA 2002;288:862-71.
    • (2002) JAMA , vol.288 , pp. 862-871
    • Annane, D.1    Sebille, V.2    Charpentier, C.3
  • 17
    • 0035829852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intensive insulin therapy in the critically ill patients
    • van den BG, Wouters P, Weekers F, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in the critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 2001;345: 1359-67.
    • (2001) N Engl J Med , vol.345 , pp. 1359-1367
    • van den, B.G.1    Wouters, P.2    Weekers, F.3
  • 18
    • 8444238164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial therapy for patients with severe sepsis and septic shock: An evidence-based review
    • Bochud PY, Bonten M, Marchetti O, et al. Antimicrobial therapy for patients with severe sepsis and septic shock: an evidence-based review. Crit Care Med 2004;32:S495-512.
    • (2004) Crit Care Med , vol.32
    • Bochud, P.Y.1    Bonten, M.2    Marchetti, O.3
  • 19
    • 0347122086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of adequate empirical antibiotic therapy on the outcome of patients admitted to the intensive care unit with sepsis
    • Garnacho-Montero J, Garcia-Garmendia JL, Barrero-Almodovar A, et al. Impact of adequate empirical antibiotic therapy on the outcome of patients admitted to the intensive care unit with sepsis. Crit Care Med 2003;31:2742-51.
    • (2003) Crit Care Med , vol.31 , pp. 2742-2751
    • Garnacho-Montero, J.1    Garcia-Garmendia, J.L.2    Barrero-Almodovar, A.3
  • 20
    • 0031762306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The benefit of appropriate empirical antibiotic treatment in patients with blood-stream infection
    • Leibovici L, Shraga I, Drucker M, et al. The benefit of appropriate empirical antibiotic treatment in patients with blood-stream infection. J Intern Med 1998;244:379-86.
    • (1998) J Intern Med , vol.244 , pp. 379-386
    • Leibovici, L.1    Shraga, I.2    Drucker, M.3
  • 21
    • 0037323947 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Empirical antimicrobial therapy of septic shock patients: Adequacy and impact on the outcome
    • Leone M, Bourgoin A, Cambon S, et al. Empirical antimicrobial therapy of septic shock patients: adequacy and impact on the outcome. Crit Care Med 2003;31:462-7.
    • (2003) Crit Care Med , vol.31 , pp. 462-467
    • Leone, M.1    Bourgoin, A.2    Cambon, S.3
  • 23
    • 0037426726 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The pathophysiology and treatment of sepsis
    • Hotchkiss RS, Karl IE. The pathophysiology and treatment of sepsis. N Engl J Med 2003;348:138-50.
    • (2003) N Engl J Med , vol.348 , pp. 138-150
    • Hotchkiss, R.S.1    Karl, I.E.2
  • 24
    • 27544464728 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early and innovative interventions for severe sepsis and septic shock: Taking advantage of a window of opportunity
    • Rivers EP, McIntyre L, Morro DC, et al. Early and innovative interventions for severe sepsis and septic shock: taking advantage of a window of opportunity. CMAJ 2005;173:1054-65.
    • (2005) CMAJ , vol.173 , pp. 1054-1065
    • Rivers, E.P.1    McIntyre, L.2    Morro, D.C.3
  • 25
    • 0026710191 scopus 로고
    • Definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis
    • American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine. Chest
    • Bone RC, Balk RA, Cerra FB, et al. Definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis. The ACCP/SCCM Consensus Conference Committee. American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine. Chest 1992;101:1644-55.
    • (1992) The ACCP/SCCM Consensus Conference Committee , vol.101 , pp. 1644-1655
    • Bone, R.C.1    Balk, R.A.2    Cerra, F.B.3
  • 26
    • 34447646565 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The outcome of patients presenting to the emergency department with severe sepsis or septic shock
    • Rivers E. The outcome of patients presenting to the emergency department with severe sepsis or septic shock. Crit Care 2006; 10:154.
    • (2006) Crit Care , vol.10 , pp. 154
    • Rivers, E.1
  • 27
    • 0027181278 scopus 로고
    • A simple multiple system organ failure scoring system predicts mortality of patients who have sepsis syndrome
    • Hebert PC, Drummond AJ, Singer J, et al. A simple multiple system organ failure scoring system predicts mortality of patients who have sepsis syndrome. Chest 1993;104:230-5.
    • (1993) Chest , vol.104 , pp. 230-235
    • Hebert, P.C.1    Drummond, A.J.2    Singer, J.3
  • 28
    • 3943052086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early lactate clearance is associated with improved outcome in severe sepsis and septic shock
    • Nguyen HB, Rivers EP, Knoblich BP, et al. Early lactate clearance is associated with improved outcome in severe sepsis and septic shock. Crit Care Med 2004;32:1637-42.
    • (2004) Crit Care Med , vol.32 , pp. 1637-1642
    • Nguyen, H.B.1    Rivers, E.P.2    Knoblich, B.P.3
  • 29
    • 0028147057 scopus 로고
    • Cardiovascular effects of ventilatory support and withdrawal
    • Pinsky MR. Cardiovascular effects of ventilatory support and withdrawal. Anesth Analg 1994;79:567-76.
    • (1994) Anesth Analg , vol.79 , pp. 567-576
    • Pinsky, M.R.1
  • 30
    • 0015162031 scopus 로고
    • Physiologic management of septicemic shock in man
    • Sugerman HJ, Diaco JF, Pollock TW, et al. Physiologic management of septicemic shock in man. Surg Forum 1971;22:3-5.
    • (1971) Surg Forum , vol.22 , pp. 3-5
    • Sugerman, H.J.1    Diaco, J.F.2    Pollock, T.W.3
  • 31
    • 0034772740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical applicability of the substitution of mixed venous oxygen saturation with central venous oxygen saturation
    • Turnaoglu S, Tugrul M, Camci E, et al. Clinical applicability of the substitution of mixed venous oxygen saturation with central venous oxygen saturation. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2001; 15:574-9.
    • (2001) J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth , vol.15 , pp. 574-579
    • Turnaoglu, S.1    Tugrul, M.2    Camci, E.3
  • 32
    • 0032908255 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Practice parameters for hemodynamic support of sepsis in adult patients in sepsis. Task Force of the American College of Critical Care Medicine, Society of Critical Care Medicine
    • Practice parameters for hemodynamic support of sepsis in adult patients in sepsis. Task Force of the American College of Critical Care Medicine, Society of Critical Care Medicine. Crit Care Med 1999;27:639-60.
    • (1999) Crit Care Med , vol.27 , pp. 639-660
  • 33
    • 0021082956 scopus 로고
    • Fluid resuscitation in circulatory shock: A comparison of the cardiorespiratory effects of albumin, hetastarch, and saline solutions in patients with hypovolemic and septic shock
    • Rackow EC, Falk JL, Fein IA, et al. Fluid resuscitation in circulatory shock: a comparison of the cardiorespiratory effects of albumin, hetastarch, and saline solutions in patients with hypovolemic and septic shock. Crit Care Med 1983;11:839-50.
    • (1983) Crit Care Med , vol.11 , pp. 839-850
    • Rackow, E.C.1    Falk, J.L.2    Fein, I.A.3
  • 34
    • 4444253567 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Finfer S, Norton R, Bellomo R, et al. The SAFE study: saline vs. albumin for fluid resuscitation in the critically ill. Vox Sang 2004;07(Suppl 2): 123-31.
    • Finfer S, Norton R, Bellomo R, et al. The SAFE study: saline vs. albumin for fluid resuscitation in the critically ill. Vox Sang 2004;07(Suppl 2): 123-31.
  • 36
    • 42649103811 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients
    • CD000567
    • Roberts I, Alderson P, Bunn F, et al. Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;(4):CD000567
    • (2004) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , Issue.4
    • Roberts, I.1    Alderson, P.2    Bunn, F.3
  • 37
    • 16644362185 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human albumin solution for resuscitation and volume expansion in critically ill patients
    • CD001208
    • Alderson P, Bunn F, Lefebvre C, et al. Human albumin solution for resuscitation and volume expansion in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004;(4):CD001208.
    • Cochrane Database Syst Rev , vol.2004 , Issue.4
    • Alderson, P.1    Bunn, F.2    Lefebvre, C.3
  • 38
    • 16244390511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomized evaluation of fluid resuscitation with crystalloid (saline) and colloid (polymer from degraded gelatin in saline) in pediatric septic shock
    • Upadhyay M, Singhi S, Murlidharan J, et al. Randomized evaluation of fluid resuscitation with crystalloid (saline) and colloid (polymer from degraded gelatin in saline) in pediatric septic shock. Indian Pediatr 2005;42:223-31.
    • (2005) Indian Pediatr , vol.42 , pp. 223-231
    • Upadhyay, M.1    Singhi, S.2    Murlidharan, J.3
  • 39
    • 8444228185 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fluid resuscitation in severe sepsis and septic shock: An evidence-based review
    • Vincent JL, Gerlach H. Fluid resuscitation in severe sepsis and septic shock: an evidence-based review. Crit Care Med 2004; 32:S451-4.
    • (2004) Crit Care Med , vol.32
    • Vincent, J.L.1    Gerlach, H.2
  • 40
    • 38049096093 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intensive insulin therapy and pentastarch resuscitation in severe sepsis
    • Brunkhorst FM, Engel C, Bloos F, et al. Intensive insulin therapy and pentastarch resuscitation in severe sepsis. N Engl J Med 2008;358:125-39.
    • (2008) N Engl J Med , vol.358 , pp. 125-139
    • Brunkhorst, F.M.1    Engel, C.2    Bloos, F.3
  • 41
    • 26944490709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vasoactive drugs in the intensive care unit
    • Holmes CL. Vasoactive drugs in the intensive care unit. Curr Opin Crit Care 2005;11:413-7.
    • (2005) Curr Opin Crit Care , vol.11 , pp. 413-417
    • Holmes, C.L.1
  • 42
    • 0346993075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The evaluation and management of shock
    • Holmes CL, Walley KR. The evaluation and management of shock. Clin Chest Med 2003;24:775-89.
    • (2003) Clin Chest Med , vol.24 , pp. 775-789
    • Holmes, C.L.1    Walley, K.R.2
  • 43
    • 33745377126 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emergency Department Sepsis Education Program and Strategies to Improve Survival (ED-SEPSIS) Working Group. Severe sepsis and septic shock: Review of the literature and emergency department management guidelines
    • Nguyen HB, Rivers EP, Abrahamian FM, et al. Emergency Department Sepsis Education Program and Strategies to Improve Survival (ED-SEPSIS) Working Group. Severe sepsis and septic shock: review of the literature and emergency department management guidelines. Ann Emerg Med 2006;48:28-54.
    • (2006) Ann Emerg Med , vol.48 , pp. 28-54
    • Nguyen, H.B.1    Rivers, E.P.2    Abrahamian, F.M.3
  • 44
    • 3242775982 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surviving sepsis campaign guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock
    • Dellinger RP, Carlet JM, Masur H, et al. Surviving sepsis campaign guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock. Crit Care Med 2004;32:858-73.
    • (2004) Crit Care Med , vol.32 , pp. 858-873
    • Dellinger, R.P.1    Carlet, J.M.2    Masur, H.3
  • 45
    • 0036165639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kuhl DA. Current strategies for managing the patient with sepsis. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2002;02/15(Suppl 1):S9-13.
    • Kuhl DA. Current strategies for managing the patient with sepsis. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2002;02/15(Suppl 1):S9-13.
  • 46
    • 4444225425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Practice parameters for hemodynamic support of sepsis in adult patients: 2004 update
    • Hollenberg SM, Ahrens TS, Annane D, et al. Practice parameters for hemodynamic support of sepsis in adult patients: 2004 update. Crit Care Med 2004;32:1928-48.
    • (2004) Crit Care Med , vol.32 , pp. 1928-1948
    • Hollenberg, S.M.1    Ahrens, T.S.2    Annane, D.3
  • 47
    • 0038047593 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine on the splanchnic circulation in septic shock: Which is best?
    • De Backer D, Creteur J, Silva E, et al. Effects of dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine on the splanchnic circulation in septic shock: Which is best? Crit Care Med 2003;31:1659-67.
    • (2003) Crit Care Med , vol.31 , pp. 1659-1667
    • De Backer, D.1    Creteur, J.2    Silva, E.3
  • 48
    • 0033847366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of norepinephrine on the outcome of septic shock
    • Martin C, Viviand X, Leone M, et al. Effect of norepinephrine on the outcome of septic shock. Crit Care Med 2000;28:2758-65.
    • (2000) Crit Care Med , vol.28 , pp. 2758-2765
    • Martin, C.1    Viviand, X.2    Leone, M.3
  • 49
    • 0027166896 scopus 로고
    • Norepinephrine or dopamine for the treatment of hyperdynamic septic shock?
    • Martin C, Papazian L, Perrin G, et.al. Norepinephrine or dopamine for the treatment of hyperdynamic septic shock? Chest 1993;103:1826-31.
    • (1993) Chest , vol.103 , pp. 1826-1831
    • Martin, C.1    Papazian, L.2    Perrin, G.3
  • 50
    • 84942384304 scopus 로고
    • The contrasting effects of dopamine and norepinephrine on systemic and splanchnic oxygen utilization in hyperdynamic sepsis
    • Marik PE, Mohedin M. The contrasting effects of dopamine and norepinephrine on systemic and splanchnic oxygen utilization in hyperdynamic sepsis. JAMA 1994;272:1354-7.
    • (1994) JAMA , vol.272 , pp. 1354-1357
    • Marik, P.E.1    Mohedin, M.2
  • 51
    • 0027204645 scopus 로고
    • The effects of norepinephrine on hemodynamics and renal function in severe septic shock states
    • Redl-Wenzl EM, Armbruster C, Edelmann G, et al. The effects of norepinephrine on hemodynamics and renal function in severe septic shock states. Intensive Care Med 1993;19:151-4,
    • (1993) Intensive Care Med , vol.19 , pp. 151-154
    • Redl-Wenzl, E.M.1    Armbruster, C.2    Edelmann, G.3
  • 52
    • 0030965638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of norepinephrine and dobutamine to epinephrine for hemodynamics, lactate metabolism, and gastric tonometric variables in septic shock: A prospective, randomized study
    • Levy B, Bollaert PE, Charpentier C, et al. Comparison of norepinephrine and dobutamine to epinephrine for hemodynamics, lactate metabolism, and gastric tonometric variables in septic shock: a prospective, randomized study. Intensive Care Med 1997;23:282-7.
    • (1997) Intensive Care Med , vol.23 , pp. 282-287
    • Levy, B.1    Bollaert, P.E.2    Charpentier, C.3
  • 53
    • 0023112948 scopus 로고
    • A reappraisal of norepinephrine therapy in human septic shock
    • Desjars P, Pinaud M, Potel G, et al. A reappraisal of norepinephrine therapy in human septic shock. Crit Care Med 1987; 15:134-7.
    • (1987) Crit Care Med , vol.15 , pp. 134-137
    • Desjars, P.1    Pinaud, M.2    Potel, G.3
  • 54
    • 0023891218 scopus 로고
    • Reversal of intractable septic shock with norepinephrine therapy
    • Meadows D, Edwards JD, Wilkins RG, et al. Reversal of intractable septic shock with norepinephrine therapy. Crit Care Med 1988;16:663-6.
    • (1988) Crit Care Med , vol.16 , pp. 663-666
    • Meadows, D.1    Edwards, J.D.2    Wilkins, R.G.3
  • 55
    • 0024410955 scopus 로고
    • Norepinephrine therapy has no deleterious renal effects in human septic shock
    • Desjars P, Pinaud M, Bugnon D, et al. Norepinephrine therapy has no deleterious renal effects in human septic shock. Crit Care Med 1989;17:426-9.
    • (1989) Crit Care Med , vol.17 , pp. 426-429
    • Desjars, P.1    Pinaud, M.2    Bugnon, D.3
  • 56
    • 0024548836 scopus 로고
    • Low dose norepinephrine in patients with septic shock and oliguria: Effects on afterload, urine flow, and oxygen transport
    • Hesselvik JF, Brodin B. Low dose norepinephrine in patients with septic shock and oliguria: effects on afterload, urine flow, and oxygen transport. Crit Care Med 1989;17:179-80.
    • (1989) Crit Care Med , vol.17 , pp. 179-180
    • Hesselvik, J.F.1    Brodin, B.2
  • 57
    • 0025239776 scopus 로고
    • Renal effects of norepinephrine used to treat septic shock patients
    • Marin C, Eon B, Saux P, et al. Renal effects of norepinephrine used to treat septic shock patients. Crit Care Med 1990;18:282-5.
    • (1990) Crit Care Med , vol.18 , pp. 282-285
    • Marin, C.1    Eon, B.2    Saux, P.3
  • 58
    • 0034509672 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low-dose dopaminerin patients with early renal dysfunction: A placebo-controlled randomised trial. Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society (ANZICS) Clinical Trials Group
    • Bellomo R, Chapman M, Finfer S, et al. Low-dose dopaminerin patients with early renal dysfunction: a placebo-controlled randomised trial. Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society (ANZICS) Clinical Trials Group. Lancet 2000; 356:2139-43.
    • (2000) Lancet , vol.356 , pp. 2139-2143
    • Bellomo, R.1    Chapman, M.2    Finfer, S.3
  • 59
    • 0034882708 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of dopamine in acute renal failure: A meta-analysis
    • Kellum JA, Decker M. Use of dopamine in acute renal failure: a meta-analysis. Crit Care Med 2001;29:1526-31.
    • (2001) Crit Care Med , vol.29 , pp. 1526-1531
    • Kellum, J.A.1    Decker, M.2
  • 60
    • 0030478139 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Administration of low-dose dopamine to nonoliguric patients with sepsis syndrome does not raise intramucosal gastric pH nor improve creatinine clearance
    • Olson D, Pohlman A, Hall JB. Administration of low-dose dopamine to nonoliguric patients with sepsis syndrome does not raise intramucosal gastric pH nor improve creatinine clearance. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996;154:1664-70.
    • (1996) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.154 , pp. 1664-1670
    • Olson, D.1    Pohlman, A.2    Hall, J.B.3
  • 61
    • 0036187359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beneficial effects of short-term vasopressin infusion during severe septic shock
    • Patel BM, Chittock DR, Russell JA, et al. Beneficial effects of short-term vasopressin infusion during severe septic shock. Anesthesiology 2002;96:576-82.
    • (2002) Anesthesiology , vol.96 , pp. 576-582
    • Patel, B.M.1    Chittock, D.R.2    Russell, J.A.3
  • 62
    • 0032851311 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low-dose vasopressin in the treatment of vasodilatory septic shock
    • Malay MB, Ashton RC Jr, Landry DW, et al. Low-dose vasopressin in the treatment of vasodilatory septic shock. J Trauma 1999;47:699-703.
    • (1999) J Trauma , vol.47 , pp. 699-703
    • Malay, M.B.1    Ashton Jr, R.C.2    Landry, D.W.3
  • 63
    • 0034888444 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of vasopressin on hemodynamics and renal function in severe septic shock: A case series
    • Holmes CL, Walley KR, Chittock DR, et al. The effects of vasopressin on hemodynamics and renal function in severe septic shock: a case series. Intensive Cave Med 2001;27:1416-21.
    • (2001) Intensive Cave Med , vol.27 , pp. 1416-1421
    • Holmes, C.L.1    Walley, K.R.2    Chittock, D.R.3
  • 64
    • 0023149730 scopus 로고
    • Skin necrosis from intravenously infused materials
    • Dufresne RG Jr. Skin necrosis from intravenously infused materials. Cutis 1987;39:197-8.
    • (1987) Cutis , vol.39 , pp. 197-198
    • Dufresne Jr., R.G.1
  • 65
    • 0018095148 scopus 로고
    • Local gangrene: A complication of peripheral pitressin therapy for bleeding esophageal varices
    • Greenwald RA, Rheingold OJ, Chiprut RO, et al. Local gangrene: a complication of peripheral pitressin therapy for bleeding esophageal varices. Gastroenterology 1978;74:744-6.
    • (1978) Gastroenterology , vol.74 , pp. 744-746
    • Greenwald, R.A.1    Rheingold, O.J.2    Chiprut, R.O.3
  • 66
    • 0036348611 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Skin necrosis after extravasation of low-dose vasopressin administered for septic shock
    • Kahn JM, Kress JP, Hall JB. Skin necrosis after extravasation of low-dose vasopressin administered for septic shock. Crit Care Med 2002;30:1899-901.
    • (2002) Crit Care Med , vol.30 , pp. 1899-1901
    • Kahn, J.M.1    Kress, J.P.2    Hall, J.B.3
  • 68
    • 0029913141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is it time to reposition vasopressors and inotropes in sepsis?
    • Rudis MI, Basha MA, Zarowitz BJ. Is it time to reposition vasopressors and inotropes in sepsis? Crit Care Med 1996;24: 525-37.
    • (1996) Crit Care Med , vol.24 , pp. 525-537
    • Rudis, M.I.1    Basha, M.A.2    Zarowitz, B.J.3
  • 69
    • 8444236310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnosis of infection in sepsis: An evidence-based review
    • Cohen J, Brum-Buisson C, Torres A, et al. Diagnosis of infection in sepsis: an evidence-based review. Crit Care Med 2004;32:S466-94.
    • (2004) Crit Care Med , vol.32
    • Cohen, J.1    Brum-Buisson, C.2    Torres, A.3
  • 72
    • 0030016935 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • General principles of specimen collection and transport
    • Wilson ML. General principles of specimen collection and transport. Clin Infect Dis 1996;22:766-77.
    • (1996) Clin Infect Dis , vol.22 , pp. 766-777
    • Wilson, M.L.1
  • 73
    • 0001460268 scopus 로고
    • Excess lactate: An index of reversibility of shock in human patients
    • Broder G, Weil MH. Excess lactate: an index of reversibility of shock in human patients. Science 1964;143:1457-9.
    • (1964) Science , vol.143 , pp. 1457-1459
    • Broder, G.1    Weil, M.H.2
  • 74
    • 0030032080 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blood pressure and arterial lactate level are early indicators of short-term survival in human septic shock
    • Bernardin G, Pradier C, Tiger F, et al. Blood pressure and arterial lactate level are early indicators of short-term survival in human septic shock. Intensive Care Med 1996;22:17-25.
    • (1996) Intensive Care Med , vol.22 , pp. 17-25
    • Bernardin, G.1    Pradier, C.2    Tiger, F.3
  • 75
    • 17844398255 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serum lactate as a predictor of mortality in emergency department patients with infection
    • Shapiro NI, Howell MD, Talmor D, et al. Serum lactate as a predictor of mortality in emergency department patients with infection. Ann Emerg Med 2005;45:524-8.
    • (2005) Ann Emerg Med , vol.45 , pp. 524-528
    • Shapiro, N.I.1    Howell, M.D.2    Talmor, D.3
  • 76
    • 34249739559 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serum lactate as a predictor of mortality in patients with infection
    • Trzeciak S, Dellinger RP, Chansky ME, et al. Serum lactate as a predictor of mortality in patients with infection. Intensive Care Med 2007;33:970-7.
    • (2007) Intensive Care Med , vol.33 , pp. 970-977
    • Trzeciak, S.1    Dellinger, R.P.2    Chansky, M.E.3
  • 77
    • 84942950608 scopus 로고
    • The use and clinical importance of a substrate-specific electrode for rapid determination of blood lactate concentrations
    • Aduen J, Bernstein WK, Khastgir T, et al. The use and clinical importance of a substrate-specific electrode for rapid determination of blood lactate concentrations. JAMA 1994;272: 1678-85.
    • (1994) JAMA , vol.272 , pp. 1678-1685
    • Aduen, J.1    Bernstein, W.K.2    Khastgir, T.3
  • 78
    • 33750035526 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shapiro N, Howell MD, Bates DW, et al. The association of sepsis syndrome anal organ dysfunction with mortality in emergency department patients with suspected infection. Ann Emerg Med 2006;48:583,90, 590.
    • Shapiro N, Howell MD, Bates DW, et al. The association of sepsis syndrome anal organ dysfunction with mortality in emergency department patients with suspected infection. Ann Emerg Med 2006;48:583,90, 590.
  • 79
    • 30944463415 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The duration of hypotension before the initiation of antibiotic treatment is a critical determinant of survival in a murine model of escherichia coli septic shock: Association with serum lactate and inflammatory cytokine levels
    • Kumar A, Haery C, Paladugu B, et al. The duration of hypotension before the initiation of antibiotic treatment is a critical determinant of survival in a murine model of escherichia coli septic shock: association with serum lactate and inflammatory cytokine levels. J Infect Dis 2006;193:251-8.
    • (2006) J Infect Dis , vol.193 , pp. 251-258
    • Kumar, A.1    Haery, C.2    Paladugu, B.3
  • 80
    • 0035213049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Presentation, time to antibiotics, and mortality of patients with bacterial meningitis at ah urban county medical center
    • Miner JR, Heegaard W, Mapes A, et al. Presentation, time to antibiotics, and mortality of patients with bacterial meningitis at ah urban county medical center. J Emerg Med 2001;21:387-92.
    • (2001) J Emerg Med , vol.21 , pp. 387-392
    • Miner, J.R.1    Heegaard, W.2    Mapes, A.3
  • 81
    • 1642286527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Timing of antibiotic administration and outcomes for medicare patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia
    • Houck PM, Bratzler DW, Nsa W, et al. Timing of antibiotic administration and outcomes for medicare patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia. Arch Intern Med 2004; 164:637-44.
    • (2004) Arch Intern Med , vol.164 , pp. 637-644
    • Houck, P.M.1    Bratzler, D.W.2    Nsa, W.3
  • 82
    • 33744527833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Duration of hypotension before initiation of effective antimicrobial therapy is the critical determinant of survival in human septic shock
    • Kumar A, Roberts D, Wood KE, et al. Duration of hypotension before initiation of effective antimicrobial therapy is the critical determinant of survival in human septic shock. Crit Care Med 2006;34:1589-96.
    • (2006) Crit Care Med , vol.34 , pp. 1589-1596
    • Kumar, A.1    Roberts, D.2    Wood, K.E.3
  • 84
    • 0034030896 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic selection for patients with septic shock
    • Simon D, Trenholme G. Antibiotic selection for patients with septic shock. Crit Care Clin 2000;16:215-31.
    • (2000) Crit Care Clin , vol.16 , pp. 215-231
    • Simon, D.1    Trenholme, G.2
  • 85
    • 0037087226 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • guidelines for the use of antimicrobial agents in neutropenic patients with cancer
    • Hughes WT, Armstrong D, Bodey GP, et al. 2002 guidelines for the use of antimicrobial agents in neutropenic patients with cancer. Clin Infect Dis 2002;34:730-51.
    • (2002) Clin Infect Dis 2002 , vol.34 , pp. 730-751
    • Hughes, W.T.1    Armstrong, D.2    Bodey, G.P.3
  • 86
    • 8444234653 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Source control in the management of severe sepsis and septic shock: An evidence-based review
    • Marshall JC, Maier RV, Jimenez M, et al. Source control in the management of severe sepsis and septic shock: an evidence-based review. Crit Care Med 2004;32:S513-26.
    • (2004) Crit Care Med , vol.32
    • Marshall, J.C.1    Maier, R.V.2    Jimenez, M.3
  • 87
    • 0029820595 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Necrotizing fasciitis in children: Prompt recognition and aggressive therapy improve survival
    • Moss RL, Musemeche CA, Kosloske AM. Necrotizing fasciitis in children: Prompt recognition and aggressive therapy improve survival. J Pediatr Surg 1996;31:1142-6.
    • (1996) J Pediatr Surg , vol.31 , pp. 1142-1146
    • Moss, R.L.1    Musemeche, C.A.2    Kosloske, A.M.3
  • 88
    • 34250699429 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of anticoagulant strategies on activation of inflammation and coagulation
    • Feistritzer C, Wiedermann CJ. Effects of anticoagulant strategies on activation of inflammation and coagulation. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2007;7:855-70.
    • (2007) Expert Opin Biol Ther , vol.7 , pp. 855-870
    • Feistritzer, C.1    Wiedermann, C.J.2
  • 89
    • 35948959755 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activated protein C: Controversy and hope in the treatment of sepsis
    • Baillie JK. Activated protein C: Controversy and hope in the treatment of sepsis. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 2007;8:933-8.
    • (2007) Curr Opin Investig Drugs , vol.8 , pp. 933-938
    • Baillie, J.K.1
  • 90
    • 25444492831 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drotrecogin alfa (activated) for adults with severe sepsis anal a low risk of death
    • Abraham E, Laterre PF, Garg R, et al. Drotrecogin alfa (activated) for adults with severe sepsis anal a low risk of death. N Engl J Med 2005;353:1332-41.
    • (2005) N Engl J Med , vol.353 , pp. 1332-1341
    • Abraham, E.1    Laterre, P.F.2    Garg, R.3
  • 91
    • 2942716717 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extended Evaluation of Recombinant Human Activated Protein C United States Trial (ENHANCE US): A single-arm, phase 3B, multicenter study of drotrecogin alfa (activated) in severe sepsis
    • Bernard GR, Margolis BD, Shanies HM, et al. Extended Evaluation of Recombinant Human Activated Protein C United States Trial (ENHANCE US): a single-arm, phase 3B, multicenter study of drotrecogin alfa (activated) in severe sepsis. Chest 2004;125:2206-16.
    • (2004) Chest , vol.125 , pp. 2206-2216
    • Bernard, G.R.1    Margolis, B.D.2    Shanies, H.M.3
  • 92
    • 0035998343 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physiological-dose steroid therapy in sepsis [ISRCTN36253388]
    • Yildiz O, Doganay M, Aygen B, et al. Physiological-dose steroid therapy in sepsis [ISRCTN36253388]. Crit Care 2002;6:251-9.
    • (2002) Crit Care , vol.6 , pp. 251-259
    • Yildiz, O.1    Doganay, M.2    Aygen, B.3
  • 93
    • 0032946372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stress doses of hydrocortisone reverse hyperdynamic septic shock: A prospective, randomized, double-blind, single-center study
    • Briegel J, Forst H, Haller M, et al. Stress doses of hydrocortisone reverse hyperdynamic septic shock: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, single-center study. Crit Care Med 1999;27:723-32.
    • (1999) Crit Care Med , vol.27 , pp. 723-732
    • Briegel, J.1    Forst, H.2    Haller, M.3
  • 94
    • 0031942028 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reversal of late septic shock with supraphysiologic doses of hydrocortisone
    • Bollaert PE, Charpentier C, Levy B, et al. Reversal of late septic shock with supraphysiologic doses of hydrocortisone. Crit Care Med 1998;26:645-50.
    • (1998) Crit Care Med , vol.26 , pp. 645-650
    • Bollaert, P.E.1    Charpentier, C.2    Levy, B.3
  • 95
    • 0037441670 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Keh D, Boehnke T, Weber-Cartens S et al. Immunologic and hemodynamic effects of low-dose hydrocortisone in septic shock: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003 02/15;167(4):512-20.
    • Keh D, Boehnke T, Weber-Cartens S et al. Immunologic and hemodynamic effects of "low-dose" hydrocortisone in septic shock: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003 02/15;167(4):512-20.
  • 96
    • 3042858950 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meta-analysis: The effect of steroids on survival and shock during sepsis depends on the dose
    • Minneci PC, Deans KJ, Banks SM, et al. Meta-analysis: the effect of steroids on survival and shock during sepsis depends on the dose. Ann Intern Med 2004;14:1:47-56.
    • (2004) Ann Intern Med , vol.14 , Issue.1 , pp. 47-56
    • Minneci, P.C.1    Deans, K.J.2    Banks, S.M.3
  • 97
    • 4344618571 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Corticosteroids for severe sepsis and septic shock: A systematic review and meta-analysis
    • Annane D, Bellissant E, Bollaert PE, et al. Corticosteroids for severe sepsis and septic shock: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2004;329:480.
    • (2004) BMJ , vol.329 , pp. 480
    • Annane, D.1    Bellissant, E.2    Bollaert, P.E.3
  • 98
    • 0342980285 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A 3-1evel prognostic classification in septic shock based on cortisol levels and cortisol response to corticotropin
    • Annane D, Sebille V, Troche G, et al. A 3-1evel prognostic classification in septic shock based on cortisol levels and cortisol response to corticotropin. JAMA 2000;283:1038-45.
    • (2000) JAMA , vol.283 , pp. 1038-1045
    • Annane, D.1    Sebille, V.2    Troche, G.3
  • 99
    • 38049110809 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hydrocortisone therapy for patients with septic shock
    • Sprung CL, Annane D, Keh D, et al. Hydrocortisone therapy for patients with septic shock. N Engl J Med 2008;358:111-24.
    • (2008) N Engl J Med , vol.358 , pp. 111-124
    • Sprung, C.L.1    Annane, D.2    Keh, D.3
  • 100
    • 0037250881 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adrenal insufficiency during septic shock
    • Marik PE, Zaloga GP. Adrenal insufficiency during septic shock. Crit Care Med 2003;31:141-5.
    • (2003) Crit Care Med , vol.31 , pp. 141-145
    • Marik, P.E.1    Zaloga, G.P.2
  • 101
    • 0038204132 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adrenal axis testing and corticosteroid replacement therapy in septic shock patients-local and national perspectives
    • Bourne RS, Webber SJ, Hutchinson SP. Adrenal axis testing and corticosteroid replacement therapy in septic shock patients-local and national perspectives. Anaesthesia 2003;58:591-6.
    • (2003) Anaesthesia , vol.58 , pp. 591-596
    • Bourne, R.S.1    Webber, S.J.2    Hutchinson, S.P.3
  • 103
    • 0025974325 scopus 로고
    • Cortisol response to corticotropin and survival in septic shock
    • Rothwell PM, Udwadia ZF, Lawler PG. Cortisol response to corticotropin and survival in septic shock. Lancet 1991;337: 582-3.
    • (1991) Lancet , vol.337 , pp. 582-583
    • Rothwell, P.M.1    Udwadia, Z.F.2    Lawler, P.G.3
  • 104
    • 26444591090 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cortisol changes among patients with septic shock and the relationship to ICU and hospital stay
    • Goodman S, Sprung CL, Ziegler D, et al. Cortisol changes among patients with septic shock and the relationship to ICU and hospital stay. Intensive Care Med 2005;31:1362-9.
    • (2005) Intensive Care Med , vol.31 , pp. 1362-1369
    • Goodman, S.1    Sprung, C.L.2    Ziegler, D.3
  • 105
    • 8444223102 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of corticosteroid therapy in patients with sepsis and septic shock: An evidence-based review
    • Keh D, Sprung CL. Use of corticosteroid therapy in patients with sepsis and septic shock: an evidence-based review. Crit Care Med 2004;32:S527-33.
    • (2004) Crit Care Med , vol.32
    • Keh, D.1    Sprung, C.L.2
  • 106
    • 0343360868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A multicenter, randomized, controlled clinical trial of transfusion requirements in critical care. transfusion requirements in critical care investigators, canadian critical care trials group
    • Hebert PC, Wells G, Blajchman MA, et al. A multicenter, randomized, controlled clinical trial of transfusion requirements in critical care. transfusion requirements in critical care investigators, canadian critical care trials group. N Engl J Med 1999; 340:409-17.
    • (1999) N Engl J Med , vol.340 , pp. 409-417
    • Hebert, P.C.1    Wells, G.2    Blajchman, M.A.3
  • 107
    • 28944453903 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ventilatory management of acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome
    • Fan E, Needham DM, Stewart TE. Ventilatory management of acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome. JAMA 2005;294:2889-96.
    • (2005) JAMA , vol.294 , pp. 2889-2896
    • Fan, E.1    Needham, D.M.2    Stewart, T.E.3
  • 108
    • 4544343816 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence-based management of acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome
    • Kallet RH. Evidence-based management of acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Respir Care 2004;49: 793-809.
    • (2004) Respir Care , vol.49 , pp. 793-809
    • Kallet, R.H.1
  • 109
    • 0343893748 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ventilation with lower tidal as compared with traditional tidal for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. The acute respiratory distress syndrome network. N Engl J Med 2000;342:1301-8
    • Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. The acute respiratory distress syndrome network. N Engl J Med 2000;342:1301-8.
  • 110
    • 0028873282 scopus 로고
    • The acute respiratory distress syndrome
    • Kollef MH, Schuster DP. The acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 1995;332:27-37.
    • (1995) N Engl J Med , vol.332 , pp. 27-37
    • Kollef, M.H.1    Schuster, D.P.2
  • 112
    • 0027948495 scopus 로고
    • Low mortality rate in adult respiratory distress syndrome using low-volume, pressure-limited ventilation with permissive hypercapnia: A prospective study
    • Hickling KG, Walsh J, Henderson S, et al. Low mortality rate in adult respiratory distress syndrome using low-volume, pressure-limited ventilation with permissive hypercapnia: a prospective study. Crit Care Med 1994;22:1568-78.
    • (1994) Crit Care Med , vol.22 , pp. 1568-1578
    • Hickling, K.G.1    Walsh, J.2    Henderson, S.3
  • 113
    • 0032484956 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of a protective-ventilation strategy on mortality in the acute respiratory distress syndrome
    • Amato MB, Barbas CS, Medeiros DM, et al. Effect of a protective-ventilation strategy on mortality in the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 1998;338:347-54.
    • (1998) N Engl J Med , vol.338 , pp. 347-354
    • Amato, M.B.1    Barbas, C.S.2    Medeiros, D.M.3
  • 114
    • 0032484918 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of a ventilation strategy to prevent barotrauma in patients at high risk for acute respiratory distress syndrome, pressure- and volume-limited ventilation strategy group
    • Stewart TE, Meade MO, Cook DJ, et al. Evaluation of a ventilation strategy to prevent barotrauma in patients at high risk for acute respiratory distress syndrome, pressure- and volume-limited ventilation strategy group. N Engl J Med 1998;338:355-61.
    • (1998) N Engl J Med , vol.338 , pp. 355-361
    • Stewart, T.E.1    Meade, M.O.2    Cook, D.J.3
  • 115
    • 0027991224 scopus 로고
    • Permissive hypercapnia in acute respiratory failure
    • Bidani A, Tzouanakis AE, Cardenas VJ Jr, et al. Permissive hypercapnia in acute respiratory failure. JAMA 1994;272:957-62.
    • (1994) JAMA , vol.272 , pp. 957-962
    • Bidani, A.1    Tzouanakis, A.E.2    Cardenas Jr, V.J.3
  • 116
    • 0030615286 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prone positioning and low-volume pressure-limited ventilation improve survival in patients with severe ARDS
    • Stocker R, Neff T, Stein S, et al. Prone positioning and low-volume pressure-limited ventilation improve survival in patients with severe ARDS. Chest 1997;l 11:1008-17.
    • (1997) Chest , vol.50 , Issue.11 , pp. 1008-1017
    • Stocker, R.1    Neff, T.2    Stein, S.3
  • 117
    • 0032415150 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of the prone position on gas exchange and hemodynamics in severe acute respiratory distress syndrome
    • Jolliet P, Bulpa P, Chevrolet JC. Effects of the prone position on gas exchange and hemodynamics in severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med 1998;26:1977-85.
    • (1998) Crit Care Med , vol.26 , pp. 1977-1985
    • Jolliet, P.1    Bulpa, P.2    Chevrolet, J.C.3
  • 118
    • 17944383332 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of prone positioning on the survival of patients with acute respiratory failure
    • Gattinoni L, Tognoni G, Pesenti A, et al. Effect of prone positioning on the survival of patients with acute respiratory failure. N Engl J Med 2001;345:568-73.
    • (2001) N Engl J Med , vol.345 , pp. 568-573
    • Gattinoni, L.1    Tognoni, G.2    Pesenti, A.3
  • 119
    • 26444489000 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of prone positioning and high-frequency oscillatory ventilation in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome
    • Papazian L, Gainnier M, Marin V, et al. Comparison of prone positioning and high-frequency oscillatory ventilation in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med 2005;33:2162-71.
    • (2005) Crit Care Med , vol.33 , pp. 2162-2171
    • Papazian, L.1    Gainnier, M.2    Marin, V.3
  • 120
    • 32044465949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intensive insulin therapy in the medical ICU
    • Van den Berghe G, Wilmer A, Hermans G, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in the medical ICU. N Engl J Med 2006;354:449-61.
    • (2006) N Engl J Med , vol.354 , pp. 449-461
    • Van den Berghe, G.1    Wilmer, A.2    Hermans, G.3
  • 121
    • 32044448937 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intensive insulin in intensive care
    • Malhotra A. Intensive insulin in intensive care. N Engl J Med 2006;354:516-8.
    • (2006) N Engl J Med , vol.354 , pp. 516-518
    • Malhotra, A.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.