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Although incision along the Indus and Astor rivers does lower the mean elevation in the Nanga Parbat region, this effect is relatively small, and the calculated mean varies little for regional boundaries which are taken well outside of the immediate influence of the deeply incised gorges of these rivers.
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Slope angles are sensitive to both DEM grid spacing and to the length scale over which slope is measured, and in general, slope angles decrease with increasing measurement length. We calculated mean slope angles by fitting a least square deviation best fit plane to groups of four-by-four pixels, corresponding to ∼270 m by 270 m on the ground (10, 11). For the 90-m DEM, slope angles will be under-estimated by this technique, but multiple hillslopes will generally not be averaged into one calculation (11). Thus, we place more significance on trends in slope angles than on their absolute values.
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A shift toward a bimodal slope distribution composed of oversteepened valley sides and gently sloping valley floors in glaciated areas might lower the mean, but it would also increase the interquartile range, and this trend is not observed in the data (Fig. 3), except in the Karakoram where major glacial valleys do produce spikes in the slope distribution.
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A comparable idea put forward by A. Penck over a century ago [Schr. Ver. Verbr. Naturwiss. Kennt. Wien 27 (1886-87)] is that increasing frost intensity at high latitudes limits mountain heights. Similarly, G. M. Dawson [Geol. Surv. Can. Annu. Rep. VII B (1896), p. 11] suggested that higher erosion rates above the snowline lead to the "rapid disappearance of rock-masses above this height."
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A comparable idea put forward by A. Penck over a century ago [Schr. Ver. Verbr. Naturwiss. Kennt. Wien 27 (1886-87)] is that increasing frost intensity at high latitudes limits mountain heights. Similarly, G. M. Dawson [Geol. Surv. Can. Annu. Rep. VII B (1896), p. 11] suggested that higher erosion rates above the snowline lead to the "rapid disappearance of rock-masses above this height."
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Dawson, G.M.1
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1842413357
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note
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Support for this research was provided by NSF (grants EAR 9205501 and EAR 9220056), National Geographic Research, and NASA. We thank B. L. Isacks and E. J. Fielding for contributions to the DEM analysis, and two anonymous reviewers for their comments. The hospitality and support of the staff at Victoria University, Wellington, are also acknowledged.
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