Managing Pain in Feline Patients

Veterinary Clinics of North America - Small Animal Practice

Volumn 38, Issue 6, 2008, Pages 1267-1290

  Robertson, Sheilah A ^a  

^a University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine   (United States)

Author keywords

Behavior; Cognitive Dysfunction; Diagnosis; Pheromone; Psychopharmacology

Indexed keywords

ALFENTANIL; ALPHA 2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; AMANTADINE; AMITRIPTYLINE; ANALGESIC AGENT; BUPRENORPHINE; BUTORPHANOL; CARPROFEN; CLOMIPRAMINE; FENTANYL; GABAPENTIN; HYDROMORPHONE; IMIPRAMINE; ISOFLURANE; KETAMINE; LOCAL ANESTHETIC AGENT; METHADONE; MORPHINE; NALBUPHINE; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; NUTRACEUTICAL; OPIATE; OXYMORPHONE; PETHIDINE; PROPOFOL; REMIFENTANIL; SUFENTANIL; TOLFENAMIC ACID; TRAMADOL; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ADD ON THERAPY; ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE; CAT; CHRONIC DRUG ADMINISTRATION; CHRONIC PAIN; DRUG APPROVAL; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG DOSE INCREASE; DRUG ELIMINATION; DRUG HALF LIFE; NONHUMAN; PAIN; PAIN ASSESSMENT; REVIEW;

ANALGESICS; ANESTHESIA, LOCAL; ANESTHETICS, LOCAL; ANIMALS; ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL; CATS; FEMALE; MALE; PAIN; PAIN MEASUREMENT;

FELIDAE;

EID: 54149117093     PISSN: 01955616     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.06.008     Document Type: Review

References (138)

1. Bernstein P. The human-cat relationship. In: Rochlitz I. (Ed). The welfare of cats (2005), Springer, Dordrecht (The Netherlands) 47-89
2. Joubert K.E. Anaesthesia and analgesia for dogs and cats in South Africa undergoing sterilisation and with osteoarthritis-an update from 2000. J S Afr Vet Assoc 77 4 (2006) 224-228
3. Hewson C.J., Dohoo I.R., and Lemke K.A. Perioperative use of analgesics in dogs and cats by Canadian veterinarians in 2001. Can Vet J 47 4 (2006) 352-359
4. Williams V.M., Lascelles B.D., and Robson M.C. Current attitudes to, and use of, peri-operative analgesia in dogs and cats by veterinarians in New Zealand. N Z Vet J 53 3 (2005) 193-202
5. Coleman D.L., and Slingsby L.S. Attitudes of veterinary nurses to the assessment of pain and the use of pain scales. Vet Rec 160 16 (2007) 541-544
6. Hellyer P., Rodan I., Brunt J., et al. AAHA/AAFP pain management guidelines for dogs and cats. J Feline Med Surg 9 6 (2007) 466-480
7. Godfrey D.R. Osteoarthritis in cats: a retrospective radiological study. J Small Anim Pract 46 9 (2005) 425-429
8. Clarke S.P., Mellor D., Clements D.N., et al. Prevalence of radiographic signs of degenerative joint disease in a hospital population of cats. Vet Rec 157 25 (2005) 793-799
9. Clarke S.P., and Bennett D. Feline osteoarthritis: a prospective study of 28 cases. J Small Anim Pract 47 8 (2006) 439-445
10. Hewson C.J., Dohoo I.R., and Lemke K.A. Factors affecting the use of postincisional analgesics in dogs and cats by Canadian veterinarians in 2001. Can Vet J 47 5 (2006) 453-459
11. Paul-Murphy J., Ludders J.W., Robertson S.A., et al. The need for a cross-species approach to the study of pain in animals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 224 5 (2004) 692-697
12. Montagna P. Recent advances in the pharmacogenomics of pain and headache. Neurol Sci 28 Suppl 2 (2007) S208-S212
13. Lascelles B.D., and Robertson S.A. Use of thermal threshold response to evaluate the antinociceptive effects of butorphanol in cats. Am J Vet Res 65 8 (2004) 1085-1089
14. Johnson J.A., Robertson S.A., and Pypendop B.H. Antinociceptive effects of butorphanol, buprenorphine, or both, administered intramuscularly in cats. Am J Vet Res 68 7 (2007) 699-703
15. Cambridge A., Tobias K., Newberry R., et al. Subjective and objective measurements of postoperative pain in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 217 5 (2000) 685-690
16. Smith J., Allen S., Quandt J., et al. Indicators of postoperative pain in cats and correlation with clinical criteria. Am J Vet Res 57 11 (1996) 1674-1678
17. Smith J., Allen S., and Quandt J. Changes in cortisol concentration in response to stress and postoperative pain in client-owned cats and correlation with objective clinical variables. Am J Vet Res 60 4 (1999) 432-436
18. Romans C.W., Conzemius M.G., Horstman C.L., et al. Use of pressure platform gait analysis in cats with and without bilateral onychectomy. Am J Vet Res 65 9 (2004) 1276-1278
19. Romans C.W., Gordon W.J., Robinson D.A., et al. Effect of postoperative analgesic protocol on limb function following onychectomy in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 227 1 (2005) 89-93
20. Robinson D.A., Romans C.W., Gordon-Evans W.J., et al. Evaluation of short-term limb function following unilateral carbon dioxide laser or scalpel onychectomy in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 230 3 (2007) 353-358
21. Slingsby L., Jones A., and Waterman-Pearson A.E. Use of a new finger-mounted device to compare mechanical nociceptive thresholds in cats given pethidine or no medication after castration. Res Vet Sci 70 3 (2001) 243-246
22. Waran N., Best L., Williams V., et al. A preliminary study of behaviour-based indicators of pain in cats. Anim Welf 16 S (2007) 105-108
23. Lascelles B.D., Hansen B.D., Roe S., et al. Evaluation of client-specific outcome measures and activity monitoring to measure pain relief in cats with osteoarthritis. J Vet Intern Med 21 3 (2007) 410-416
24. Lascelles B.D., Hansen B.D., Thomson A., et al. Evaluation of a digitally integrated accelerometer-based activity monitor for the measurement of activity in cats. [Epub date]. Vet Anaesth Analg (Oct 10 2007)
25. Court M., and Greenblatt D. Molecular basis for deficient acetaminophen glucuronidation in cats. An interspecies comparison of enzyme kinetics in liver microsomes. Biochem Pharmacol 53 7 (1997) 1041-1047
26. Court M., and Greenblatt D. Biochemical basis for deficient paracetamol glucuronidation in cats: an interspecies comparison of enzyme constraint in liver microsomes. J Pharm Pharmacol 49 4 (1997) 446-449
27. Court M., and Greenblatt D. Molecular genetic basis for deficient acetaminophen glucuronidation by cats: UGT1A6 is a pseudogene, and evidence for reduced diversity of expressed hepatic UGT1A isoforms. Pharmacogenetics 10 4 (2000) 355-369
28. Borron S.W., Monier C., Risede P., et al. Flunitrazepam variably alters morphine, buprenorphine, and methadone lethality in the rat. Hum Exp Toxicol 21 11 (2002) 599-605
29. Dixon M.J., Robertson S.A., and Taylor P.M. A thermal threshold testing device for evaluation of analgesics in cats. Res Vet Sci 72 3 (2002) 205-210
30. Dixon M.J., Taylor P.M., Steagall P.V., et al. Development of a pressure nociceptive threshold testing device for evaluation of analgesics in cats. Res Vet Sci 82 1 (2007) 85-92
31. Duke T., Cox A.M., Remedios A.M., et al. The analgesic effects of administering fentanyl or medetomidine in the lumbosacral epidural space of cats. Vet Surg 23 2 (1994) 143-148
32. Briggs S.L., Sneed K., and Sawyer D.C. Antinociceptive effects of oxymorphone-butorphanol-acepromazine combination in cats. Vet Surg 27 5 (1998) 466-472
33. Brosnan R.J., Pypendop B.H., Siao K.T., et al. Effects of remifentanil on measurements of analgesia and anesthetic immobility in cats. Proceedings of the 13th Annual IVECCS Conference. New Orleans: 2007. Available at:. http://www.acva.org/professional/abstract/ Accessed December 10, 2007
34. Fertziger A.P., Stein E.A., and Lynch J.J. Letter: suppression of morphine-induced mania in cats. Psychopharmacologia 36 2 (1974) 185-187
35. Clark W.G., and Cumby H.R. Hyperthermic responses to central and peripheral injections of morphine sulphate in the cat. Br J Pharmacol 63 1 (1978) 65-71
36. Booth N., and Rankin A.L. Evaluation of meperidine hydrochloride in the cat. Vet Med 49 (1954) 249-252
37. Ilkiw J.E., Pascoe P.J., and Fisher L.D. Effect of alfentanil on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in cats. Am J Vet Res 58 11 (1997) 1274-1279
38. Gellasch K.L., Kruse-Elliott K.T., Osmond C.S., et al. Comparison of transdermal administration of fentanyl versus intramuscular administration of butorphanol for analgesia after onychectomy in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 220 7 (2002) 1020-1024
39. Niedfeldt R.L., and Robertson S.A. Postanesthetic hyperthermia in cats: a retrospective comparison between hydromorphone and buprenorphine. Vet Anaesth Analg 33 6 (2006) 381-389
40. Wegner K., and Robertson S.A. Dose-related thermal antinociceptive effects of intravenous hydromorphone in cats. Vet Anaesth Analg 34 2 (2007) 132-138
41. Posner L.P., Gleed R.D., Erb H.N., et al. Post-anesthetic hyperthermia in cats. Vet Anaesth Analg 34 1 (2007) 40-47
42. Robertson S, Wegner K, Lascelles BDX. Antinociceptive and side-effects of hydromorphone after subcutaneous administration in cats. 2008, JFMS; in press.
43. Sparkes A.H., Papasouliotis K., Viner J., et al. Assessment of orocaecal transit time in cats by the breath hydrogen method: the effects of sedation and a comparison of definitions. Res Vet Sci 60 3 (1996) 243-246
44. Mogil J.S. The genetic mediation of individual differences in sensitivity to pain and its inhibition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96 14 (1999) 7744-7751
45. Klepstad P., Dale O., Skorpen F., et al. Genetic variability and clinical efficacy of morphine. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 49 7 (2005) 902-908
46. Billet O., Billaud J.N., and Phillips T.R. Partial characterization and tissue distribution of the feline mu opiate receptor. Drug Alcohol Depend 62 2 (2001) 125-129
47. Sawyer D.C., and Rech R.H. Analgesia and behavioral effects of butorphanol, nalbuphine, and pentazocine in the cat. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 23 (1987) 438-446
48. Taylor P.M., Robertson S.A., Dixon M.J., et al. Morphine, pethidine and buprenorphine disposition in the cat. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 24 6 (2001) 391-398
49. Robertson S.A., Taylor P.M., Sear J.W., et al. Relationship between plasma concentrations and analgesia after intravenous fentanyl and disposition after other routes of administration in cats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 28 (2005) 1-7
50. Robertson S.A., Taylor P.M., and Sear J.W. Systemic uptake of buprenorphine by cats after oral mucosal administration. Vet Rec 152 22 (2003) 675-678
51. Robertson S.A., Lascelles B.D., Taylor P.M., et al. PK-PD modeling of buprenorphine in cats: intravenous and oral transmucosal administration. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 28 5 (2005) 453-460
52. Pypendop B.H., Pascoe P.J., and Ilkiw J.E. Effects of epidural administration of morphine and buprenorphine on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in cats. Am J Vet Res 67 9 (2006) 1471-1475
53. Valverde A., Dyson D.H., and McDonell W.N. Epidural morphine reduces halothane MAC in the dog. Can J Anaesth 36 6 (1989) 629-632
54. Pypendop B.H., Siao K.T., Pascoe P.J., et al. Effects of epidurally administered morphine or buprenorphine on the thermal threshold in cats. Am J Vet Res 69 8 (2008) 983-987
55. Troncy E., Junot S., Keroack S., et al. Results of preemptive epidural administration of morphine with or without bupivacaine in dogs and cats undergoing surgery: 265 cases (1997-1999). J Am Vet Med Assoc 221 5 (2002) 666-672
56. Dohoo S.E., and Dohoo I.R. Postoperative use of analgesics in dogs and cats by Canadian veterinarians. Can Vet J 37 9 (1996) 546-551
57. Wagner A.E. Is butorphanol analgesic in dogs and cats?. Vet Med 94 (1999) 346-351
58. Robertson S.A., Taylor P.M., Lascelles B.D., et al. Changes in thermal threshold response in eight cats after administration of buprenorphine, butorphanol and morphine. Vet Rec 153 15 (2003) 462-465
59. Lascelles B.D., Capner C., and Waterman-Pearson A.E. A survey of current British veterinary attitudes to peri-operative analgesia for cats and small mammals. Vet Rec 145 21 (1999) 601-604
60. Watson A.D., Nicholson A., Church D.B., et al. Use of anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs in dogs and cats. Aust Vet J 74 3 (1996) 203-210
61. Joubert K.E. The use of analgesic drugs by South African veterinarians. J S Afr Vet Assoc 72 1 (2001) 57-60
62. Stanway G., Taylor P., and Brodbelt D. A preliminary investigation comparing pre-operative morphine and buprenorphine for postoperative analgesia and sedation in cats. Vet Anaesth Analg 29 (2002) 29-35
63. Dobbins S., Brown N.O., and Shofer F.S. Comparison of the effects of buprenorphine, oxymorphone hydrochloride, and ketoprofen for postoperative analgesia after onychectomy or onychectomy and sterilization in cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 38 6 (2002) 507-514
64. Slingsby L.S., and Waterman-Pearson A.E. Comparison of pethidine, buprenorphine and ketoprofen for postoperative analgesia after ovariohysterectomy in the cat. Vet Rec 143 7 (1998) 185-189
65. Murrell J.C., Robertson S.A., Taylor P.M., et al. Use of a transdermal matrix patch of buprenorphine in cats: preliminary pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data. Vet Rec 160 17 (2007) 578-583
66. Lamont L.A. Feline perioperative pain management. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 32 4 (2002) 747-763 v
67. Robinson T.M., Kruse-Elliott K.T., Markel M.D., et al. A comparison of transdermal fentanyl versus epidural morphine for analgesia in dogs undergoing major orthopedic surgery. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 35 2 (1999) 95-100
68. Franks J.N., Boothe H.W., Taylor L., et al. Evaluation of transdermal fentanyl patches for analgesia in cats undergoing onychectomy. J Am Vet Med Assoc 217 7 (2000) 1013-1020
69. Glerum L.E., Egger C.M., Allen S.W., et al. Analgesic effect of the transdermal fentanyl patch during and after feline ovariohysterectomy. Vet Surg 30 4 (2001) 351-358
70. Lee D.D., Papich M.G., and Hardie E.M. Comparison of pharmacokinetics of fentanyl after intravenous and transdermal administration in cats. Am J Vet Res 61 6 (2000) 672-677
71. Pettifer G.R., and Hosgood G. The effect of rectal temperature on perianesthetic serum concentrations of transdermally administered fentanyl in cats anesthetized with isoflurane. Am J Vet Res 64 12 (2003) 1557-1561
72. Davidson C.D., Pettifer G.R., and Henry Jr. J.D. Plasma fentanyl concentrations and analgesic effects during full or partial exposure to transdermal fentanyl patches in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 224 5 (2004) 700-705
73. Riviere J.E., and Papich M.G. Potential and problems of developing transdermal patches for veterinary applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 50 3 (2001) 175-203
74. Egger C.M., Glerum L., Michelle Haag K., et al. Efficacy and cost-effectiveness of transdermal fentanyl patches for the relief of post-operative pain in dogs after anterior cruciate ligament and pelvic limb repair. Vet Anaesth Analg 34 3 (2007) 200-208
75. Pettifer G., and Dyson D. Hydromorphone: a cost-effective alternative to the use of oxymorphone. Can Vet J 41 2 (2000) 135-137
76. Wegner K., Robertson S.A., Kollias-Baker C., et al. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of intravenous hydromorphone in cats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 27 5 (2004) 329-336
77. Balmer T.V., Irvine D., Jones R.S., et al. Comparison of carprofen and pethidine as postoperative analgesics in the cat. J Small Anim Pract 39 4 (1998) 158-164
78. Lascelles B.D., Cripps P., Mirchandani S., et al. Carprofen as an analgesic for postoperative pain in cats: dose titration and assessment of efficacy in comparison to pethidine hydrochloride. J Small Anim Pract 36 12 (1995) 535-541
79. Kukanich B., Lascelles B.D., Aman A.M., et al. The effects of inhibiting cytochrome P450 3A, p-glycoprotein, and gastric acid secretion on the oral bioavailability of methadone in dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 28 5 (2005) 461-466
80. Steagall P.V., Carnicelli P., Taylor P.M., et al. Effects of subcutaneous methadone, morphine, buprenorphine or saline on thermal and pressure thresholds in cats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 29 6 (2006) 531-537
81. Rohrer Bley C., Neiger-Aeschbacher G., Busato A., et al. Comparison of perioperative racemic methadone, levo-methadone and dextromoramide in cats using indicators of post-operative pain. Vet Anaesth Analg 31 3 (2004) 175-182
82. Mollenhoff A., Nolte I., and Kramer S. Anti-nociceptive efficacy of carprofen, levomethadone and buprenorphine for pain relief in cats following major orthopaedic surgery. J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 52 4 (2005) 186-198
83. Lascelles D., and Waterman A. Analgesia in cats. In Pract 19 4 (1997) 203-213
84. Palminteri A. Oxymorphone, an effective analgesic in dogs and cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 143 (1963) 160-163
85. Lascelles B.D., and Robertson S.A. Antinociceptive effects of hydromorphone, butorphanol, or the combination in cats. J Vet Intern Med 18 2 (2004) 190-195
86. Liehmann L., Mosing M., and Auer U. A comparison of cardiorespiratory variables during isoflurane-fentanyl and propofol-fentanyl anaesthesia for surgery in injured cats. Vet Anaesth Analg 33 3 (2006) 158-168
87. Mendes G.M., and Selmi A.L. Use of a combination of propofol and fentanyl, alfentanil, or sufentanil for total intravenous anesthesia in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 223 11 (2003) 1608-1613
88. Pypendop B.H., Brosnan R.J., Siao K.T., et al. Pharmacokinetics of remifentanil in conscious and isoflurane anesthetized cats. Proceedings of the 13th Annual IVECCS Conference: New Orleans, 2007. Available at:. http://www.acva.org/professional/abstract/ Accessed December 10, 2007
89. Correa Mdo A., Aguiar A.J., Neto F.J., et al. Effects of remifentanil infusion regimens on cardiovascular function and responses to noxious stimulation in propofol-anesthetized cats. Am J Vet Res 68 9 (2007) 932-940
90. Holzer P. Opioids and opioid receptors in the enteric nervous system: from a problem in opioid analgesia to a possible new prokinetic therapy in humans. Neurosci Lett 361 1-3 (2004) 192-195
91. Pypendop B.H., and Ilkiw J.E. Pharmacokinetics of tramadol, and its metabolite O-desmethyl-tramadol, in cats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 31 1 (2008) 52-59
92. Steagall PV. Evaluation of subcutaneous tramadol in cats. Presented at the Proceedings of the Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists Autumn Meeting; September 21-23rd. Newmarket: 2005. p. 78.
93. Chen HC, Radzi R, Rahman NA, et al. Analgesic effect of tramadol combined with tolfenamic acid in cats after ovariohysterectomy. Presented at the proceedings of the 13th Annual IVECCS Conference. New Orleans, September 27, 2007.
94. KuKanich B., and Papich M.G. Pharmacokinetics of tramadol and the metabolite O-desmethyltramadol in dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 27 4 (2004) 239-246
95. Tung A., and Yaksh T. The antinociceptive effects of epidural opiates in the cat: studies of the pharmacology and the effects of lipophilicity in spinal analgesia. Pain 12 4 (1982) 343-356
96. Golder F., Pascoe P., Bailey C., et al. The effect of epidural morphine on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in cats. Journal of Veterinary Anaesthesia 25 1 (1998) 52-56
97. Duke T., Cox A.M., Remedios A.M., et al. The cardiopulmonary effects of placing fentanyl or medetomidine in the lumbosacral epidural space of isoflurane-anesthetized cats. Vet Surg 23 2 (1994) 149-155
98. Jones R.S. Epidural analgesia in the dog and cat. Vet J 161 2 (2001) 123-131
99. Lascelles B.D., Court M.H., Hardie E.M., et al. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in cats: a review. Vet Anaesth Analg 34 4 (2007) 228-250
100. Taylor P.M., Delatour P., Landoni F.M., et al. Pharmacodynamics and enantioselective pharmacokinetics of carprofen in the cat. Res Vet Sci 60 2 (1996) 144-151
101. Parton K., Balmer T.V., Boyle J., et al. The pharmacokinetics and effects of intravenously administered carprofen and salicylate on gastrointestinal mucosa and selected biochemical measurements in healthy cats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 23 2 (2000) 73-79
102. Slingsby L., and Waterman-Pearson A.E. Postoperative analgesia in the cat after ovariohysterectomy by use of carprofen, ketoprofen, meloxicam or tolfenamic acid. J Small Anim Pract 41 (2000) 447-450
103. Slingsby L., and Waterman-Pearson A.E. Comparison between meloxicam and carprofen for postoperative analgesia after feline ovariohysterectomy. J Small Anim Pract 43 7 (2002) 286-289
104. Runk A., Kyles A., and Downs M. Duodenal perforation in a cat following the administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medication. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 35 1 (1999) 52-55
105. Lees P., Taylor P.M., Landoni F.M., et al. Ketoprofen in the cat: pharmacodynamics and chiral pharmacokinetics. Vet J 165 1 (2003) 21-35
106. Lascelles B., Henderson A., and Hackett I. Evaluation of the clinical efficacy of meloxicam in cats with painful locomotor disorders. J Small Anim Pract 42 12 (2001) 587-593
107. Curcio K., Bidwell L.A., Bohart G.V., et al. Evaluation of signs of postoperative pain and complications after forelimb onychectomy in cats receiving buprenorphine alone or with bupivacaine administered as a four-point regional nerve block. J Am Vet Med Assoc 228 1 (2006) 65-68
108. Duke T. Local and regional anesthetic and analgesic techniques in the dog and cat: part II, infiltration and nerve blocks. Can Vet J 41 12 (2000) 949-952
109. Davis K.M., Hardie E.M., Martin F.R., et al. Correlation between perioperative factors and successful outcome in fibrosarcoma resection in cats. Vet Rec 161 6 (2007) 199-200
110. Fransson B.A., Peck K.E., Smith J.K., et al. Transdermal absorption of a liposome-encapsulated formulation of lidocaine following topical administration in cats. Am J Vet Res 63 9 (2002) 1309-1312
111. Gibbon K.J., Cyborski J.M., Guzinski M.V., et al. Evaluation of adverse effects of EMLA (lidocaine/prilocaine) cream for the placement of jugular catheters in healthy cats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 26 6 (2003) 439-441
112. Wagner K.A., Gibbon K.J., Strom T.L., et al. Adverse effects of EMLA (lidocaine/prilocaine) cream and efficacy for the placement of jugular catheters in hospitalized cats. J Feline Med Surg 8 2 (2006) 141-144
113. Weil A.B., Ko J., and Inoue T. The use of lidocaine patches. Compendium 29 4 (2007) 208-216
114. Smith L.J., Bentley E., Shih A., et al. Systemic lidocaine infusion as an analgesic for intraocular surgery in dogs: a pilot study. Vet Anaesth Analg 31 1 (2004) 53-63
115. Muir III W.W., Wiese A.J., and March P.A. Effects of morphine, lidocaine, ketamine, and morphine-lidocaine-ketamine drug combination on minimum alveolar concentration in dogs anesthetized with isoflurane. Am J Vet Res 64 9 (2003) 1155-1160
116. Valverde A., Doherty T.J., Hernandez J., et al. Effect of intravenous lidocaine on isoflurane MAC in dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg 31 4 (2004) 264-271
117. Pypendop B.H., and Ilkiw J.E. The effects of intravenous lidocaine administration on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in cats. Anesth Analg 100 1 (2005) 97-101
118. Pypendop B.H., and Ilkiw J.E. Assessment of the hemodynamic effects of lidocaine administered IV in isoflurane-anesthetized cats. Am J Vet Res 66 4 (2005) 661-668
119. Brodbelt D.C., Pfeiffer D.U., Young L.E., et al. Risk factors for anaesthetic-related death in cats: results from the confidential enquiry into perioperative small animal fatalities (CEPSAF). Br J Anaesth 99 5 (2007) 617-623
120. Mendes G.M., Selmi A.L., Barbudo-Selmi G.R., et al. Clinical use of dexmedetomidine as premedicant in cats undergoing propofol-sevoflurane anaesthesia. J Feline Med Surg 5 5 (2003) 265-270
121. Granholm M., McKusick B.C., Westerholm F.C., et al. Evaluation of the clinical efficacy and safety of dexmedetomidine or medetomidine in cats and their reversal with atipamezole. Vet Anaesth Analg 33 4 (2006) 214-223
122. Selmi A.L., Mendes G.M., Lins B.T., et al. Evaluation of the sedative and cardiorespiratory effects of dexmedetomidine, dexmedetomidine-butorphanol, and dexmedetomidine-ketamine in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 222 1 (2003) 37-41
123. Ansah O.B., Raekallio M., and Vainio O. Correlation between serum concentrations following continuous intravenous infusion of dexmedetomidine or medetomidine in cats and their sedative and analgesic effects. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 23 1 (2000) 1-8
124. Ansah O.B., Vainio O., Hellsten C., et al. Postoperative pain control in cats: clinical trials with medetomidine and butorphanol. Vet Surg 31 2 (2002) 99-103
125. Ansah O., Raekallio M., and Vainio O. Comparing oral and intramuscular administration of medetomidine in cats. J vet Anaesth 25 1 (1998) 41-46
126. Slingsby LS, Taylor PM, Waterman-Pearson AE. Efficacy of buccal compared to intramuscular dexmedetomidine for antinociception to a thermal nociceptive stimulus in the cat. Presented at the 9th World Congress of Veterinary Anaesthesia: Santos, Brazil. September 12-16, 2006. p. 163.
127. Petrenko A.B., Yamakura T., Baba H., et al. The role of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in pain: a review. Anesth Analg 97 4 (2003) 1108-1116
128. Sawyer D., Rech R., and Durham R.A. Does ketamine provide adequate visceral analgesia when used alone or in combination with acepromazine, diazepam, or butorphanol in cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 29 (1993) 257-263
129. Slingsby L.S., Lane E.C., Mears E.R., et al. Postoperative pain after ovariohysterectomy in the cat: a comparison of two anaesthetic regimens. Vet Rec 143 21 (1998) 589-590
130. Robertson S., Lascelles B.D., and Taylor P. Effect of low dose ketamine on thermal thresholds in cats. Vet Anaesth Analg 30 2 (2003) 110
131. Taylor J.S., and Vierck C.J. Effects of ketamine on electroencephalographic and autonomic arousal and segmental reflex responses in the cat. Vet Anaesth Analg 30 4 (2003) 237-249
132. Gaynor J.S. Other drugs used to treat pain. In: Gaynor J.S., and Muir S.S. (Eds). Handbook of veterinary pain management (2008), Mosby, St. Louis 260-276
133. Finnerup N.B., Otto M., Jensen T.S., et al. An evidence-based algorithm for the treatment of neuropathic pain. MedGenMed 9 2 (2007) 36
134. Chew D.J., Buffington C.A., Kendall M.S., et al. Amitriptyline treatment for severe recurrent idiopathic cystitis in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 213 9 (1998) 1282-1286
135. Gilron I. Gabapentin and pregabalin for chronic neuropathic and early postsurgical pain: current evidence and future directions. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 20 5 (2007) 456-472
136. Lamont L.A., Tranquilli W.J., and Mathews K.A. Adjunctive analgesic therapy. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 30 4 (2000) 805-813
137. Beale B.S. Use of nutraceuticals and chondroprotectants in osteoarthritic dogs and cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 34 1 (2004) 271-289
138. Marks S.L., and Taboada J. Transdermal therapeutics. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 39 1 (2003) 19-21