Teaching history after identity-based conflicts: The Rwanda experience

Comparative Education Review

Volumn 52, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 663-690

  Freedman, Sarah Warshauer ^a   Weinstein, Harvey M ^a   Murphy, Karen ^a   Longman, Timothy ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 54249166151     PISSN: 00104086     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/591302     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. Anderson, Benedict. 1983. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso.
2. Barahona de Brito, Carmen Gonzalez Enriquez, and Paloma Aguilar. 2001. The Politics of Memory in Democratizing Societies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3. Barkan, Elazar. 2005. "Engaging History: Managing Conflict and Reconciliation." History Workshop Journal 59 (1): 229-36.
4. Bell, Duncan S. A. 2003. "Mythscapes: Memory, Mythology, and National Identity," British Journal of Sociology 54 (1): 63-81.
5. Buyinzai, James, and Florence Mutesi. 2008. "Genocide Ideology: Lawmakers Form Another Ad Hoc Commission." The New Times. Kigali, Rwanda, March 21. http:// www.newtimes.co.rw/index.php?issue = 1385&article = 3106.
6. Cole, Elizabeth, ed. 2007a. Teaching the Violent Past: History Education and Reconciliation. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
7. Cole, Elizabeth. 2007b. "Transitional Justice and the Reform of History Education." International Journal of Transitional Justice 1 (1): 115-37.
8. Cole, Elizabeth, and Judy Barsalou. 2006. Unite or Divide? The Challenges of Teaching History in Societies Emerging from Violent Conflict Special report. Washington, DC: U.S. Institute of Peace.
9. Connerton, Paul. 1989. How Societies Remember. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
10. Davis, Madeleine. 2005. "Is Spain Recovering Its Memory? Breaking the Pacto del Olvido." Human Rights Quarterly 27 (3): 858-80.
11. Des Forges, Alison. 1999. Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda. New York: Human Rights Watch.
12. Dierkes, Julian. 2007. "The Trajectory of Reconciliation through History Education in Postunification Germany." In Teaching the Violent Past: History Education and Reconciliation, ed. Elizabeth Cole. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
13. Eltringham, Nigel. 2004. Accounting for Horror: Post-genocide Debates in Rwanda. London: Pluto.
14. Emmert, Thomas, and Charles Ingrao. 2004. "Resolving the Yugoslav Controversies: A Scholars' Initiative." Nationalities Papers 32 (4): 727-30.
15. Freedman, Sarah Warshauer, Déo Kambanda, Beth Lewis Samuelson, Innocent Mugisha, Immaculée Mukashema, Evode Mukama, Jean Mutabaruka, Harvey M. Weinstein, and Timothy Longman. 2004. "Confronting the Past in Rwandan Schools." In My Neighbor; My Enemy: Justice and Community in the Aftermath of Mass Atrocity, ed. Eric Stover and Harvey M. Weinstein. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
16. Gellner, Ernest. 1983. Nations and Nationalism. Idiaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
17. Gillis, John R., ed. 1994. Commemorations: The Politics of National Identity. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
18. Halbwachs, Maurice. 1980. The Collective Memory. New York: Harper & Row.
19. Halbwachs, Maurice. 1992. On Collective Memory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
20. Hodgkin, Marian. 2006. "Reconciliation in Rwanda: Education, History and the State." Journal of International Affairs 60 (1): 199-211.
21. Hoepken, Wolfgang. 1999. "War, Memory, and Education in a Fragmented Society: The Case of Yugoslavia." East European Politics and Societies 13 (1): 190-227.
22. Holt, Thomas C. 1990. Thinking Historically: Narrative, Imagination, and Understanding. New York: College Board.
23. Human Rights Watch. 2000. "Rwanda: The Search for Security and Human Rights Abuses." Human Rights Watch 12, no. 1. http://www.hrw.org/ reports/ 2000/rwanda/.
24. Human Rights Watch. 2001. "Rwanda: Resolve Disappearances, Assassination." May 4. Human Rights Watch, New York, http://www.hrw.org/ english/docs/2001/05/ 04/rwandal33_txt.htm.
25. Human Rights Watch. 2004. "Rwanda: Parliament Seeks to Abolish Rights Group." July 2. Human Rights Watch, New York, http://www.hrw.org/ english/docs/2004/ 07/02/rwanda8996_txt.htm.
26. Human Rights Watch. 2007. "'There Will Be No Trial': Police Killings of Detainees and the Imposition of Collective Punishments." Human Rights Watch 19, no. 10. http://www.hrw/org/reports/2007/rwanda0707/.
27. Ignatieff, Michael. 1998. The Warrior's Honor: Ethnic War and the Modern Conscience. New York: Holt.
28. International Crisis Group. 2002. Rwanda at the End of the Transition: A Necessary Political Liberalization. Africa Report no. 53, November 13. Brussels: International Crisis Group.
29. Longman, Timothy. 2006. "Memory, Justice, and Power in Post-genocide Rwanda." Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Philadelphia, August 31.
30. Longman, Timodiy, and Théonèste Rutagengwa. 2004. "Memory, Identity, and Community in Rwanda." In My Neighbor, My Enemy: Justice and Community in the Aftermath of Mass Atrocity, ed. Eric Stover and Harvey M. Weinstein. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
31. Low-Beer, Ann. 2001. "Politics, School Textbooks and Cultural Identity: The Struggle in Bosnia and Herzegovina." Paradigm 2 (3): 1-6.
32. Malkki, Liisa. 1995. Purity and Exile: Violence, Memory, and National Cosmology among Hutu Refugees in Tanzania. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
33. Naveh, Eyal. 1999. The Twentieth Century: On the Threshold of Tomorrow [in Hebrew]. Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv Books.
34. Naveh, Eyal. 2006. "The Dynamics of Identity Construction in Israel through Education in History." In Israeli and Palestinian Narratives of Conflict: History's Double Helix, ed. Robert I. Rotberg. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
35. Newbury, Catherine. 1988. The Cohesion of Oppression: Clientship and Ethnicity in Rwanda, 1860-1960. New York: Columbia University Press.
36. Newbury, Cadierine, and David Newbury. 2000. "Bringing the Peasants Back In: Agrarian Themes in the Construction and Corrosion of Statist Historiography in Rwanda." American Historical Review 105 (3): 832-77.
37. Newbury, David. 1980. "The Clans of Rwanda: An Historical Hypothesis." Africa 50 (4): 389-403.
38. Nora, Pierre, and Lawrence D. Kritzman, eds. 1996. Realms of Memory: Rethinking the French Past. Trans. Arthur Goldhammer. 3 vols. New York: Columbia University Press.
39. Office of the President of the Republic. 1999. The Unity of Rwandans: Before the Colonial Period and under- Colonial Rule; Under the First Republic. Kigali: Office of die President of die Republic.
40. Oglesby, Elizabeth. 2007. "Historical Memory and the Limits of Peace Education: Examining Guatemala's Memory of Silence and the Politics of Curriculum Design." In Teaching the Violent Past: History Education and Reconciliation, ed. Elizabeth Cole. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
41. Parliamentary Report. 2006. Rwanda Genocide Ideology and Strategies for Its Eradication. Kigali: Senate of Rwanda.
42. Porat, Dan A. 2006. "Who Fired First? Students' Construction of Meaning from One Textbook Account of the Israeli-Arab Conflict." Curriculum Inquiry 36 (3): 251-71.
43. Pottier, Johan. 2002. Re-imagining Rwanda: Conflict, Survival and Disinformation in, the Late Twentieth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
44. Prunier, Gérard. 1995. The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide, 1959-1994. London: Hurst.
45. Reyntjens, Filip. 2004. "Rwanda, Ten Years On: From Genocide to Dictatorship." African Affairs 103 (411): 177-210.
46. Stover, Eric, and Harvey M. Weinstein, eds. 2004. My Neighbor, My Enemy: Justice and Community in the Aftermath of Mass Atrocity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
47. Straus, Scott. 2006. The Order of Genocide: Race, Power; and War in Rwanda. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
48. Strom, Margot Stern. Facing History and Ourselves: Holocaust and Human Behavior. 1994. Boston: Facing History and Ourselves Foundation.
49. Tawil, Sobhi, and Alexandra Harley, eds. 2004. Education, Conflict and Social Cohesion: Studies in Comparative Education. Paris: International Bureau of Education/ UNESCO.
50. The Teaching of History of Rwanda: A Participatory Approach. 2006. Berkeley: University of California, Berkeley; Butare, Ruwanda: National University of Rwanda; and Kigali, Ruwanda: National Curriculum Development Center. Available in French and English at http://www.hrcberkeley.org/ specialprojects/index.html.
51. Valls, Rafael. 2007. "The Spanish Civil War and the Franco Dictatorship: The Challenges of Representing a Conflictive Past in Secondary Schools." In Teaching the Violent Past: History Education and Reconciliation, ed. Elizabeth Cole. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
52. Vansina, Jan. 1998. "The Politics of History and the Crisis of the Great Lakes." Africa Today 45 (1): 37-44.
53. Vansina, Jan. 2001. Le Rwanda Ancien: Le Royaume Nyiginya. Paris: Karthala.
54. Weinstein, Harvey M., Sarah Warshauer Freedman, and Holly Hughson. 2007. "School Voices: Challenges Facing Education Systems after Identity-Based Conflicts." Education, Citizenship and Social Justice 2 (1): 41-71.
55. Weinstein, Harvey M., and Eric Stover. 2004. "Introduction." In My Neighbor, My Enemy: Justice and Community in the Aftermath of Mass Atrocity, ed. Eric Stover and Harvey M. Weinstein. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
56. Wertsch, James V. 2000. "Is It Possible to Teach Beliefs, as Well as Knowledge about History?" In Knowing Teaching, and Learning History: National and International Perspectives, ed. Peter N. Stearns, Peter Seixas, and Sam Wineburg. New York: New York University Press.
57. Wolfgram, Mark A. 2006. "Rediscovering Narratives of German Resistance: Opposing the Nazi 'Terror-State.'" Rethinking History 10 (2): 204-5.