Diets of mature male and female steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) differ and cannot be used as proxies for each other

Aquatic Mammals

Volumn 34, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 25-34

  Trites, Andrew W ^a   Calkins, Donald G ^b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^b ALASKA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME   (United States)

^c ALASKA SEALIFE CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Diet; Diet composition; Diet diversity; Eumetopias jubatus; Prey; Size; Steller sea lion

Indexed keywords

BREEDING SITE; DIET; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; FOOD CONSUMPTION; PINNIPED; PREY SELECTION;

ALASKA; FORRESTER ISLAND; NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES;

CEPHALOPODA; EUMETOPIAS JUBATUS; GADIDAE; OTARIIDAE; PISCES; PLEURONECTIFORMES; POLLACHIUS;

EID: 54149116091     PISSN: 01675427     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1578/AM.34.1.2008.25     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. Alaska Sea Grant. (1993). Is it food? Addressing marine mammal and sea bird declines (Report 93-01). Fairbanks: University of Alaska Fairbanks, Alaska Sea Grant College Program. 65 pp.
2. Alonso, M. K., Crespo, E. A., Pedraza, S. N., Garcia, N. A., & Coscarella, M. A. (2000). Food habits of the South American sea lion, Otaria flavescens, off Patagonia, Argentina. Fishery Bulletin, 98, 250-263.
3. Alverson, D. L. (1992). A review of commercial fisheries and the Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus): The conflict arena. Reviews in Aquatic Sciences, 6, 203-256.
4. Andrews, R. D., Calkins, D. G., Davis, R. W., Norcross, B. L., Peijnenberg, K., & Trites, A. W. (2002). Foraging behavior and energetics of adult female Steller sea lions. In D. DeMaster & S. Atkinson (Eds.), Steller sea lion decline: Is it food II? (Report No. AK-SG-02-02) (pp. 19-22). Fairbanks: University of Alaska Fairbanks, Alaska Sea Grant College Program.
5. Beck, C. A., Bowen, D. W., & Iverson, S. J. (2003a). Sex differences in the seasonal patterns of energy storage and expenditure in a phocid seal. Journal of Animal Ecology, 72, 280-291.
6. Beck, C. A., Iverson, S. J., & Bowen, W. D. (2005). Blubber fatty acids of gray seals reveal sex differences in the diet of a size-dimorphic marine carnivore. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 83, 377-388.
7. Beck, C. A., Bowen, W. D., McMillan, J. I., & Iverson, S. J. (2003b). Sex differences in diving at multiple temporal scales in a size-dimorphic capital breeder. Journal of Animal Ecology, 72, 979-993.
8. Bigg, M. A., & Olesiuk, P. F. (1990). An enclosed elutriator for processing marine mammal scats. Marine Mammal Science, 6, 350-355.
9. Breed, G. A., Bowen, W. D., McMillan, J. I., & Leonard, M. L. (2006). Sexual segregation of seasonal foraging habitats in a non-migratory marine mammal. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 273, 2319-2326.
10. Calkins, D. G. (1998). Prey of Steller sea lions in the Bering Sea. Biosphere Conservation, 1, 33-44.
11. Clarke, J., Manly, B., Kerry, K., Gardner, H., Franchi, E., Corsolini, S., et al. (1998). Sex differences in Adélie penguin foraging strategies. Polar Biology, 20, 248-258.
12. Clutton-Brock, T. H., Guinness, F. E., & Albon, S. D. (1982). Red deer: Behaviour and ecology of two sexes. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
13. DeMaster, D., & Atkinson, S. (Eds.). (2002). Steller sea lion decline: Is it food II? (Report No. AK-SG-02-02). Fairbanks: University of Alaska Fairbanks, Alaska Sea Grant College Program. 80 pp.
14. Ginnett, T. F., & Demment, M. W. (1997). Sex differences in giraffe foraging behavior at two spatial scales. Oecologia, 110, 291-300.
15. Goto, Y., & Shimazaki, K. (1998). Diet of Steller sea lions off the coast of Rausu, Hokkaido, Japan. Biosphere Conservation, 1, 141-148.
16. Kastelein, R. A., Vaughan, N., & Wiepkema., P. R. (1990). The food of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus). Aquatic Mammals, 15, 137-144.
17. Kucey, L., & Trites, A. W. (2006). A review of the potential effects of disturbance on sea lions: Assessing response and recovery. In A. W. Trites, S. K. Atkinson, D. P. DeMaster, L. W. Fritz, T. S. Gelatt, L. D. Rea, et al. (Eds.), Sea lions of the world (pp. 581-589). Fairbanks: University of Alaska Fairbanks, Alaska Sea Grant College Program.
18. LeBoeuf, B. J., Crocker, D. E., Costa, D. P., Blackwell, S. B., Webb, P. M., & Houser, D. S. (2000). Foraging ecology of northern elephant seals. Ecological Monographs, 70, 353-382.
19. Loughlin, T. R. (1998). The Steller sea lion: A declining species. Biosphere Conservation, 1, 91-98.
20. Merrick, R. L., Chumbley, M. K., & Byrd, G. V. (1997). Diet diversity of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) and their population decline in Alaska: A potential relationship. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 54, 1342-1348.
21. Mysterud, A. (2000). The relationship between ecological segregation and sexual size dimorphism in large herbivores. Oecologia, 124, 40-54.
22. National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). (1992). Recovery plan for the Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus). Silver Spring, MD: Steller Sea Lion Recovery Team. 92 pp.
23. NMFS. (2007). Steller sea lion and northern fur seal research: Final programmatic environmental impact statement. Silver Spring, MD: Author, Office of Protective Resources. 1,110 pp.
24. Norcross, B. L., Holladay, B. A., & Mueter, F. (2000). Forage fish abundance and distribution at Forrester Island, Alaska (Final contract report, NOAA Award No. NA66FX0455). Fairbanks: Institute of Marine Science, University of Alaska Fairbanks. 75 pp.
25. Olesiuk, P. F. (1993). Annual prey consumption by harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) in the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia. Fishery Bulletin, 91, 491-515.
26. Olesiuk, P. F., Bigg, M. A., Ellis, G. M., Crockford, S. J., & Wigen, R. J. (1990). An assessment of the feeding habits of harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) in the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, based on scat analysis (Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences No. 1730). Ottawa: Department of Fisheries and Oceans. 135 pp.
27. Petit, L. J., Petit, D. R., Petit, K. E., & Fleming, W. J. (1990). Intersexual and temporal variation in foraging ecology of prothonotary warblers during the breeding season. Auk, 107, 133-145.
28. Pitcher, K. W. (1981). Prey of the Steller sea lion, Eumetapias jubatus, in the Gulf of Alaska. Fishery Bulletin, 79, 467-472.
29. Ricklefs, R. E. (1980). Ecology (2nd ed.). London: Nelson. 966 pp.
30. Robson, B. W., Goebel, M. E., Baker, J. D., Ream, R. R., Loughlin, T. R., Francis, R. C., et al. (2004). Separation of foraging habitat among breeding sites of a colonial marine predator, the northern fur seal ( Callorhinus ursinus). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 82, 20-29.
31. Rosen, D. A. S., & Trites, A. W. (2000). Pollock and the decline of Steller sea lions: Testing the junk-food hypothesis. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 78, 1243-1258.
32. Rosen, D. A. S., & Trites, A. W. (2005). Examining the potential for nutritional stress in Steller sea lions: Physiological effects of prey composition. Journal of Comparative Physiology B, 175, 265-273
33. Sinclair, E. H., & Zeppelin, T. K. (2002). Seasonal and spatial differences in diet in the western stock of Steller sea lions ( Eumetopias jubatus). Journal of Mammalogy, 83, 973-990
34. Sterling, J. T., & Ream, R. R. (2004). At-sea behavior of juvenile male northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 82, 1621-1637.
35. Swain, U. (1996). Foraging behavior of female Steller sea lions in southeast Alaska and the eastern Gulf of Alaska. In Steller sea lion recovery investigations in Alaska, 1992-1994 (Wildlife Technical Bulletin 13) (pp. 135-166). Anchorage: Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Wildlife Conservation.
36. Tollit, D. J., Heaslip, S. G., & Trites, A. W. (2004). Sizes of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) consumed by the eastern stock of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) in southeast Alaska from 1994-1999. Fishery Bulletin, 102, 522-532.
37. Trites, A. W., & Donnelly, C. P. (2003). The decline of Steller sea lions Eumetopias jubatus in Alaska: A review of the nutritional stress hypothesis. Mammal Review, 33, 3-29.
38. Trites, A. W., & Joy, R. (2005). Dietary analysis from fecal samples: How many scats are enough? Journal of Mammalogy, 86, 704-712
39. Trites, A. W., & Larkin, P. A. (1996). Changes in the abundance of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) in Alaska from 1956 to 1992: How many were there? Aquatic Mammals, 22(3), 153-166.
40. Trites, A. W., Calkins, D. G., & Winship, A. J. (2007). Diets of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) in southeast Alaska, 1993-1999. Fishery Bulletin, 105, 234-248.
41. Tucker, S., Bowen, W. D., & Iverson, S. J. (2007). Dimensions of diet segregation in grey seals Halichoerus grypus revealed through stable isotopes of carbon (d13C) and nitrogen (d15N). Marine Ecology Progress Series, 339, 271-282.
42. Winship, A. J., & Trites, A. W. (2003). Prey consumption of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) off Alaska: How much prey do they require? Fishery Bulletin, 101, 147-167.
43. Winship, A. J., & Trites, A. W. (2006). Risk of extirpation of Steller sea lions in the Gulf of Alaska and Aleutian Islands: A population viability analysis based on alternative hypotheses for why sea lions declined in western Alaska. Marine Manunal Science, 22, 124-155.
44. Winship, A. J., Trites, A. W, & Calkins, D. G. (2001). Growth in body size of the Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus). Journal of Mammalogy, 82, 500-519.