Role of exercise and nutrition in menopause

Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology

Volumn 51, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 627-641

  Hagey, Allison R ^a   Warren, Michelle P ^a  

^a NewYork Presbyterian Hospital   (United States)

Author keywords

Cancer; Cardiovascular disease; Depression; Menopause; Obesity, diabetes; Osteoporosis

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ALCOHOL; ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ANTIOXIDANT; ASCORBIC ACID; BETA CAROTENE; BETAINE; CALCIUM; CALCIUM CARBONATE; CALCIUM LACTATE; CONJUGATED ESTROGEN; CYANOCOBALAMIN; ESTROGEN; FOLIC ACID; LIPID; OMEGA 3 FATTY ACID; PHYTOESTROGEN; PLACEBO; PYRIDOXINE; TRACE ELEMENT; VITAMIN D;

ADD ON THERAPY; AGING; ARTICLE; BLOOD PRESSURE; BREAST CANCER; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL; DEPRESSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIET; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; ESTROGEN THERAPY; EXERCISE; FITNESS; GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE; HORMONE SUBSTITUTION; HUMAN; MENOPAUSE; NEOPLASM; NUTRITION; OBESITY; OSTEOPOROSIS; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PREVALENCE; PSYCHOTHERAPY; RISK ASSESSMENT; WEIGHT REDUCTION; AGED; CHRONIC DISEASE; FEMALE; MIDDLE AGED; PHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; REVIEW;

AGED; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CHRONIC DISEASE; DEPRESSION; EXERCISE; FEMALE; HUMANS; MENOPAUSE; MIDDLE AGED; NUTRITION PHYSIOLOGY; OBESITY; OSTEOPOROSIS;

EID: 54449096503     PISSN: 00099201     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/GRF.0b013e318180ba84     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. Sharp PC, Konen JC. Women's cardiovascular health. Prim Care. 1997;24:1-14.
2. Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol and Adults (Adult Treatment Plan III). Executive Summary. May 2001. Available at: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/ cholesterol/index.htm.
3. Campos H, McNamara JR, Wilson PWF, et al. Differences in low density lipoprotein sub fractions and apolipoproteins in premenopausal and postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1988;67:30-35.
4. Posner BM, Cupples AD, Gagnon D, et al. The rationale and potential efficacy of preventive nutrition in heart disease: the Framingham Offspring-Spouse Study. Arch Intern Med. 1993;153: 1549-1556.
5. Mosca L, Banka CL, Benjamin EJ, et al. The American Heart Association's evidence-based guidelines for cardiovascular disease in women: 2007 update. Circulation. 2007;115:1481-1501.
6. Zhang S, Folsom AR, Sellers TA, et al. Better breast cancer survival for postmenopausal women who are less overweight and eat less fat. The Iowa Women's Health Study. Cancer. 1995;76:275-283.
7. Siani A, Strazzullo P, Russo L, et al. Controlled trial of long term oral potassium supplements in patients with mild hypertension. Br Med J. 1987;294: 1453-1456.
8. Rytlig K. Treatment of mild to moderate hypertension with dietary fibre. Lancet. 1987;1:622-623.
9. Mulrow C. An editorial update: should she take aspirin? Ann Intern Med. 2005; 142:942-943.
10. Gey KF. Ten-year retrospective study on the antioxidant hypothesis of arteriosclerosis: threshold plasma, levels of antioxidant micronutrients related to minimum cardiovascularrisk. J Nutr Biochem. 1995;6:206-236.
11. Gey KF. Cardiovascular disease and vitamins. Concurrent correction of 'suboptimal' plasma antioxidant levels may, as important part of 'optimal' nutrition help to prevent early stages of cardiovascular disease and cancer, respectively. Bibl Nutr Dieta. 1995;52:75-91.
12. Food and Nutrition Board, National Research Council. Dietary Reference Intakes: Vitamins. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2002. Available at: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/etext/000105. html.
13. Hunter OJ, Manson JE, Colditz GA, et al. A prospective study of the intake of vitamins C, E, and A and the risk of breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 1993;329: 234-240.
14. Franken DG, Boers GH, Blom HJ, et al. Treatment of mild hyperhomocysteinemia in vascular disease patients. Arterioscl Thromb. 1994;14:465-470.
15. Department of Health and Human Services, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Dietary Guidelines for Americans. 2005. Available at: http://www.helathierus. gov/dietaryguidelines.
16. Baer DF, Judd JT, Clevidence BA, et al. Moderate alcohol consumption lowers risk factors for cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women fed a controlled diet. Am Soc Clin Nutr. 2002;75:593-599.
17. Powell KE, Thompson PO, Caspersen CJ, et al. Physical activity and the incidenceofcoronary heartdisease. Annu Rev Pub Health. 1987;8:253-287.
18. Berlin JA, Colditz GA. A meta-analysis of physical activity in the prevention of coronary heart disease. Am J Epidemiol. 1990;132:612-628.
19. Schroll M. Physical activity in ageing population. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2003; 13:63-69.
20. Blair SN, Kohl HW, Paffenberger RS, et al. Physical fitness and all-cause mortality. A prospective study of healthy men and women. JAMA. 1989;262:2395-2401.
21. Rainville S, Vaccaro P. The effects of menopause and training on serum lipids. Int J Sports Med. 1984;5:137-141.
22. Notelovitz M. Nutrition and the coagulation effects of estrogen replacement on cardiovascular health. Obst Gynecol Clin North Am. 1987;14:121-141.
23. Lemaitre RN, Heckbert SR, Psaty BM, et al. Leisure-time physical activity and the risk of nonfatal myocardial infarction in postmenopausal women. Arch Intern Med. 1995;155:2302-2308.
24. Pate RR, Pratt M, Blair SN, et al. Physical activity and public health: a recommendation form the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine. JAMA. 1995;273:402-407.
25. King AC, Haskell WL, Young DR, et al. Long-term effects of varying intensities and formats of physical activity on participation rates, fitness, and lipoproteins in men and women aged 50 to 65 years. Circulation. 1995;91:2596-2604.
26. Reaven PD, McPhillips JB, Barrett-Connor EL, et al. Leisure time exercise and lipid and lipoprotein levels in an older population. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1990; 38:847-854.
27. Lindheim SR, Notelovitz M, Feldman EB, et al. The independent effects of exercise and estrogen on lipids and lipo-proteins in postmenopausal women. Obstet Gynecol. 1994;83:167-172.
28. Binder EF, Birge SJ, Kohrt WM. Effects of endurance exercise and hormone replacement therapy on serum lipids in older women. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1996;44: 231-236.
29. Morimoto LM, White E, Chen Z, et al. Obesity, body size, and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer: the Women's Health Initiative (United States). Cancer Causes Control. 2002;13:741-751.
30. NIH News. NIH Asks Participants in Women's Health Initiative Estrogen-Alone Study to Stop Study Pills, Begin Follow-up Phase. Available at: www. nhlbi.nih.gov/new/press/04-03-02.htm. Accessed on: March 2, 2004.
31. Women's Health Initiative Participant Website. WHI Letter for Healthcare Providers. Available at: http://www.whi.org/ updates/letter-ea-provider.php.
32. Harris TB, Launer LJ, Madans J, et al. Cohort study of effect of being overweight and change in weight on risk of coronary heart disease in old age. BMJ. 1997; 314:1791.
33. Manson JE, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, et al. A prospective study of obesity and risk of coronary heart disease in women. N Engl J Med. 1990;322:882-889.
34. Stoll BA. Timing of weight gain in relation to breast cancer risk. Ann Oncol. 1995;6:245-248.
35. Ng EH, Gao F, Ji CY, et al. Risk factors for breast carcinoma in Singaporean Chinese women: the role of central obesity. Cancer. 1997;80:725-731.
36. Garrow JS. Treatment of obesity. Lancet. 1992;340:409-413.
37. Wood PD, Stefanick ML, Williams PT, et al. The effects on plasma lipoproteins of a prudent weight-reducing diet, with or without exercise, in overweight men and women.N Engl J Med. 1991;325:461-466.
38. Zierath JR, Wallberg-Henriksson H. Exercise training in obese diabetic patients. Special considerations. Sports Med. 1992;14:171-189.
39. Stewart KJ, Bacher AC, Turner K, et al. Exercise and risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome in older adults. Am J Prev Med. 2005;28:9-18.
40. Byyny RL, Speroff L. A Clinical Guide for the Care of Older Women: Primary and Preventive Care, 2nd ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1996:161-227.
41. Manson JE, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, et al. Physical activity and incidence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Lancet. 1991;338:774-778.
42. Simpson HCR, Simpson RW, Lousley S, et al. A high carbohydrate leguminous fiber diet improves all aspects of diabetic control. Lancet. 1981;1:1-5.
43. American Dietetic Association. Position of the American Dietetic Association: health implications of dietary fiber-technical support paper. J Am Dietetic Assoc. 1988;88:217-221.
44. North American Menopause Society. The role of calcium in peri- and post-menopausal women: consensus opinion of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause: J North Am Menopause Soc. 2001;8:884-895.
45. Murray TM. Prevention and management of osteoporosis: consensus statements from the Scientific Advisory Board of the Osteoporosis Society of Canada. 4. Calcium nutrition and osteoporosis. Can Med Assoc J. 1996;155: 935-939.
46. Holick MF, Matsuoka LY, Worstman J. Age, vitamin D, and solar ultraviolet (letter). Lancet. 1989;2:1104-1105.
47. Reid IR. Therapy of osteoporosis: calcium, vitamin D and exercise. Am J Med Sci. 1996;312:278-286.
48. Nordin BE. Calcium and osteoporosis. Nutrition. 1997;13:664-686.
49. Riggs BL, O'Fallon WM, Muhs J, et al. Long-term effects of calcium supplementation on serum parathyroid hormone level, bone turnover, and bone loss in elderly women. J Bone Miner Res. 1998; 13:168-174.
50. Dawson-Huges B, Harris SS, Krall EA, et al. Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone density in men and women 65 years of age and older. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:670-676.
51. Prince RL, Smith M, Dick IM, et al. Prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis. A comparative study of exercise, calcium supplementation, and hormone replacement therapy.N Engl J Med. 1991; 325:1189-1195.
52. Dawson-Hughes B, Dallal GE, Krall EA, et al. A controlled trial of the effect of calcium supplementation on bone density in postmenopausal women.N Engl J Med. 1990;323:878-883.
53. Reid IR, Ames RW, Evans MC, et al. Long-term effects of calcium supplementation on bone loss in postmenopausal women-a randomized controlled trial. Am J Med. 1995;98:331-335.
54. Chevalley T, Rizzoli R, Nydegger V, et al. Effects of calcium supplements on femoral bone mineral density and vertebral fracture rate in vitamin-D-replete elderly patients. Osteoporos Int. 1994;4:245-252.
55. Chapuy MC, Arlot ME, Delmas PD, et al. Effect of calcium and cholecalciferol treatment for three years on hip fractures in elderly women. BMJ. 1994;308: 1081-1082.
56. Feskanich D, Willett WC, Colditz GA. Calcium, vitamin D, milk consumption, and hip fractures: a prospective study among postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;77:504-511.
57. Rapuri PB, Gallagher JC, Haynatzka V. Protein intake: effects on bone mineral density and the rate of bone loss in elderly women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;77: 1517-1525.
58. Kerstetter JE, Looker AC, Insogna KL. Low dietary protein and low bone density. Calcif Tissue Int. 2000;66:313.
59. Dook JE, James C, Henderson NK, et al. Exercise and bone mineral density in mature female athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1997;29:291-296.
60. Sandler RB, Cauley JA, Hom DL, et al. The effects of walking on cross-sectional dimensions of the radius in postmenopausal women. Calcif Tissue Int. 1997;41: 65-69.
61. Nelson ME, Fiatarone MA, Morganti CM, et al. Effects of high-intensity strength training on multiple risk factors for osteoporotic fractures. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 1994;272: 1909-1914.
62. Martin P, Notelovitz M. Effects of aerobic training on bone mineral density of postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res. 1993;8:931-936.
63. Ettinger B, Black DM, Mitlak BH, et al. For the Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation (MORE) Investigators. Reduction of vertebral fracture risk in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis treated with raloxifene: results from a 3-year randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 1999;282:637-645.
64. Black DM, Cummings SR, Karpf DB, et al. Randomised trial of effect of alendronate on risk of fracture in women with existing vertebral fractures. Lancet. 1996; 282:637-645.
65. The North American Menopause Society. Recommendations for estrogen and progestogen use in peri- and postmenopausal women: October 2004 position statement of the North American Menopause Society. Menopause. 2004;11: 589-600.
66. Nieves JW, Komar L, Cosman F, et al. Calcium potentiates the effect of estrogen and calcitonin on bone mass: review and analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998;67:18-24.
67. Parra-Cabrera S, Hernandez-Avila M, Tamayo-y-Orozco J, et al. Exercise and reproductive factors as predictors of bone density among osteoporotic women in Mexico City. Calcif Tissue Int. 1996;59: 89-94.
68. Saltman PD, Strause LG. The role of trace minerals in osteoporosis. J Am Coll Nutr. 1993;12:384-389.
69. Reginster JY, Strause LG, Saltman P, et al. Trace elements and postmenopausal osteoporosis: a preliminary study of decreased serum manganese. Med Sci Res. 1988;16:337-338.
70. Howard G, Andon M, Bracker M, et al. Serum trace mineral concentrations, dietary calcium intake and spine bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 1992;5:23-31.
71. Strause L, Saltman P, Smith KT, et al. Spinal bone loss in postmenopausal women supplemented with calcium and trace minerals. J Nutr. 1994;124: 1060-1064.
72. Harris MM, Houtkooper LB, Stanford VA, et al. Dietary iron is associated with bone mineral density in healthy postmenopausal women. J Nutr.w 2003;133: 3598-3602.
73. Folkins CH, Sime WE. Physical fitness training and mental health. Am Psychol. 1981;36:373-389.
74. Bravo G, Gauthier P, Roy PM, et al. Impact of a 12-month exercise program on the physical and psychological health of osteopenic women. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1996;44:756-762.
75. Cornwell T, Cohick W, Raskin H. Dietary phytoestrogens and health. Phytochemistry. 2004;65:995-1016. Review.
76. Kreijkamp-Kaspers S, Kok L, Bots M, et al. Dietary phytoestrogens and plasma lipids in Dutch postmenopausal women; a cross-sectional study. Atherosclerosis. 2005;178;95-100.
77. Ingram D, Sanders K, Kolyabba M, et al. Case control study of phytoestrogens and breast cancer. Lancet. 1997;350: 990-994.