Prey consumption of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) off Alaska: How much prey do they require?

Fishery Bulletin

Volumn 101, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 147-167

  Winship, Arliss J ^a   Trites, Andrew W ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOENERGETICS; DIET; FOOD INTAKE; PINNIPED;

GULF OF ALASKA; PACIFIC OCEAN;

ANIMALIA; EUMETOPIAS JUBATUS; GADIDAE; GADUS MORHUA; HEXAGRAMMIDAE; MAMMALIA; OTARIIDAE; PINNIPEDIA; PLEUROGRAMMUS MONOPTERYGIUS; POLLACHIUS VIRENS; VERTEBRATA;

EID: 0037240389     PISSN: 00900656     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Alverson, D. L. 1992. A review of commercial fisheries and the Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus): the conflict arena. Rev. Aquat. Sci. 6:203-256.
2. Anthony, J. A., D. D. Roby, and K. R. Turco. 2000. Lipid content and energy density of forage fishes from the northern Gulf of Alaska. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 248:53-78.
3. Bowen, W. D. 2000. Reconstruction of pinniped diets: accounting for complete digestion of otoliths and cephalopod beaks. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 57:898-905.
4. Boyd, I. L., J. P. Y. Arnould, T. Barton, and J. P. Croxall. 1994. Foraging behaviour of Antarctic fur seals during periods of contrasting prey abundance. J. Anim. Ecol. 63:703-713.
5. Brekke, B., and G. W. Gabrielsen. 1994. Assimilation efficiency of adult Kittiwakes and Brünnich's Guillemots fed Capelin and Arctic Cod. Polar Biol. 14:279-284.
6. Brett, J. R. 1983. Life energetics of sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka. In Behavioral energetics: the cost of survival in vertebrates (W. P. Aspey and S. I. Lustick, eds.), p. 29-63. Ohio State Univ. Press, Columbus, OH.
7. Calkins, D. G. 1998. Prey of Steller sea lions in the Bering Sea. Biosphere Conserv. 1:33-44.
8. Calkins, D. G., and K. W. Pitcher. 1982. Population assessment, ecology and trophic relationships of Steller sea lions in the Gulf of Alaska. In Environmental assessment of the Alaskan continental shelf: final reports of principal investigators, vol. 19, p. 445-546. U.S. Dep. Commer., N.O.A.A., Juneau, AK.
9. Costa, D. P., and R. L. Gentry. 1986. Free-ranging energetics of northern fur seals. In Fur seals: maternal strategies on land and at sea (R. L. Gentry and G. L. Kooyman, eds.), p. 79-101. Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ.
10. Cottrell, P. E., and A. W. Trites. 2002. Classifying prey hard part structures recovered from fecal remains of captive Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus). Mar. Mamm. Sci. 18:525-539.
11. Dygert, P. H. 1990. Seasonal changes in energy content and proximate composition associated with somatic growth and reproduction in a representative age-class of female English sole. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 119:791-801.
12. Fisher, K. I., R. E. A. Stewart, R. A. Kastelein, and L. D. Campbell. 1992. Apparent digestive efficiency in walruses (Odobenus rosmarus) fed herring (Clupea harengus) and clams (Spisula sp.). Can. J. Zool. 70:30-36.
13. Hammond, K. A., and B. A. Wunder. 1991. The role of diet quality and energy need in the nutritional ecology of a small herbivore, Microtus ochrogaster. Physiol. Zool. 64:541-567.
14. Harris, R. K., T. Nishiyama, and A. J. Paul. 1986. Carbon, nitrogen and caloric content of eggs, larvae, and juveniles of the walleye pollock, Theragra chalcogramma. J. Fish Biol. 29:87-98.
15. Hartman, K. J., and S. B. Brandt. 1995. Estimating energy density of fish. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 124:347-355.
16. Hendry, A. P., and O. K. Berg. 1999. Secondary sexual characters, energy use, senescence, and the cost of reproduction in sockeye salmon. Can. J. Zool. 77:1663-1675.
17. Hollowed, A. B., J. N. Ianelli, and P. A. Livingston. 2000. Including predation mortality in stock assessments: a case study for Gulf of Alaska walleye pollock. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 57:279-273.
18. Keiver, K. M., K. Ronald, and F. W. H. Beamish. 1984. Metabolizable energy requirements for maintenance and faecal and urinary losses of juvenile harp seals (Phoca groenlandica). Can. J. Zool. 62:769-776.
19. Lawson, J. W., A. M. Magalhães, and E. H. Miller. 1998. Important prey species of marine vertebrate predators in the northwest Atlantic: proximate composition and energy density. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 164:13-20.
20. Lawson, J. W., E. H. Miller, and E. Noseworthy. 1997. Variation in assimilation efficiency and digestive efficiency of captive harp seals (Phoca groenlandica) on different diets. Can. J. Zool. 75:1285-1291.
21. Lill, A. 1991. Behavioural energetics of overwintering in the rifleman, Acanthisitta chloris. Aust. J. Zool. 39:643-654.
22. Livingston, P. A. 1993. Importance of predation by groundfish, marine mammals and birds on walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma and Pacific herring Clupea pallasi in the eastern Bering Sea. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 102:205-215.
23. Loughlin, T. R., A. S. Perlov, and V. A. Vladimirov. 1992. Range-wide survey and estimation of total number of Steller sea lions in 1989. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 8:220-239.
24. Mårtensson, P.-E., E. S. Nordøy, and A. S. Blix. 1994. Digestibility of crustaceans and capelin in harp seals (Phoca groenlandica). Mar. Mamm. Sci. 10:325-331.
25. Merrick, R. L., M. K. Chumbley, and G. V. Byrd. 1997. Diet diversity of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) and their population decline in Alaska: a potential relationship. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 54:1342-1348.
26. Merrick, R. L., and T. R. Loughlin. 1997. Foraging behavior of adult female and young-of-the-year Steller sea lions in Alaskan waters. Can. J. Zool. 75:776-786.
27. Nash, L. T. 1998. Vertical clingers and sleepers: seasonal influences on the activities and substrate use of Lepilemur leucopus at Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve, Madagascar. Folia Primatol. 69 (suppl. 1):204-217.
28. Olesiuk, P. F. 1993. Annual prey consumption by harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) in the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia. Fish. Bull. 91:491-515.
29. Olesiuk, P. F., M. A. Bigg, G. M. Ellis, S. J. Crockford, and R. J. Wigen. 1990. An assessment of the feeding habits of harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) in the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, based on scat analysis. Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Fisheries Research Branch, Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, B.C., Canada, Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1730.
30. Paul, A. J., and J. M. Paul. 1998. Comparisons of whole body energy content of captive fasting age zero Alaskan Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi Valenciennes) and cohorts over-wintering in nature. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 226:75-86.
31. Paul, A. J., J. M. Paul, and E. D. Brown. 1998a. Fall and spring somatic energy content for Alaskan Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi Valenciennes 1847) relative to age, size and sex. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 223:133-142.
32. Paul, A. J., J. M. Paul, and R. L. Smith. 1993. The seasonal changes somatic energy content of Gulf of Alaska yellowfin sole, Pleuronectes asper. J. Fish Biol. 43:131-138.
33. 1998b. Seasonal changes in whole-body energy content and estimated consumption rates of age 0 walleye pollock from Prince William Sound, Alaska. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 47:251-259.
34. Paul, A. J., and M. Willette. 1997. Geographical variation in somatic energy content of migrating pink salmon fry from Prince William Sound: a tool to measure nutritional status. In Forage fishes in marine ecosystems, p. 707-720. Univ. Alaska Sea Grant College Program Report 97-01, Fairbanks, AK.
35. Payne, S. A., B. A. Johnson, and R. S. Otto. 1999. Proximate composition of some north-eastern Pacific forage fish species. Fish. Oceanogr. 8:159-177.
36. Perez, M. A. 1994. Calorimetry measurements of energy value of some Alaskan fishes and squids. U.S. Dep. Commer., N.O.A.A. Tech. Memo. NMFS-AFSC-32, 32 p.
37. Pitcher, K. W. 1981. Prey of the Steller sea lion, Eumetopias jubatus, in the Gulf of Alaska. Fish. Bull. 79:467-472.
38. Pitcher, K. W., D. G. Calkins, and G. W. Pendleton. 1998. Reproductive performance of female Steller sea lions: an energetics based reproductive strategy? Can. J. Zool. 76:2075-2083.
39. Robards, M. D., J. A. Anthony, G. A. Rose, and J. F. Piatt. 1999. Changes in proximate composition and somatic energy content for Pacific sand lance (Ammodytes hexapterus) from Kachemak Bay, Alaska relative to maturity and season. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 242:245-258.
40. Rosen, D. A. S., and A. W. Trites. 1997. Heat increment of feeding in Steller sea lions, Eumetopias jubatus. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A118:877-881.
41. 1999. Metabolic effects of low-energy diet on Steller sea lions, Eumetopias jubatus. Physiol. Biochem. Zool. 72:723-731.
42. 2000a. Digestive efficiency and dry matter digestibility of Steller sea lions fed herring, pollock, squid, and salmon. Can. J. Zool. 78:1-6.
43. 2000b. Pollock and the decline of Steller sea lions: testing the junk-food hypothesis. Can. J. Zool. 78:1243-1250.
44. Sease, J. L., and T. R. Loughlin. 1999. Aerial and land-based surveys of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) in Alaska, June and July 1997 and 1998. U.S. Dep. Commer., NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-AFSC-100, 61 p.
45. Sinclair, E. H., and T. K. Zeppelin. 2002. Seasonal and spatial differences in diet in the western stock of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus). J. Mammal. 83:973-990.
46. Smith, R. L., A. J. Paul, and J. M. Paul. 1988. Aspects of energetics of adult walleye pollock, Theragra chalcogramma (Pallas), from Alaska. J. Fish Biol. 33:445-454.
47. 1990. Seasonal changes in energy and the energy cost of spawning in Gulf of Alaska Pacific cod. J. Fish Biol. 36:307-316.
48. Stansby, M. E. 1976. Chemical characteristics of fish caught in the northeast Pacific Ocean. Mar. Fish. Rev. 38:1-11.
49. Stewart, D. J., and M. Ibarra. 1991. Predation and production by salmonine fishes in Lake Michigan, 1978-88. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 48:909-922.
50. Strick, M., L. Fritz, J. P. Lewis, and D. C. McAllister. 1997. Aerial and ship-based surveys of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) in Southeast Alaska, the Gulf of Alaska, and Aleutian Islands during June and July 1994. U.S. Dep. Commer., NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-AFSC-71, 55 p.
51. SYSTAT, Inc. 1992. SYSTAT for Windows: Statistics, version 5, 750 p. SYSTAT, Inc., Evanston, IL.
52. Tollit, D. J., M. J. Steward, P. M. Thompson, G. J. Pierce, M. B. Santos, and S. Hughes. 1997. Species and size differences in the digestion of otoliths and beaks: implications for estimates of pinniped diet composition. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 54:105-119.
53. Trillmich, F., and T. Dellinger. 1991. The effects of El Niño on Galapagos pinnipeds. In Pinnipeds and El Niño: responses to environmental stress (F. Trillmich and K. A. Ono, eds.), p. 66-74. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
54. Trites, A. W., and P. A. Larkin. 1996. Changes in the abundance of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) in Alaska from 1956 to 1992: how many were there? Aquat. Mamm. 22:153-166.
55. Trites, A. W., P. A. Livingston, M. C. Vasconcellos, S. Mackinson, A. M. Springer, and D. Pauly. 1999. Ecosystem change and the decline of marine mammals in the Eastern Bering Sea: testing the ecosystem shift and commercial whaling hypotheses. Fisheries Centre Research Reports, vol. 7(1), 106 p. Univ. British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada.
56. Van Pelt, T. I., J. F. Piatt, B. K. Lance, and D. D. Roby. 1997. Proximate composition and energy density of some North Pacific forage fishes. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A118:1393-1398.
57. Veloso, C., and F. Bozinovic. 1993. Dietary and digestive constraints on basal energy metabolism in a small herbivorous rodent. Ecology 74:2003-2010.
58. Weber, M. L., and J. M. Thompson. 1998. Seasonal patterns in food intake, live mass, and body composition of mature female fallow deer (Dama dama). Can. J. Zool. 76:1141-1152.
59. Wespestad, V. G., and J. M. Terry. 1984. Biological and economic yields for eastern Bering Sea walleye pollock under differing fishing regimes. N. Am. J. Fish. Manage. 4:204-215.
60. Winship, A. J., A. W. Trites, and D. A. S. Rosen. 2002. A bioenergetic model for estimating the food requirements of Steller sea lions Eumetopias jubatus in Alaska, USA. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 229:291-312.
61. Yang, M.-S. 1997. Trophicrole of Atka Mackerel (Pleurogrammus monopterygius) in the Aleutian Islands. In Forage fishes in marine ecosystems, p. 277-279. Univ. Alaska Sea Grant College Program Report 97-01, Fairbanks, AK.
62. York, A. E. 1994. The population dynamics of northern sea lions, 1975-1985. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 10:38-51.