Quaternary glaciation of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen

Journal of Quaternary Science

Volumn 23, Issue 6-7, 2008, Pages 513-531

  Owen, Lewis A ^a   Caffee, Marc W ^b   Finkel, Robert C ^c   Seong, Yeong Bae ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI   (United States)

^b PURDUE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

^d Korea University   (South Korea)

Author keywords

Geochronology; Himalaya; Monsoon; Mountain glaciation; Tibet

Indexed keywords

CLIMATE CHANGE; GEOCHRONOLOGY; GLACIATION; GLACIER; ICE CAP; LUMINESCENCE DATING; MONSOON; NORTHERN HEMISPHERE; OROGENY; PALEOCLIMATE; QUATERNARY; RADIOCARBON DATING;

ASIA; CHINA; EURASIA; FAR EAST; HIMALAYAS; XIZANG;

EID: 53949115252     PISSN: 02678179     EISSN: 10991417     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/jqs.1203     Document Type: Article

References (179)

1. Abramowski U, Bergau A, Seebach D, Zech R, Glaser B, Sosin P, Kubik PW, Zech W. 2006. Pleistocene glaciations of Central Asia: results from 10Be surface exposure ages of erratic boulders from the Pamir (Tajikistan) and the Alay-Turkestan range (Kyrgyzstan). Quaternary Science Reviews 25: 1080-1096.
2. Ageta Y, Higuchi K. 1984. Estimation of mass balance components of a summer-accumulation type glacier in the Nepal Himalaya. Geografiska Annaler 66A: 249-255.
3. Ageta Y, KadotaT. 1992. Predictions of changes of glacier mass balance in the Nepal Himalaya and Tibetan Plateau: a case study of air temperature increase for three glaciers. Annals of Glaciology 16: 89-94.
4. Balco G, Stone JO, Lifton NA, Dunai TJ. 2008. A complete and easily accessible means of calculating surface exposure ages or erosion rates from 10Be and 26Al measurements. Quaternary Geochronology 8: 174-195.
5. Barnard PL, Owen LA, Finkel RC. 2004a. Style and timing of glacial and paraglacial sedimentation in a monsoonal influenced high Himalayan environment, the upper Bhagirathi Valley, Garhwal Himalaya. Sedimentary Geology 165: 199-221.
6. Barnard PL, Owen LA, Sharma MC, Finkel RC. 2004b. Late Quaternary landscape evolution of a monsoon-influenced high Himalayan valley, Gori Ganga, Nanda Devi, NE Garhwal. Geomorphology 61: 91-110.
7. Barnard PL, Owen LA, Finkel RC. 2006a. Quaternary fans and terraces in the Khumbu Himal south of Mount Everest: their characteristics, age and formation. Journal of Geological Society of London 163: 383-399.
8. Barnard PL, Owen LA, Finkel RC, Asahi K. 2006b. Landscape response to deglaciation;1; in a high relief, monsoon-influenced alpine environment, Langtang Himal, Nepal. Quaternary Science Reviews 25: 2162-2176.
9. Barry RG, Chorley RJ. 2003. Atmosphere, Weather, and Climate, (8th edn). Routledge: London.
10. Batura Glacier Investigation Group. 1976. Investigation report on the Batura glacier in the Karakoram Mountains, the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (1974-1975). Batura Investigation Group, Engineering Headquarters, Peking.
11. Batura Glacier Investigation Group. 1979. The Batura glacier in the Karakoram Mountains. Scientia Sinica 22: 281-293.
12. Bäumler R, Madhikermi DP, Zech W. 1997. Fine silt and clay mineralogical changes of a soil chronosequence in the Langtang Valley (Central Nepal). Zeitschrift für Pflanzenernährung und Bodenkunde 160: 353-363.
13. Benedict JB. 1976. Khumbu glacier series, Nepal. Radiocarbon 18: 177-178.
14. Benn DI, Lehmkuhl F. 2000. Mass balance and equilibrium-line altitudes of glaciers in high mountain environments. Quaternary International 65/66: 15-29.
15. Benn DI, Owen LA. 1998. The role of the Indian summer monsoon and the mid-latitude westerlies in Himalayan glaciation: review and speculative discussion. Journal of the Geological Society 155: 353-363.
16. Benn DI, Owen LA. 2002. Himalayan glacial sedimentary environments: a framework for reconstructing and dating former glacial extents in high mountain regions. Quaternary International 97/98: 3-26.
17. Benn DI, Owen LA, Osmaston HA, Seltzer GO, Porter CS, Mark B. 2003. Reconstruction of equilibrium-line altitudes for tropical and sub-tropical glaciers. Quaternary International 138/139: 8-21.
18. Bond G, Heinrich H, Broecker W, Labeyrie L, McManus J, Andrews J, Huon S, Jantschik R, Clasen S, Simet C, Tedesco K, Klas M, Bonani G, Ivy S. 1992. Evidence for massive discharges of icebergs into the North Atlantic during the last glacial period. Nature 360: 245-249.
19. Brozovic N, Burbank DW, Meigs AJ. 1997. Climatic limits on landscape development in the northwestern Himalaya. Science 276: 571-574.
20. Burbank DW, Kang JC. 1991. Relative dating of Quaternary moraines, Rongbuk Valley, Mount Everest, Tibet: implications for an Ice Sheet on the Tibetan Plateau. Quaternary Research 36: 1-18.
21. Bush ABG. 2000. A positive climatic feedback mechanism for Himalayan glaciation. Quaternary International 65/66: 3-13.
22. Bush ABG. 2002. A comparison of simulated monsoon circulations and snow accumulation in Asia during the mid-Holocene and at the Last Glacial Maximum. Global and Planetary Change 32: 331-347.
23. Chevalier M-L, Ryerson FJ, Tapponnier P, Finkel RC, Van Der Woerd J, Haibing L, Qing L. 2005. Slip-rate measurements on the Karakoram Fault may imply secular variations in fault motion. Science 307: 411-414.
24. Colgan PM, Munroe JS, Zhou S. 2006. Cosmogenic radionuclide evidence for the limited extent of last glacial maximum glaciers in the Tanggula Shan of the central Tibetan Plateau. Quaternary Research 65: 336-339.
25. Conway WM. 1894. Climbing and Exploration in the Karakoram-Himalayas. Fisher-Unwin: London.
26. Cunningham A. 1854. Ladakh, Physical, Statistical, Historical, (reprinted 1970). Sagar: New Delhi.
27. Dainelli G. 1922. Studi sul glaciale Spedizone Italian de Filippi nell' Himalaia, Caracorume Turchestan/Cinese (1913-1914), Ser II, 3. Zanichelli: Bologna.
28. Dainelli G. 1934. Studi sul Glaciale: Spedizone Italian de Filippi nel'Himalaia, Caracorum e Turchestan Cinese (1913-1914), Ser. II., 3: Zanichelli: Bologna.
29. Dainelli G. 1935. La Series dei Terreni: Spedizione Ilaliana De Fillippi nell'Himalaia, Caracorum e Turchestan Chinese (1913-1914), Ser. II, 2: Zanichelli: Bologna.
30. DeMets C, Gordon RG, Argus DF, Stein S. 1994. Effects of recent revisions to the geomagnetic reversal time scale on estimates of current plate motion. Geophysical Research Letters 21: 2191-2194.
31. Derbyshire E. 1982. Glacier regime and glacial sediment facies: a hypothetical framework for the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. In Proceedings of Symposium on Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau, Beijing, China, Vol. 2. Geological and Ecological studies of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Science Press: Beijing; 1649-1656.
32. Derbyshire E. 1983. The Lushan dilemma: Pleistocene glaciation south of the ChangJiang (Yangste River). Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 27: 445-471.
33. Derbyshire E. 1987. A history of the glacial stratigraphy in China. Quaternary Science Reviews 6: 301-314.
34. Derbyshire E, Owen LA. 1990. Quaternary alluvial fans in the Karakoram Mountains. In Alluvial Fans: A Field Approach, Rachocki AH, Church M (eds). Wiley: Chichester; 27-53.
35. Derbyshire E, Li J, Perrott FA, Xu S, Waters RS. 1984. Quaternary glacial history of the Hunza valley Karakoram Mountains, Pakistan. In International Karakoram Project, Miller K (ed.). Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK; 456-495.
36. Derbyshire E, Shi Y, Li J, Zheng B, Li S, Wang J. 1991. Quaternary glaciation of Tibet: the geological evidence. Quaternary Science Reviews 10: 485-510.
37. Desilets D, Zreda M. 2003. Spatial and temporal distribution of secondary cosmic-ray nucleon intensities and applications to in situ cosmogenic dating. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 206: 21-42.
38. Desilets D, Zreda M. 2006. Elevation dependence of cosmogenic 36Cl production in Hawaiian lava flows. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 246: 277-287.
39. De Terra H, Paterson TT. 1939. Studies on the Ice Age in India and associated human cultures. Publication 493, Carnegie Institute of Washington.
40. Dey B, Bhanu Khumar OSRU. 1982. An apparent relationship between Eurasian spring snow cover and the advance period of the Indian summer monsoon. Journal of Applied Meteorology 21: 1929-1923.
41. Dey B, Kathuria SN, Bhanu Khumar OSRU. 1985. Himalayan summer snow cover and withdrawal of the Indian summer monsoon. Journal of Climatology and Applied Meteorology 24: 865-868.
42. Dickson RR. Eurasian snow cover versus Indian monsoon rainfall: an extension of the Hahn-Shukla results. Journal of Climatology and Applied Meteorology 23: 171-173.
43. Drew F. 1873. Alluvial and lacustrine deposits and glacial records of the upper Indus basin. Part 1: Alluvial deposits. Geological Society of London Quarterly Journal 29: 449-471.
44. Dunai TJ. 2000. Scaling factors for production rates of in situ produced cosmogenic nuclides: a critical reevaluation. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 176: 157-169.
45. Ehlers J, Gibbard P (eds). 2004. Glaciations: Extent and Chronologies. Part III: South America, Asia, Africa, Australia, Antarctica, Developments in Quaternary Science 2. Elsevier: Amsterdam.
46. Fielding E, Isacks B, Barazangi M, Duncan C. 1994. How flat is Tibet? Geology 22: 163-167.
47. Finkel RC, Owen LA, Barnard PL, Caffee MW. 2003. Beryllium-10 dating of Mount Everest moraines indicates a strong monsoonal influence and glacial synchroneity throughout the Himalaya. Geology 31: 561-564.
48. Fort M, Derbyshire E. 1988. Some characteristics of tills in the Annapurna Range, Nepal. In Proceedings of the Second Conference on the Palaeoenvironment of East Asia from the Mid-Tertiary. Vol. 1: Geology, Sea Level Changes, Palaeoclimatology and Palaeobotany, Chen E (ed.). University of Hong Kong: Hong Kong; 195-214.
49. Frenzel B. 1960. Die Vegetations- und Landschaftszonen Nordeurasiens während der letzten Eiszeit und während der Postglazialen Warmezeit. Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur in Mainz, Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse 13: 937-1099.
50. Fuchs M, Owen LA. 2008. Luminescence dating of glacial and associated sediments: a review. Boreas (in press).
51. Fushimi H. 1977. Glaciations in the Khumbu Himal. Seppyo 39: 60-67.
52. Fushimi H. 1978. Glaciations in the Khumbu Himal. Seppyo 40: 71-77.
53. Gillespie A, Molnar P. 1995. Asynchronous maximum advances of mountain and continental glaciers. Reviews of Geophysics 33: 311-364.
54. Godwin-Austin HH. 1864. On the glaciers of Muztagh Range. Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society 34: 19-46.
55. Gosse JC, Phillips FM. 2001. Terrestrial in situ cosmogenic nuclides: theory and application. Quaternary Science Reviews 20: 1475-1560.
56. Guggenberger G, Bäumler R, Zech W. 1998. Weathering of soils developed in eolian material overlying glacial deposits in Eastern Nepal. Soil Science 163: 325-337.
57. Guyodo Y, Valet JP. 1999. Global changes in intensity of the Earth's magnetic field during the past 800 kyr. Nature 399: 249-252.
58. Haeberli W, Bosch H, Scherler K, Ostrem G, Wallen CC. 1989. World Glacier Inventory: Status 1988. Compiled by the World Glacier Monitoring Service, IAHS-UNEP-UNESCO: Wallingford, UK.
59. Hahn DG, Shukla J. 1976. An apparent relationship between Eurasian snow cover and Indian monsoon rainfall. Journal of Atmospheric Science 33: 2461-2462.
60. Hewitt K. 1999. Quaternary moraines vs catastrophic avalanches in the Karakoram Himalaya, northern Pakistan. Quaternary Research 51: 220-237.
61. Higuchi K, Ageta Y, Yasunari T, Inoue J. 1982. Characteristics of precipitation during the monsoon season in high-mountain areas of the Nepal Himalaya. In Hydrological Aspects of Alpine and High Mountain Areas, Publication 138. IAHS: Wallingford, UK; 21-30.
62. Hövermann J, Lehmkuhl F. 1994. Die vorzeitlichen Vergletscherungen in Ost- und Zentraltibet. Göttinger Geographische Abhandlungen 95: 71-114.
63. Hövermann J, Lehmkuhl F, Pörtge K-H. 1993a. Pleistocene glaciations in eastern and central Tibet: preliminary results of the Chinese-German joint expeditions. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 92: 85-96.
64. Hövermann J, Lehmkuhl F, Süssenberger H. 1993b. Neue Befunde zur Paläoklimatologie Nordafrikas und Zentralasiens. Abhandlungen der Braunschweigischen Wissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft 43: 127-150.
65. Inoue J. 1977. Mass budget of Khumbu Glacier. Seppyo 39: 15-19.
66. Inoue J. 1978. Gales over the Himalayas in 1976. Seppyo 40: 56-59.
67. Iwata S. 1976. Late Pleistocene and Holocene moraines in the Sagarmatha (Everest) region, Khumbu Himal. Seppyo 38: 109-114.
68. Klute F. 1930. Verschiebung der Klimagebiete der letzten Eiszeit. Petermanns Mitteilungen Ergänzungsheft 209: 166-182.
69. Kuhle M. 1985. Ein subtropisches Inlandeis als Eiszeitauslöser, Südtibet und Mt. Everest expedition 1984. In Georgia Augusta, Nachrichten aus der Universität Gottingen, May; 1-17.
70. Kuhle M. 1986. The upper limit of glaciation in the Himalayas. GeoJournal 13: 331-346.
71. Kuhle M. 1987. The Problem of a Pleistocene inland glaciation of the Northeastern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. In Reports of the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau, Hövermann J, Wang W (eds). Beijing; 250-315.
72. Kuhle M. 1988a. Geomorphological findings on the built-up of Pleistocene glaciation in Southern Tibet and on the problem of inland ice. GeoJournal 17: 457-512.
73. Kuhle M. 1988b. Topography as a fundamental element of glacial systems. GeoJournal 17: 545-568.
74. Kuhle M. 1990a. Ice marginal ramps and alluvial fans in semiarid mountains: convergence and difference. In Alluvial Fans: A Field Approach, Rachocki AH, Church M (eds). Wiley: Chichester; 55-68.
75. Kuhle M. 1990b. The cold deserts of high Asia (Tibet and contiguous mountains). GeoJournal 20: 319-323.
76. Kuhle M. 1991. Observations supporting the Pleistocene inland glaciation of High Asia. GeoJournal 25: 131-231.
77. Kuhle M. 1993. A short report of the Tibet excursion 14-A: part of the XIII INQUA Congress 1991 in Beijing. GeoJournal 29: 426-427.
78. Kuhle M. 1995. Glacial isostatic uplift of Tibet as a consequence of a former ice sheet. GeoJournal 37: 431-449.
79. Kulkarni AV. 1992. Mass balance of Himalayan glaciers using AAR and ELA methods. Journal of Glaciology 38: 101-104.
80. Lal D. 1991. Cosmic ray labeling of erosion surfaces: in situ nuclide production rates and erosion models. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 104: 429-439.
81. Lehmkuhl F. 1995. Geomorphologische Untersuchungen zurn Klima des Holozäns und Jungpleistozäns Osttibets. Göttinger Geographische Abhandlungen 102: 1-184.
82. Lehmkuhl F. 1997. Late Pleistocene, Late-glacial and Holocene glacier advances on the Tibetan Plateau. Quaternary International 38/39: 77-83.
83. Lehmkuhl F. 1998. Extent and spatial distribution of Pleistocene glaciations in Eastern Tibet. Quaternary International 45/46: 123-134.
84. Lehmkuhl F, Lui S. 1994. An outline of physical geography including Pleistocene glacial landforms of Eastern Tibet (Provinces Sichuan and Qinghai). GeoJournal 34: 7-30.
85. Lehmkuhl F, Owen LA. 2005. Late Quaternary glaciation of Tibet and the bordering mountains: a review. Boreas 34: 87-100.
86. Lehmkuhl F, Owen LA, Derbyshire E. 1998. Late Quaternary glacial history of northeastern Tibet. Quaternary Proceedings 6: 121-142.
87. Lehmkuhl F, Klinge M, Rees-Jones J, Rhodes EJ. 2000. First luminescence dates for Late Quaternary aeolian sedimentation in Central and Eastern Tibet. Quaternary International 68/71: 117-132.
88. Li B, Li J, Cui Z. 1991. (eds). Quaternary glacial distribution map of Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau 1:3,000,000. Shi Y (Scientific Advisor). Quaternary Glacier, and Environment Research Center, Lanzhou University, China.
89. Li JJ, Derbyshire E, Street-Perrott FA, Xu SY, Waters RS. 1984. Glacial and paraglacial sediments of the Hunza valley, north-west Pakistan: a preliminary analysis. In The International Karakoram Project, Miller K (ed.). Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK; 496-535.
90. Lifton NA, Bieber JW, Clem JM, Duldig ML, Evenson P, Humble JE, Pyle R. 2005. Addressing solar modulation and long-term uncertainties in scaling secondary cosmic rays for in situ cosmogenic nuclide applications. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 239: 140-161.
91. Liu Z, Jiao S, Zhang Y, Yi S, Al C, Zhao Y, Li Y, Wang H, Xu J, Hu J, Guo T. 1988. Geological Map of the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau and adjacent areas (1:1,500,000). Explanatory note. Chengdu Institute of Geology Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Chengdu, China.
92. Mann DH, Sletten RS, Reanier RE. 1996. Quaternary glaciation of the Rongbuk Valley, Tibet. Journal of Quaternary Science 11: 267-280.
93. Martinson DG, Pisias NG, Hays JD, Imbrie J, Moore TC, Shackleton NJ. 1987. Age dating and the orbital theory of the ice ages: development of a high resolution 0-300,000-year chronostratigraphy. Quaternary Research 27: 1-29.
94. Meriaux A-S, Ryerson FJ, Tapponnier P, Van der Woerd J, Finkel RC, Xu X, Xu Z, Caffee MW. 2004. Rapid slip along the central Altyn Tagh Fault: morphochronologic evidence from Cherchen He and Sulamu Tagh. Journal of Geophysical Research 109(B6): B06401.
95. Miller KJ (ed.). 1984. The International Karakoram Project, (2 vols). Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK.
96. Misch P. 1935. Ein gefalterer junger Sandstein im Nordwest-Himalaya und sein Gefuge. Festschrift zum 60 geburstag von Hans Stille. Verlag: Stuttgart.
97. Müller F. 1980. Present and late Pleistocene equilibrium line altitudes in the Mt. Everest region: an application of the glacier inventory. World Glacier Inventory 126: 75-94.
98. Murakami T. 1987. Effects of the Tibetan Plateau. In Monsoon Meteorology, Chang CP, Krishnamurti TN (eds). Oxford University Press: Oxford; 235-270.
99. Nijampurkar VN, Rao DK. 1992. Accumulation and flow rates of ice on Chhota Shigri glacier, central Himalaya, using radioactive and stable isotopes. Journal of Glaciology 38: 43-50.
100. Norin E. 1925. Preliminary notes on the Late Quaternary glaciation of the North Western Himalaya. Geografiska Annaler 7: 165-194.
101. Ohno M, Hamano Y. 1992. Geomagnetic poles over the past 10,000 years. Geophysical Research Letters 19: 1715-1718.
102. Owen LA. 1988. Wet-sediment deformation of Quaternary and recent sediments in the Skardu Basin, Karakoram Mountains, Pakistan. In Glaciotectonics: Forms and Processes, Croots D (ed.). Balkema: Rotterdam; 123-148.
103. Owen LA. 1991. Mass movement deposits in the Karakoram Mountains: their sedimentary characteristics, recognition and role in Karakoram landform evolution. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 35: 401-424.
104. Owen LA. 1993. Glacial and non-glacial diamictons in the Karakoram Mountains. In The Formation and Deformation of Glacial Deposits, Croots D, Warren W (eds). Balkema: Rotterdam; 9-29.
105. Owen LA, Benn DI. 2005. Equilibrium-line altitudes of the Last Glacial Maximum for the Himalaya and Tibet: an assessment and evaluation of results. Quaternary International 138/139: 55-78.
106. Owen LA, Derbyshire E. 1988. Glacially deformed diamictons in the Karakoram Mountains, northern Pakistan. In Glaciotectonics: Forms and Processes, Croots D (ed.). Balkema: Rotterdam; 149-176.
107. Owen LA, Derbyshire E. 1989. The Karakoram glacial depositional system. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 76: 33-73.
108. Owen LA, Lehmkuhl F (eds). 2000. Late Quaternary glaciation and paleoclimate of the Tibetan Plateau and bordering mountains. Quaternary International, 65/66: 1-212 pp.
109. Owen LA, Zhou S (eds). 2002. Glaciation in Monsoon Asia. Quaternary International, 97/98: 1-179 pp.
110. Owen LA, Bailey RM, Rhodes EJ, Mitchell WA, Coxon P. 1997. Style and timing of Glaciation in the Lahul Himalaya, northern India: a framework for reconstructing the late Quaternary palaeoclimatic change in the Western Himalayas. Journal of Quaternary Science 12: 83-109.
111. Owen LA, Derbyshire E, Fort M. 1998. The Quaternary glacial history of the Himalaya. Quaternary Proceedings 6: 91-120.
112. Owen LA, Gualtieri L, Finkel RC, Caffee MW, Benn DI, Sharma MC. 2001. Cosmogenic radionuclide dating of glacial landforms in the Lahul Himalaya, northern India: defining the timing of Late Quaternary glaciation. Journal of Quaternary Science 16: 555-563.
113. Owen LA, Finkel RC, Caffee MW, Gualtieri L. 2002a. Timing of multiple Late Quaternary glaciations in the Hunza Valley, Karakoram Mountains, northern Pakistan: defined by cosmogenic radionuclide dating of moraines. Geological Society of America Bulletin 114: 593-604.
114. Owen LA, Kamp U, Spencer JQ, Haserodt K. 2002b. Timing and style of Late Quaternary glaciation in the eastern. Hindu Kush, Chitral, northern Pakistan: a review and revision of the glacial chronology based on new optically stimulated luminescence dating. Quaternary International 97/98: 41-55.
115. Owen LA, Finkel RC, Ma H, Spencer JQ, Derbyshire E, Barnard PL, Caffee MW. 2003a. Timing and style of Late Quaternary glaciations in NE Tibet. Geological Society of America Bulletin 115: 1356-1364.
116. Owen LA, Ma H, Derbyshire E, Spencer JQ, Barnard PL, Zeng YN, Finkel RC, Caffee MW. 2003b. The timing and style of Late Quaternary glaciation in the La Ji Mountains, NE Tibet: evidence for restricted glaciation during the latter part of the Last Glacial. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 130: 263-276.
117. Owen LA, Spencer JQ, Ma H, Barnard PL, Derbyshire E, Finkel RC, Caffee MW, Zeng YN. 2003c. Timing of Late Quaternary glaciation along the southwestern slopes of the Qilian Shan, Tibet. Boreas 32: 281-291.
118. Owen LA, Finkel RC, Barnard PL, Haizhou M, Asahi K, Caffee MW, Derbyshire E. 2005. Climatic and topographic controls on the style and timing of Late Quaternary glaciation throughout Tibet and the Himalaya defined by 10Be cosmogenic radionuclide surface exposure dating. Quaternary Science Reviews 24: 1391-1411.
119. Owen LA, Caffee MW, Bovard KR, Finkel RC, Sharma MC. 2006a. Terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide surface exposure dating of the oldest glacial successions in the Himalayan orogen. Ladakh Range, northern India. Geological Society of America Bulletin 118: 383-392.
120. Owen LA, Finkel RC, Ma H, Barnard PL. 2006b. Late Quaternary landscape evolution in the Kunlun Mountains and Qaidam Basin, Northern Tibet: a framework for examining the links between glaciation, lake level changes and alluvial fan formation. Quaternary International 154/155: 73-86.
121. Pachur H-J, Wunnemann B, Zhang L, Zhang H, Yuzheng MA. 1994. Floodplain sediments on the divide between Huang He and Chang Jiang in Northwestern China. GeoJournal 34: 97-106.
122. Paffen KH, Pillewizer W, Schneide HJ. 1956. Forschungen im Hunza-Karakoram. Erdkunde 10: 1-33.
123. Phillips WM, Sloan VF, Shroder JF Jr, Sharma P, Clarke ML, Rendell HM. 2000. Asynchronous glaciation at Nanga Parbat, northwestern Himalaya Mountains, Pakistan. Geology 28: 431-434.
124. 10Be. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 226: 193-205.
125. Porter SC. 1989. Some geological implications of average Quaternary glacial conditions. Quaternary Research 32: 245-261.
126. Prell WL, Kutzbach JF. 1987. Monsoon variability over the past 150,000 yr. Journal of Geophysical Research 92: 8411-8425.
127. Prell WL, Kutzbach JF. 1992. Sensitivity of the Indian monsoon to forcing parameters and implications for its evolution. Nature 360: 647-652.
128. Richards BWM. 1999. Palaeoclimate of South Asia over the last 80 ka: luminescence ages of sediment from former glaciations in Nepal and Pakistan. PhD thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, UK.
129. Richards BWM. 2000. Luminescence dating of Quaternary sediments in the Himalaya and High Asia: a practical guide to its use and limitations for constraining the timing of glaciation. Quaternary International 65/66: 49-61.
130. Richards BWM, Owen LA, Rhodes EJ. 2000a. Timing of Late Quaternary glaciations in the Himalayas of northern Pakistan. Journal of Quaternary Science 15: 283-297.
131. Richards BWM, Benn D, Owen LA, Rhodes EJ, Spencer JQ. 2000b. Timing of Late Quaternary glaciations south of Mount Everest in the Khumbu Himal. Nepal. Geological Society of America Bulletin 112: 1621-1632.
132. Richards BWM, Owen LA, Rhodes EJ. 2001. Comment: asynchronous glaciation at Nanga Parbat, northwestern Himalaya Mountains, Pakistan. Geology 29: 287.
133. Röthlisberger F, Geyh M. 1985. Glacier variations in Himalayas and Karakoram. Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie 21: 237-249.
134. Rupper SB. 2007. Glacier sensitivity and regional climate: past and present. PhD thesis, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
135. Rutter NW. 1995. Problematic Ice Sheets. Quaternary International 28: 19-37.
136. Schäfer JM, Tschudi S, Zhizhong Z, Xihao W, Ivy-Ochs S, Wieler R, Baur H, Kubik PW, Schluchter C. 2002. The limited influence of glaciation in Tibet on global climate over the past 170,000 yr. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 194: 287-297.
137. Seong YB, Owen LA, Bishop MP, Bush A, Clendon P, Copland P, Finkel R, Kamp U, Shroder JF. 2007. Quaternary glacial history of the Central Karakoram. Quaternary Science Reviews 26: 3384-3405.
138. Seong YB, Owen LA, Yi C, Finkel RC. 2008a. Quaternary glaciation of Muztag Ata and Kongur Shan: evidence for glacier response to rapid climate changes throughout the Late-glacial and Holocene in westernmost Tibet. Geological Society of America Bulletin (submitted).
139. Seong YB, Owen LA, Yi C, Finkel RC, Schoenbohm L. 2008b. Geomorphology of anomalously high glaciated mountains at the northwestern end of Tibet: Muztag Ata and Kongur Shan. Geomorphology (in press).
140. Shackleton NJ, Berger A, Peltier WR. 1990. An alternative astronomical calibration of the lower Pleistocene timescale based on ODP site 677. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Science 81: 251-261.
141. Sharma MC, Owen LA. 1996. Quaternary glacial history of the Garhwal Himalaya, India. Quaternary Science Reviews 15: 335-365.
142. Shi Y. 1988. Map of Snow, Ice, and Frozen Ground in China, Lanzhou Institute of Glaciology and Geocryology. China Cartographic Publishing House: Beijing.
143. Shi Y. 1992. Glaciers and glacial geomorphology in China. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 86: 19-35.
144. Shi Y. 2002. Characteristics of late Quaternary monsoonal glaciation on the Tibetan Plateau and in East Asia. Quaternary International 97/98: 79-91.
145. Shi Y, Ren B, Wang J, Derbyshire E. 1986. Quaternary glaciation in China. Quaternary Science Reviews 5: 503-510.
146. Shi Y, Zheng B, Li S. 1992. Last glaciation and maximum glaciation in the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau: a controversy to M. Kuhle's ice sheet hypothesis. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 84: 19-35.
147. Shi Y, Kong Z, Wang S, Tang L, Wang F, Yao T, Zhao X, Zhang P, Shi S. 1993. Mid-Holocene climates and environments in China. Global and Planetary Change 7: 219-233.
148. Shi Y, Cui Z, Su Z. 2005. The Quaternary Glaciations and Environmental Variations in China. Hebei Science and Technology Publishing House: Hebei, China.
149. Shiraiwa T. 1993. Glacier fluctuations and cryogenic environments in the Langtang valley, Nepal Himalaya. Contributions from the Institute of Low Temperature Science. Institute of Low Temperature Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
150. Sirocko F, Sarnthein M, Lange H, Erlenkeuser H. 1991. The atmospheric summer circulation and coastal upwelling in the Arabian Sea during the Holocene and the last glaciation. Quaternary Research 36: 72-93.
151. Soman MK, Slingo J. 1997. Sensitivity of the Asian summer monsoon to aspects of sea-surface-temperature anomalies in the tropical Pacific Ocean. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 123: 309-336.
152. Spencer JQ, Owen LA. 2004. Optically stimulated luminescence dating of Late Quaternary glaciogenic sediments in the upper Hunza valley: validating the timing of glaciation and assessing dating methods. Quaternary Sciences Reviews 23: 175-191.
153. Staiger J, Gosse J, Toracinta R, Oglesby B, Fastook J, Johnson JV. 2007. Atmospheric scaling of cosmogenic nuclide production: climate effect. Journal of Geophysical Research 112: B02205.
154. Stone JO. 2000. Air pressure and cosmogenic isotope production. Journal of Geophysical Research 105: 23753-23759.
155. Stroeven RP, Hättestrand C, Heyman J, Harbor J, Li YK, Zhou LP, Caffee MW, Alexanderson H, Kleman J, Ma HZ, Liu GN. 2008. Landscape analysis of the Huang He headwaters, NE Tibetan Plateau: patterns of glacial and fluvial erosion. Geomorphology (in press).
156. Thompson LG. 2000. Ice core evidence for climate change in the Tropics: implications for our future. Quaternary Science Reviews 19: 19-35.
157. Thompson LG, Mosley-Thompson E, Davis ME, Bolzan JF, Dai J, Yao T, Gundestrup N, Wu X, Klein L, Xie Z. 1989. Holocene-Late Pleistocene climatic ice core records from Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Science 246: 474-477.
158. Thompson LG, Yao T, Davis ME, Henderson KA, Mosley-Thompson E, Lin P-N, Beer J, Synal HA, Cole-Dai J, Bolzan JF. 1997. Tropical climate instability: the Last Glacial Cycle from a Qinghai-Tibetan ice core. Science 276: 1821-1825.
159. Thompson T. 1849. Successful journey to the Karakoam Pass, in Central Asia. Journal of the Royal Geographical Society 19: 25-29.
160. Trinkler E. 1930. The Ice-Age on the Tibetan Plateau and in the adjacent region. Geography Journal 75: 225-232.
161. Tsukamoto S, Asahi K, Watanabe T, Kondo R, Rink WJ. 2002. Timing of past glaciation in Kanchenjunga Himal, Nepal by optically stimulated luminescence dating of tills. Quaternary International 97/98: 57-68.
162. van Williams S. 1983. Present and former equilibrium-line altitudes near Mount Everest, Nepal and Tibet. Arctic andAlpine Research 15: 201-211.
163. von Wissmann H. 1959. Die heutige Vergletscherung und Schneegrenze n Hochasien mit Hinweisen auf die Vergletscherung der letzten Eiszeit. Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur in Mainz, Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse 14: 121-123.
164. Wake CP, Mayewski PA, Dahe Q, Qinzhao Y, Sichang K, Whitlow S, Meeker LD. 2001. Changes in atmospheric circulation over the south-eastern Tibetan Plateau over the last two centuries from a Himalayan ice core. PAGES News 9: 3.
165. Wang J. 1987. Climatic geomorphology of the northeastern part of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. In Reports on the Northeastern Part of the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau, Hovermann J, Wang W (eds). Science Press: Beijing; 140-175.
166. Webster PJ. 1987a. The elementary monsoon. In Monsoons, Fein JS, Stephens PJ (eds). Wiley: New York; 3-32.
167. Webster PJ. 1987b. The variable and interactive monsoon. In Monsoons, Fein JS, Stephens PJ (eds). Wiley: New York; 269-330.
168. Yang S, Odah H, Shaw J. 2000. Variations in the geomagnetic dipole movement over the last 12,000 years. Geophysical Journal International 140: 158-162.
169. Yasunari T, Inoue J. 1978. Characteristics of monsoonal precipitation around peaks and ridges in Shorong and Khumbu Himal. Seppyo 40: 26-32.
170. Yi C, Owen LA. 2006. Quaternary palaeoenvironmental change in Tibet and the bordering mountains. Quaternary International 154/155: 1-157 pp.
171. Yi C, Li X, Qu J. 2002. Quaternary glaciation of Puruogangri: the largest modern ice field in Tibet. Quaternary International 97/ 98: 111-123.
172. Yin A, Harrison TM. 2000. Geologic evolution of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen. Annual Reviews of Earth and Planetary Sciences 28: 211-280.
173. 10Be exposure ages. Quaternary Research 64: 212-220.
174. Zech W, Glaser B, Ni A, Petrov M, Lemzin I. 2000. Soil as indicators of the Pleistocene and Holocene landscape history: Alay Range (Khyrgstan). Quaternary International 65/66: 161-170.
175. 10Be, dendrochronology) dating techniques. Quaternary Science Reviews 22: 2253-2265.
176. Zeitler PK, Meltzer AS, Koons PO, Craw D, Hallet B, Chamberlain CP, Kidd WSF, Park SK, Seeber L, Bishop M, Shroder JF. 2001. Erosion, Himalayan geodynamics and the geomorphology of metamorphism. GSA Today 11: 4-8.
177. Zhang X, Shi Y. 1980. Changes of the Batura Glacier in the Quaternary and recent times. In Professional Papers on the Batura Glacier, Karakoram Mountains. Science Press: Beijing; 173-190.
178. Zheng B. 1989. Controversy regarding the existence of a large ice sheet on the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau during the Quaternary Period. Quaternary Research 32: 121-123.
179. Zheng B, Rutter N. 1998. On the problem of Quaternary glaciations, and the extent and patterns of Pleistocene ice cover in the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) plateau. Quaternary International 45/46: 109-122.