Limitation of myocardial infarct size in the clinical setting: Current status and challenges in translating animal experiments into clinical therapy

Basic Research in Cardiology

Volumn 103, Issue 6, 2008, Pages 501-513

  Miura, Tetsuji ^a   Miki, Takayuki ^a  

^a SAPPORO MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

Author keywords

Acute myocardial infarction; Animal model; Cardioprotection; Infarct size; Reperfusion

Indexed keywords

ADENOSINE; ADENOSINE ALPHA2A AGONIST; ADENOSINE ALPHA2B RECEPTOR AGONIST; ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE SENSITIVE POTASSIUM CHANNEL INHIBITOR; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; ANTITHROMBOCYTIC AGENT; ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR; CARDIAC AGENT; CARDIOVASCULAR AGENT; CYCLOSPORIN A; ERYTHROPOIETIN; FIBRINOLYTIC AGENT; GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE KINASE 3BETA INHIBITOR; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; METHOXY ISOBUTYL ISONITRILE TECHNETIUM TC 99M; SODIUM PROTON EXCHANGE PROTEIN INHIBITOR; SULFONYLUREA; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ACUTE HEART INFARCTION; ANATOMICAL VARIATION; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMORBIDITY; CORONARY ARTERY COLLATERAL CIRCULATION; CORONARY REPERFUSION; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG TREATMENT FAILURE; HEART INFARCTION; HEART INFARCTION SIZE; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE EJECTION FRACTION; HEART PROTECTION; HEART RIGHT VENTRICLE INFARCTION; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; ISCHEMIC PRECONDITIONING; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION; PROGNOSIS; REPERFUSION; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY;

ANIMALS; CARDIOTONIC AGENTS; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; HUMANS; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; MYOCARDIAL REPERFUSION; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 54049144185     PISSN: 03008428     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00395-008-0743-y     Document Type: Review

References (113)

1. Abete P, Ferrara N, Cacciatore F, Madrid A, Bianco S, Calabrese C, Napoli C, Scognamiglio P, Bollella O, Cioppa A, Longobardi G, Rengo F (1997) Angina-induced protection against myocardial infarction in adult and elderly patients: A loss of preconditioning mechanism in the aging heart? J Am Coll Cardiol 30:947-954
2. Antoniucci D, Rodriguez A, Hempel A, Valenti R, Migliorini A, Vigo F, Parodi G, Fernandez-Pereira C, Moschi G, Bartorelli A, Santoro GM, Bolognese L, Colombo A (2003) A randomized trial comparing primary infarct artery stenting with or without abciximab in acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 42:1879-1885
3. Antoniucci D, Valenti R, Migliorini A, Parodi G, Memisha G, Santoro GM, Sciagra R (2004) Comparison of rheolytic thrombectomy before direct infarct artery stenting versus direct stenting alone in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 93:1033-1035
4. Argaud L, Gateau-Roesch O, Muntean D, Chalabreysse L, Loufouat J, Robert D, Ovize M (2005) Specific inhibition of the mitochondrial permeability transition prevents lethal reperfusion injury. J Mol Cell Cardiol 38:367-374
5. Baker JE, Konorev EA, Gross GJ, Chilian WM, Jacob HJ (2000) Resistance to myocardial ischemia in five rat strains: Is there a genetic component of cardioprotection?. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 278:H1395-H1400
6. Baran KW, Nguyen M, McKendall GR, Lambrew CT, Dykstra G, Palmeri ST, Gibbons RJ, Borzak S, Sobel BE, Gourlay SG, Rundle AC, Gibson CM, Barron HV (2001) Limitation of Myocardial Infarction Following Thrombolysis in Acute Myocardial Infarction (LIMIT AMI) Study Group. Double-blind, randomized trial of an anti-CD18 antibody in conjunction with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator for acute myocardial infarction: Limitation of myocardial infarction following thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction (LIMIT AMI) study. Circulation 104:2778-2783
7. Bell RM, Yellon DM (2003) Atorvastatin, administered at the onset of reperfusion, and independent of lipid lowering, protects the myocardium by up-regulating a pro-survival pathway. J Am Coll Cardiol 41:508-515
8. Bers DM (2002) Cardiac Na/Ca exchange function in rabbit, mouse and man: what's the difference? J Mol Cell Cardiol 34:369-373
9. Boengler K, Konietzka I, Buechert A, Heinen Y, Garcia-Dorado D, Heusch G, Schulz R (2007) Loss of ischemic preconditioning's cardioprotection in aged mouse hearts is associated with reduced gap junctional and mitochondrial levels of connexin 43. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 292:H1764-H1769
10. Bolli R, Becker L, Gross G, Mentzer R Jr, Balshaw D, Lathrop DA, NHLBI Working Group on the Translation of Therapies for Protecting the Heart from Ischemia (2004) Myocardial protection at a crossroads: The need for translation into clinical therapy. Circ Res 95:125-134
11. Bullard AJ, Govewalla P, Yellon DM (2005) Erythropoietin protects the myocardium against reperfusion injury in vitro and in vivo. Basic Res Cardiol 100:397-403
12. Burley DS, Baxter GF (2007) B-type natriuretic peptide at early reperfusion limits infarct size in the rat isolated heart. Basic Res Cardiol 102:529-541
13. Burns RJ, Gibbons RJ, Yi Q, Roberts RS, Miller TD, Schaer GL, Anderson JL, Yusuf S, CORE Study Investigators (2002) The relationships of left ventricular ejection fraction, end-systolic volume index and infarct size to six-month mortality after hospital discharge following myocardial infarction treated by thrombolysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 39:30-36
14. Cannon RO 3rd (2005) Mechanisms, management and future directions for reperfusion injury after acute myocardial infarction. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med 2:88-94
15. Chien GL, Wolff RA, Davis RF, van Winkle DM (1994) "Normothermic range" temperature affects myocardial infarct size. Cardiovasc Res 28:1014-1017
16. Cohen MV, Downey JM (2008) Adenosine: Trigger and mediator of cardioprotection. Basic Res Cardiol 103:203-215
17. Choi KM, Kim RJ, Gubernikoff G, Vargas JD, Parker M, Judd RM (2001) Transmural extent of acute myocardial infarction predicts long-term improvement in contractile function. Circulation 104:1101-1107
18. Christian TF, Milavetz JJ, Miller TD, Clements IP, Holmes DR, Gibbons RJ (1998) Prevalence of spontaneous reperfusion and associated myocardial salvage in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 135:421-427
19. Christian TF, Schwartz RS, Gibbons RJ (1992) Determinants of infarct size in reperfusion therapy for acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 86:81-90
20. Darling CE, Solari PB, Smith CS, Furman MI, Przyklenk K (2007) 'Postconditioning' the human heart: Multiple balloon inflations during primary angioplasty may confer cardioprotection. Basic Res Cardiol 102:274-278
21. Dirksen MT, Laarman GJ, Simoons ML, Duncker DJ (2007) Reperfusion injury in humans: A review of clinical trials on reperfusion injury inhibitory strategies. Cardiovasc Res 74:343-355
22. Ferdinandy P, Schulz R, Baxter GF (2007) Interaction of cardiovascular risk factors with myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury, preconditioning, and postconditioning. Pharmacol Rev 59:418-458
23. Förster K, Paul I, Solenkova N, Staudt A, Cohen MV, Downey JM, Felix SB, Krieg T (2006) NECA at reperfusion limits infarction and inhibits formation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore by activating p70S6 kinase. Basic Res Cardiol 101:319-326
24. Fox KAA, Birkhead J, Wilcox R, Knight C, Barth J (2004) British Cardiac Society Working Group on the definition of myocardial infarction. Heart 90:603-609
25. Fuglesteg BN, Suleman N, Tiron C, Kanlema T, Lacerda L, Andreasen TV, Sack MN, Jonassen AK, Mjos OD, Opie LH, Lecour S (2008) Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 is involved in the cardioprotective signaling pathway activated by insulin therapy at reperfusion. Basic Res Cardiol Published online: May 23, 2008. DOI 10.1007/s00395-008-0728-x
26. Gersh BJ, Stone GW, White HD, Holmes DR Jr (2005) Pharmacological facilitation of primary percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction: Is the slope of the curve the shape of the future? JAMA 293:979-986
27. Gibbons RJ, Holmes DR, Reeder GS, Bailey KR, Hopfenspirger MR, Gersh BJ (1993) Immediate angioplasty compared with the administration of a thrombolytic agent followed by conservative treatment for myocardial infarction. The Mayo Coronary Care Unit and Catheterization Laboratory Groups. N Engl J Med 328:685-691
28. Gibbons RJ, Valeti US, Araoz PA, Jaffe AS (2004) The quantification of infarct size. J Am Coll Cardiol 44:1533-1542
29. Gick M, Jander N, Bestehorn HP, Kienzle RP, Ferenc M, Werner K, Comberg T, Peitz K, Zohlnhofer D, Bassignana V, Buettner HJ, Neumann FJ (2005) Randomized evaluation of the effects of filter-based distal protection on myocardial perfusion and infarct size after primary percutaneous catheter intervention in myocardial infarction with and without ST-segment elevation. Circulation 112:1462-1469
30. Gorog DA, Tanno M, Kabir AM, Kanaganayagam GS, Bassi R, Fisher SG, Marber MS (2003) Varying susceptibility to myocardial infarction among C57BL/6 mice of different genetic background. J Mol Cell Cardiol 35:705-708
31. Gross ER, Gross GJ (2006) Ligand triggers of classical preconditioning and postconditioning. Cardiovasc Res 70:212-221
32. Hahn JY, Gwon HC, Choe YH, Rhee I, Choi SH, Choi JH, Lee SH, Hong KP, Park JE (2007) Effects of balloon-based distal protection during primary percutaneous coronary intervention on early and late infarct size and left ventricular remodeling: A pilot study using serial contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Am Heart J 153:665e1-665e8
33. Halkin A, Stone GW, Dixon SR, Grines CL, Tcheng JE, Cox DA, Garcia E, Brodie B, Stuckey TD, Mehran R, Lansky AJ (2005) Impact and determinants of left ventricular function in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention in acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 96:325-331
34. Heusch G (2004) Postconditioning: Old wine in a new bottle? J Am Coll Cardiol 44:1111-1112
35. Heusch G, Büchert A, Feldhaus S, Schulz R (2006) No loss of cardioprotection by postconditioning in connexin 43-deficient mice. Basic Res Cardiol 101:354-356
36. Hirata A, Minamino T, Asanuma H, Sanada S, Fujita M, Tsukamoto O, Wakeno M, Myoishi M, Okada K, Koyama H, Komamura K, Takashima S, Shinozaki Y, Mori H, Tomoike H, Hori M, Kitakaze M (2005) Erythropoietin just before reperfusion reduces both lethal arrhythmias and infarct size via the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase-dependent pathway in canine hearts. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 19:33-40
37. Ishihara M, Inoue I, Kawagoe T, Shimatani Y, Kurisu S, Hata T, Nakama Y, Kijima Y, Kagawa E (2006) Ischaemic preconditioning effect of prodromal angina pectoris is lost in patients with prior myocardial infarction. Heart 92:973-974
38. Ishihara M, Inoue I, Kawagoe T, Shimatani Y, Kurisu S, Nishioka K, Kouno Y, Umemura T, Nakamura S, Sato H (2001) Diabetes mellitus prevents ischemic preconditioning in patients with a first acute anterior wall myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 38:1007-1011
39. Iglesias-Garriz I, Fernandez-Vazquez F, Perez A, Jimenez-Bonilla J, Garrote C, Uriarte P, Delafuente C (2005) Preinfarction angina limits myocardial infarction size in nondiabetic patients treated with primary coronary angioplasty. Chest 127:1116-1121
40. Jones SP, Gibson MF, Rimmer DM 3rd, Gibson TM, Sharp BR, Lefer DJ (2002) Direct vascular and cardioprotective effects of rosuvastatin, a new HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor. J Am Coll Cardiol 40:1172-1178
41. Kaandorp TA, Lamb HJ, Viergever EP, Poldermans D, Boersma E, van der Wall EE, de Roos A, Bax JJ (2007) Scar tissue on contrast-enhanced MRI predicts left ventricular remodeling after acute infarction. Heart 93:375-376
42. Kaltoft A, Bottcher M, Nielsen SS, Hansen HH, Terkelsen C, Maeng M, Kristensen J, Thuesen L, Krusell LR, Kristensen SD, Andersen HR, Lassen JF, Rasmussen K, Rehling M, Nielsen TT, Botker HE (2006). Routine thrombectomy in percutaneous coronary intervention for acute ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction: A randomized, controlled trial. Circulation 114:40-47
43. Kastrati A, Mehilli J, Dirschinger J, Schricke U, Neverve J, Pache J, Martinoff S, Neumann FJ, Nekolla S, Blasini R, Seyfarth M, Schwaiger M, Schomig A (2002) Stent versus Thrombolysis for Occluded Coronary Arteries in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction (STOPAMI-2) Study Myocardial salvage after coronary stenting plus abciximab versus fibrinolysis plus abciximab in patients with acute myocardial infarction: A randomised trial. Lancet 359:920-925
44. Kawai Y, Tsukamoto E, Nozaki Y, Kishino K, Kohya T, Tamaki N (1998) Use of 123I-BMIPP single-photon emission tomography to estimate areas at risk following successful revascularization in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Eur J Nucl Med 25:1390-1395
45. Kim RJ, Albert TS, Wible JH, Elliott MD, Allen JC, Lee JC, Parker M, Napoli A, Judd RM (2008) Gadoversetamide myocardial infarction imaging investigators. Performance of delayed-enhancement magnetic resonance imaging with gadoversetamide contrast for the detection and assessment of myocardial infarction: An international, multicenter, double-blinded, randomized trial. Circulation 117:629-637
46. Kitakaze M, Asakura M, Kim J, Shintani Y, Asanuma H, Hamasaki T, Seguchi O, Myoishi M, Minamino T, Ohara T, Nagai Y, Nanto S, Watanabe K, Fukuzawa S, Hirayama A, Nakamura N, Kimura K, Fujii K, Ishihara M, Saito Y, Tomoike H, Kitamura S, J-WIND investigators (2007) Human atrial natriuretic peptide and nicorandil as adjuncts to reperfusion treatment for acute myocardial infarction (J-WIND): Two randomised trials. Lancet 370:1483-1493
47. Kloner RA, Forman MB, Gibbons RJ, Ross AM, Alexander RW, Stone GW (2006) Impact of time to therapy and reperfusion modality on the efficacy of adenosine in acute myocardial infarction: The AMISTAD-2 trial. Eur Heart J 27:2400-2405
48. Kloner RA, Rezkalla SH (2004) Cardiac protection during acute myocardial infarction: Where do we stand in 2004? J Am Coll Cardiol 44:276-286
49. Kopecky SL, Aviles RJ, Bell MR, Lobl JK, Tipping D, Frommell G, Ramsey K, Holland AE, Midei M, Jain A, Kellett M, Gibbons RJ (2003) AmP579 Delivery for Myocardial Infarction REduction study. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study measuring the effect of an adenosine agonist on infarct size reduction in patients undergoing primary percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty: The ADMIRE (AmP579 Delivery for Myocardial Infarction REduction) study. Am Heart J 146:146-152
50. Kyriakides ZS, Psychari S, Iliodromitis EK, Kolettis TM, Sbarouni E, Kremastinos DT (2002) Hyperlipidemia prevents the expected reduction of myocardial ischemia on repeated balloon inflations during angioplasty. Chest 121:1211-1215
51. Leoncini M, Bellandi F, Sciagra R, Maioli M, Toso A, Coppola A, Sestini S, Mennuti A, Dabizzi RP, Pupi A (2004) Gated SPECT evaluation of the relationship between admission troponin I, myocardial salvage, and functional recovery in acute myocardial infarction treated by abciximab and early primary angioplasty. J Nucl Med 45:739-744
52. Lim SY, Davidson SM, Hausenloy DJ, Yellon DM (2007) Preconditioning and postconditioning: The essential role of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. Cardiovasc Res 75:530-535
53. Lunde K, Solheim S, Aakhus S, Arnesen H, Abdelnoor M, Egeland T, Endresen K, Ilebekk A, Mangschau A, Fjeld JG, Smith HJ, Taraldsrud E, Grogaard HK, Bjornerheim R, Brekke M, Muller C, Hopp E, Ragnarsson A, Brinchmann JE, Forfang K (2006) Intracoronary injection of mononuclear bone marrow cells in acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 355:1199-1209
54. Mahnken AH, Koos R, Katoh M, Wildberger JE, Spuentrup E, Buecker A, Günther RW, Kühl HP (2005) Assessment of myocardial viability in reperfused acute myocardial infarction using 16-slice computed tomography in comparison to magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 45:2042-2047
55. Mahrholdt H, Wagner A, Parker M, Regenfus M, Fieno DS, Bonow RO, Kim RJ, Judd RM (2003) Relationship of contractile function to transmural extent of infarction in patients with chronic coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 42:505-512
56. Mahrholdt H, Wagner A, Judd RM, Sechtem U, Kim RJ (2005) Delayed enhancement cardiovascular magnetic resonance assessment of non-ischaemic cardiomyopathies. Eur Heart J 26:1461-1474
57. Marenzi G, Moltrasio M, Assanelli E, Lauri G, Marana I, Grazi M, Rubino M, De Metrio M, Veglia F, Bartorelli AL (2007) Impact of cardiac and renal dysfunction on inhospital morbidity and mortality of patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing primary angioplasty. Am Heart J 153:755-762
58. Mehilli J, Ndrepepa G, Kastrati A, Nekolla SG, Markwardt C, Bollwein H, Pache J, Martinoff S, Dirschinger J, Schwaiger M, Schömig A (2005) Gender and myocardial salvage after reperfusion treatment in acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 45:828-831
59. Mensah K, Mocanu MM, Yellon DM (2005) Failure to protect the myocardium against ischemia/reperfusion injury after chronic atorvastatin treatment is recaptured by acute atorvastatin treatment: A potential role for phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten? J Am Coll Cardiol 45:1287-1291
60. Milavetz JJ, Giebel DW, Christian TF, Schwartz RS, Holmes DR Jr, Gibbons RJ (1998) Time to therapy and salvage in myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 31:1246-1251
61. Miki T, Miura T, Tanno M, Nishihara M, Naitoh K, Sato T, Takahashi A, Shimamoto K (2007) Impairment of cardioprotective PI3K-Akt signaling by post-infarct ventricular remodeling is compensated by an ERK-mediated pathway. Basic Res Cardiol 102:163-170
62. Miki T, Miura T, Tanno M, Sakamoto J, Kuno A, Genda S, Matsumoto T, Ichikawa Y, Shimamoto K (2003) Interruption of signal transduction between G protein and PKC-epsilon underlies the impaired myocardial response to ischemic preconditioning in postinfarct remodeled hearts. Mol Cell Biochem 247:185-193
63. Miki T, Miura T, Tsuchida A, Nakano A, Hasegawa T, Fukuma T, Shimamoto K (2000). Cardioprotective mechanism of ischemic preconditioning is impaired by postinfarct ventricular remodeling through angiotensin II type 1 receptor activation. Circulation. 102:458-463
64. Miki T, Miura T, Yano T, Takahashi A, Sakamoto J, Tanno M, Kobayashi H, Ikeda Y, Nishihara M, Naitoh K, Ohori K, Shimamoto K (2006) Alteration in erythropoietin-induced cardioprotective signaling by postinfarct ventricular remodeling. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 317:68-75
65. Miki T, Tanno M, Yano T, Satoh T, Hotta H, Ohori K, Ishikawa S, Miura T (2007) Modification of Akt/GSK-3β signaling and mitochondrial GSK-3β by ER stress underlies failure of erythropoietin to protect diabetic hearts [Abstract]. Circulation 116(Suppl. II):11-164
66. Miura T, Yellon DM, Hearse DJ, Downey JM (1987) Determinants of infarct size during permanent occlusion of a coronary artery in the closed chest dog. J Am Coll Cardiol 9:647-654
67. Miura T, Yoshida S, Iimura O, Downey JM (1988) Dobutamine modifies myocardial infarct size through supply-demand balance. Am J Physiol 254:H855-H861
68. Moolman JA, Genade S, Tromp E, Opie LH, Lochner A (1997) Ischaemic preconditioning does not protect hypertrophied myocardium against ischaemia. S Afr Med J 87(suppl 3):C151-C156
69. Murphy E, Steenbergen C (2005) Inhibition of GSK-3beta as a target for cardioprotection: The importance of timing, location, duration and degree of inhibition. Expert Opin Ther Targets 9:447-456
70. Murry CE, Jennings RB, Reimer KA (1986) Preconditioning with ischemia: A delay of lethal cell injury in ischemic myocardium. Circulation 74:1124-1136
71. Mykytenko J, Kerendi F, Reeves JG, Kin H, Zatta AJ, Jiang R, Guyton RA, Vinten-Johansen J, Zhao ZQ (2007) Long-term inhibition of myocardial infarction by postconditioning. Basic Res Cardiol 102:90-100
72. Nagendran J, Archer SL, Soliman D, Gurtu V, Moudgil R, Haromy A, St Aubin C, Webster L, Rebeyka IM, Ross DB, Light PE, Dyck JR, Michelakis ED (2007) Phosphodiesterase type 5 is highly expressed in the hypertrophied human right ventricle, and acute inhibition of phosphodiesterase type 5 improves contractility. Circulation 116:238-248
73. Nakata T, Hashimoto A, Kobayashi H, Miyamoto K, Tsuchihashi K, Miura T, Shimamoto K (1998) Outcome significance of thallium-201 and iodine-123-BMIPP perfusion-metabolism mismatch in preinfarction angina. J Nucl Med 39:1492-1499
74. Nieman K, Shapiro MD, Ferencik M, Nomura CH, Abbara S, Hoffmann U, Gold HK, Jang IK, Brady TJ, Cury RC (2008) Reperfused myocardial infarction: contrast-enhanced 64-Section CT in comparison to MR imaging. Radiology 247:49-56
75. Ndrepepa G, Braun S, Mehilli J, von Beckerath N, Nekolla S, Vogt W, Schwaiger M, Schömig A, Kastrati A (2006) N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide on admission in patients with acute myocardial infarction and correlation with scintigraphic infarct size, efficacy of reperfusion, and prognosis. Am J Cardiol 97:1151-1156
76. Ockaili R, Salloum F, Hawkins J, Kukreja RC (2002) Sildenafil (Viagra) induces powerful cardioprotective effect via opening of mitochondrial K(ATP) channels in rabbits. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 283:H1263-H1269
77. O'Keefe JH, Grines CL, DeWood MA, Schaer GL, Browne K, Magorien RD, Kalbfleisch JM, Fletcher WO Jr, Bateman TM, Gibbons RJ (1996) Poloxamer-188 as an adjunct to primary percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 78:747-750
78. Pache J, Kastrati A, Mehilli J, Bollwein H, Ndrepepa G, Schuhlen H, Martinoff S, Seyfarth M, Nekolla S, Dirschinger J, Schwaiger M, Schömig A (2004) A randomized evaluation of the effects of glucose-insulin-potassium infusion on myocardial salvage in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with reperfusion therapy. Am Heart J 148:e3
79. Parodi G, Ndrepepa G, Kastrati A, Conti A, Mehilli J, Sciagra R, Schwaiger M, Antoniucci D, Schomig A, Beyond 12 hours Reperfusion AlternatiVe Evaluation (BRAVE-2) Trial Investigators (2006) Ability of mechanical reperfusion to salvage myocardium in patients with acute myocardial infarction presenting beyond 12 hours after onset of symptoms. Am Heart J 152:1133-1139
80. Parodi G, Sciagra R, Migliorini A, Memisha G, Moschi G, Valenti R, Pupi A, Antoniucci D (2005) A randomized trial comparing clopidogrel versus ticlopidine therapy in patients undergoing infarct artery stenting for acute myocardial infarction with abciximab as adjunctive therapy. Am Heart J 150:220
81. Penna C, Mancardi D, Tullio F, Pagliaro P (2007) Postconditioning and intermittent bradykinin induced cardioprotection require cyclooxygenase activation and prostacyclin release during reperfusion. Basic Res Cardiol 103:368-377
82. Reimer KA, Jennings RB (1979) The "wavefront phenomenon" of myocardial ischemic cell death. II. Transmural progression of necrosis within the framework of ischemic bed size (myocardium at risk) and collateral flow. Lab Invest 40:633-644
83. Reimer KA, Jennings RB, Cobb FR, Murdock RH, Greenfield JC Jr, Becker LC, Bulkley BH, Hutchins GM, Schwartz RP Jr, Bailey KR (1985) Animal models for protecting ischemic myocardium: Results of the NHLBI Cooperative Study. Comparison of unconscious and conscious dog models. Circ Res 56:651-665
84. Ross AM, Gibbons RJ, Stone GW, Kloner RA, Alexander RW, AMISTAD-II Investigators (2005) A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled multicenter trial of adenosine as an adjunct to reperfusion in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction (AMISTAD-II). J Am Coll Cardiol 45:1775-1780
85. Rusnak JM, Kopecky SL, Clements IP, Gibbons RJ, Holland AE, Peterman HS, Martin JS, Saoud JB, Feldman RL, Breisblatt WM, Simons M, Gessler CJ Jr, Yu AS (2001) An anti-CD11/CD18 monoclonal antibody in patients with acute myocardial infarction having percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (the FESTIVAL study). Am J Cardiol 88:482-487
86. Schaer GL, Spaccavento LJ, Browne KF, Krueger KA, Krichbaum D, Phelan JM, Fletcher WO, Grines CL, Edwards S, Jolly MK, Gibbons RJ (1996) Beneficial effects of RheothRx injection in patients receiving thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. Results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Circulation 94:298-307
87. Schmidt A, Azevedo CF, Cheng A, Gupta SN, Bluemke DA, Foo TK, Gerstenblith G, Weiss RG, Marbán E, Tomaselli GF, Lima JA, Wu KC (2007) Infarct tissue heterogeneity by magnetic resonance imaging identifies enhanced cardiac arrhythmia susceptibility in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. Circulation 115:2006-2014
88. Schömig A, Kastrati A, Dirschinger J, Mehilli J, Schricke U, Pache J, Martinoff S, Neumann FJ, Schwaiger M (2000) Coronary stenting plus platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blockade compared with tissue plasminogen activator in acute myocardial infarction. Stent versus thrombolysis for occluded coronary arteries in patients with acute myocardial infarction study investigators. N Eng J Med 343:385-391
89. Schömig A, Mehilli J, Antoniucci D, Ndrepepa G, Markwardt C, Di Pede F, Nekolla SG, Schlotterbeck K, Schuhlen H, Pache J, Seyfarth M, Martinoff S, Benzer W, Schmitt C, Dirschinger J, Schwaiger M, Kastrati A, Beyond 12 hours Reperfusion AlternatiVe Evaluation (BRAVE-2) Trial Investigators (2005) Mechanical reperfusion in patients with acute myocardial infarction presenting more than 12 hours from symptom onset: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 293:2865-2872
90. Sciagra R, Imperiale A, Antoniucci D, Migliorini A, Parodi G, Comis G, Pupi A (2004) Relationship of infarct size and severity versus left ventricular ejection fraction and volumes obtained from 99mTc-sestamibi gated single-photon emission computed tomography in patients treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 31:969-974
91. Sciagra R, Parodi G, Pupi A, Migliorini A, Valenti R, Moschi G, Santoro GM, Memisha G, Antoniucci D (2005) Gated SPECT evaluation of outcome after abciximab-supported primary infarct artery stenting for acute myocardial infarction: The scintigraphic data of the abciximab and carbostent evaluation (ACE) randomized trial. J Nucl Med 46:722-727
92. Shapiro MD, Nieman K, Nasir K, Nomura CH, Sarwar A, Ferencik M, Abbara S, Hoffman U, Gold HK, Jang IK, Brady TJ, Cury RC (2007) Utility of cardiovascular magnetic resonance to predict left ventricular recovery after primary percutaneous coronary intervention for patients presenting with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 100:211-216
93. Shen YT, Fallon JT, Iwase M, Vatner SF (1996) Innate protection of baboon myocardium: Effects of coronary artery occlusion and reperfusion. Am J Physiol 270:H1812-H1818
94. Sivaraman V, Mudalagiri NR, Di Salvo C, Kolvekar S, Hayward M, Yap J, Keogh B, Hausenloy DJ, Yellon DM (2007) Postconditioning protects human atrial muscle through the activation of the RISK pathway. Basic Res Cardiol 102:453-459
95. Skyschally A, Schulz R, Heusch G (2008) Pathophysiology of infarction. Protection by ischemic pre- and postconditioning. Herz 33:88-100
96. Tani M, Honma Y, Hasegawa H, Tamaki K (2001) Direct activation of mitochondrial K(ATP) channels mimics preconditioning but protein kinase C activation is less effective in middle-aged rat hearts. Cardiovasc Res 49:56-68
97. Tarantini G, Razzolini R, Cacciavillani L, Bilato C, Sarais C, Corbetti F, Marra MP, Napodano M, Ramondo A, Iliceto S (2006) Influence of transmurality, infarct size, and severe microvascular obstruction on left ventricular remodeling and function after primary coronary angioplasty. Am J Cardiol 98:1033-1040
98. Thibault H, Piot C, Staat P, Bontemps L, Sportouch C, Rioufol G, Cung TT, Bonnefoy E, Angoulvant D, Aupetit JF, Finet G, André-Fouët X, Macia JC, Raczka F, Rossi R, Itti R, Kirkorian G, Derumeaux G, Ovize M (2008) Long-term benefit of postconditioning. Circulation 117:1037-1044
99. Thiele H, Engelmann L, Elsner K, Kappl MJ, Storch WH, Rahimi K, Hartmann A, Pfeiffer D, Kneissl GD, Schneider D, Moller T, Heberling HJ, Weise I, Schuler G, Leipzig Prehospital Fibrinolysis Group (2005) Comparison of pre-hospital combination-fibrinolysis plus conventional care with pre-hospital combination-fibrinolysis plus facilitated percutaneous coronary intervention in acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 26:1956-1963
100. Tsang A, Hausenloy DJ, Mocanu MM, Carr RD, Yellon DM (2005) Preconditioning the diabetic heart: The importance of Akt phosphorylation. Diabetes 54:2360-2364
101. Tsuchida A, Miura T, Tanno M, Nozawa Y, Kita H, Shimamoto K (1998) Time window for the contribution of the delta-opioid receptor to cardioprotection by ischemic preconditioning in the rat heart. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 12:365-373
102. Turcato S, Turnbull L, Wang GY, Honbo N, Simpson PC, Karliner JS, Baker AJ (2006) Ischemic preconditioning depends on age and gender. Basic Res Cardiol 101:235-243
103. Ueda Y, Kitakaze M, Komamura K, Minamino T, Asanuma H, Sato H, Kuzuya T, Takeda H, Hori M (1999) Pravastatin restored the infarct size-limiting effect of ischemic preconditioning blunted by hypercholesterolemia in the rabbit model of myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 34:2120-2125
104. Ugander M, Cain PA, Perron A, Hedström E, Arheden H (2005) Infarct transmurality and adjacent segmental function as determinants of wall thickening in revascularized chronic ischemic heart disease. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 25:209-214
105. Verheugt FW, Gersh BJ, Armstrong PW (2006) Aborted myocardial infarction: A new target for reperfusion therapy. Eur Heart J 27:901-904
106. Vinten-Johansen J, Zhao Z-Q, Jiang R, Zatta AJ, Dobson GP (2007) Preconditioning and postconditioning: Innate cardioprotection from ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Appl Physiol 103:1441-1448
107. Watanabe K, Yaoita H, Ogawa K, Oikawa M, Maehara K, Maruyama Y (2006) Attenuated cardioprotection by ischemic preconditioning in coronary stenosed heart and its restoration by carvedilol. Cardiovasc Res 71:537-547
108. Xu Z, Mueller RA, Park SS, Boysen PG, Cohen MV, Downey JM (2005) Cardioprotection with adenosine A2 receptor activation at reperfusion. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 46:794-802
109. Yang Z, Day YJ, Toufektsian MC, Xu Y, Ramos SI, Marshall MA, French BA, Linden J (2006) Myocardial infarct-sparing effect of adenosine A2A receptor activation is due to its action on CD4+ T lymphocytes. Circulation 114:2056-2064
110. Yang XM, Proctor JB, Cui L, Krieg T, Downey JM, Cohen MV (2004) Multiple, brief coronary occlusions during early reperfusion protect rabbit hearts by targeting cell signaling pathways. J Am Coll Cardiol 44:1103-1110
111. Yellon DM, Hausenloy DJ (2007) Myocardial reperfusion injury. N Engl J Med 357:1121-1135
112. Ytrehus K, Liu Y, Tsuchida A, Miura T, Liu GS, Yang XM, Herbert D, Cohen MV, Downey JM (1994) Rat and rabbit heart infarction: Effects of anesthesia, perfusate, risk zone, and method of infarct sizing. Am J Physiol. 267:H2383-H2390
113. Zohlnhofer D, Ott I, Mehilli J, Schömig K, Michalk F, Ibrahim T, Meisetschlager G, von Wedel J, Bollwein H, Seyfarth M, Dirschinger J, Schmitt C, Schwaiger M, Kastrati A, Schomig A, REVIVAL-2 Investigators (2006) Stem cell mobilization by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in patients with acute myocardial infarction: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 295:1003-1010