Treatment and follow-up of clinically nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenomas

Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism

Volumn 93, Issue 10, 2008, Pages 3717-3726

  Dekkers, O M ^a   Pereira, A M ^a   Romijn, J A ^a  

^a LEIDEN UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER SURGERY; HUMAN; HYPOPHYSIS ADENOMA; HYPOPITUITARISM; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; POSTOPERATIVE PERIOD; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITY OF LIFE; REVIEW; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 53749102029     PISSN: 0021972X     EISSN: 0021972X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1210/jc.2008-0643     Document Type: Review

References (124)

1. Asa SL, Ezzat S 1998 The cytogenesis and pathogenesis of pituitary adenomas. Endocr Rev 19:798-827
2. Ironside JW 2003 Best Practice No 172: pituitary gland pathology. J Clin Pathol 56:561-568
3. Zhao D, Tomono Y, Tsuboi K, Nose T 2000 Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study of clinically nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 40:453-456
4. Croue A, Beldent V, Rousselet MC, Guy G, Rohmer V, Bigorgne JC, Saint-Andre JP 1992 Contribution of immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, and cell culture to the characterization of nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas: a study of 40 cases. Hum Pathol 23:1332-1339
5. Yamada S, Ohyama K, Taguchi M, Takeshita A, Morita K, Takano K, Sano T 2007 A study of the correlation between morphological findings and biological activities in clinically nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas. Neurosurgery 61:580-584
6. Asa SL 1999 The pathology of pituitary tumors. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 28:13-43
7. Asa SL, Gerrie BM, Singer W, Horvath E, Kovacs K, Smyth HS 1986 Gonadotropin secretion in vitro by human pituitary null cell adenomas and oncocytomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 62:1011-1019
8. Burrow GN, Wortzman G, Rewcastle NB, Holgate RC, Kovacs K 1981 Microadenomas of the pituitary and abnormal sellar tomograms in an unselected autopsy series. N Engl J Med 304:156-158
9. Molitch ME 1997 Pituitary incidentalomas. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 26:725-740
10. Hall WA, Luciano MG, Doppman JL, Patronas NJ, Oldfield EH 1994 Pituitary magnetic resonance imaging in normal human volunteers: occult adenomas in the general population. Ann Intern Med 120:817-820
11. Molitch ME 2008 Nonfunctioning pituitary tumors and pituitary incidentalomas. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 37:151-171
12. Gorczyca W, Hardy J 1988 Microadenomas of the human pituitary and their vascularization. Neurosurgery 22:1-6
13. Nammour GM, Ybarra J, Naheedy MH, Romeo JH, Aron DC 1997 Incidental pituitary macroadenoma: a population-based study. Am J Med Sci 314:287-291
14. Terada T, Kovacs K, Stefaneanu L, Horvath E 1995 Incidence, pathology, and recurrence of pituitary adenomas: study of 647 unselected surgical cases. Endocr Pathol 6:301-310
15. Freda PU, Wardlaw SL, Post KD 1996 Unusual causes of sellar/parasellar masses in a large transsphenoidal surgical series. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81:3455-3459
16. McComb DJ, Ryan N, Horvath E, Kovacs K 1983 Subclinical adenomas of the human pituitary. New light on old problems. Arch Pathol Lab Med 107:488 -491
17. Donovan LE, Corenblum B 1995 The natural history of the pituitary incidentaloma. Arch Intern Med 155:181-183
18. Fainstein Day P, Guitelman M, Artese R, Fiszledjer L, Chervin A, Vitale NM, Stalldecker G, De M, V, Cornalo D, Alfieri A, Susana M, Gil M 2004 Retrospective multicentric study of pituitary incidentalomas. Pituitary 7:145-148
19. Feldkamp J, Santen R, Harms E, Aulich A, Modder U, Scherbaum WA 1999 Incidentally discovered pituitary lesions: high frequency of macroadenomas and hormone-secreting adenomas - results of a prospective study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 51:109-113
20. Sanno N, Oyama K, Tahara S, Teramoto A, Kato Y 2003 A survey of pituitary incidentaloma in Japan. Eur J Endocrinol 149:123-127
21. Karavitaki N, Collison K, Halliday J, Byrne JV, Price P, Cudlip S, Wass JA 2007 What is the natural history of nonoperated nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 67:938-943
22. Dekkers OM, Pereira AM, Roelfsema F, Voormolen JH, Neelis KJ, Schroijen MA, Smit JW, Romijn JA 2006 Observation alone after transsphenoidal surgery for nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91:1796-1801
23. Zhang X, Fei Z, Zhang J, Fu L, Zhang Z, Liu W, Chen Y 1999 Management of nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas with suprasellar extensions by transsphenoidal microsurgery. Surg Neurol 52:380-385
24. Nielsen EH, Lindholm J, Bjerre P, Christiansen JS, Hagen C, Juul S, Jorgensen J, Kruse A, Laurberg P 2006 Frequent occurrence of pituitary apoplexy in patients with non-functioning pituitary adenoma. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 64:319-322
25. Scheithauer BW, Jaap AJ, Horvath E, Kovacs K, Lloyd RV, Meyer FB, Laws Jr ER, Young Jr WF 2000 Clinically silent corticotroph tumors of the pituitary gland. Neurosurgery 47:723-729
26. Soto-Ares G, Cortet-Rudelli C, Assaker R, Boulinguez A, Dubest C, Dewailly D, Pruvo JP 2002 MRI protocol technique in the optimal therapeutic strategy of non-functioning pituitary adenomas. Eur J Endocrinol 146:179-186
27. Wichers-Rother M, Hoven S, Kristof RA, Bliesener N, Stoffel-Wagner B 2004 Non-functioning pituitary adenomas: endocrinological and clinical outcome after transsphenoidal and transcranial surgery. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 112:323-327
28. Alameda C, Lucas T, Pineda E, Brito M, Uria JG, Magallon R, Estrada J, Barcelo B 2005 Experience in management of 51 non-functioning pituitary adenomas: indications for post-operative radiotherapy. J Endocrinol Invest 28:18-22
29. Greenman Y, Ouaknine G, Veshchev I, Reider-Groswasser II, Segev Y, Stern N 2003 Postoperative surveillance of clinically nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenomas: markers of tumour quiescence and regrowth. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 58:763-769
30. Marazuela M, Astigarraga B, Vicente A, Estrada J, Cuerda C, Garcia-Uria J, Lucas T 1994 Recovery of visual and endocrine function following transsphenoidal surgery of large nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas. J Endocrinol Invest 17:703-707
31. Nomikos P, Buchfelder M, Fahlbusch R 2005 The outcome of surgery in 668 patients with acromegaly using current criteria of biochemical 'cure'. Eur J Endocrinol 152:379-387
32. Arafah BM, Kailani SH, Nekl KE, Gold RS, Selman WR 1994 Immediate recovery of pituitary function after transsphenoidal resection of pituitary macroadenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 79:348-354
33. Comtois R, Beauregard H, Somma M, Serri O, Aris-Jilwan N, Hardy J 1991 The clinical and endocrine outcome to trans-sphenoidal microsurgery of non-secreting pituitary adenomas. Cancer 68:860-866
34. Nomikos P, Ladar C, Fahlbusch R, Buchfelder M 2004 Impact of primary surgery on pituitary function in patients with non-functioning pituitary adenomas - a study on 721 patients. Acta Neurochir (Wien) [Erratum (2004) 146:433] 146:27-35
35. Arafah BM, Nekl KE, Gold RS, Selman WR 1995 Dynamics of prolactin secretion in patients with hypopituitarism and pituitary macroadenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80:3507-3512
36. Karavitaki N, Thanabalasingham G, Shore HC, Trifanescu R, Ansorge O, Meston N, Turner HE, Wass JA 2006 Do the limits of serum prolactin in disconnection hyperprolactinaemia need re-definition? A study of 226 patients with histologically verified non-functioning pituitary macroadenoma. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 65:524-529
37. Schlechte JA 2003 Clinical practice. Prolactinoma. N Engl J Med 349:2035-2041
38. Hald JK, Eldevik OP, Skalpe IO 1995 Craniopharyngioma identification by CT and MR imaging at 1.5 T. Acta Radiol 36:142-147
39. Tsuda M, Takahashi S, Higano S, Kurihara N, Ikeda H, Sakamoto K 1997 CT and MR imaging of craniopharyngioma. Eur Radiol 7:464-469
40. Chanson P, Daujat F, Young J, Bellucci A, Kujas M, Doyon D, Schaison G 2001 Normal pituitary hypertrophy as a frequent cause of pituitary incidentaloma: a follow-up study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:3009-3015
41. Elster AD 1993 Modern imaging of the pituitary. Radiology 187:1-14
42. Naidich MJ, Russell EJ 1999 Current approaches to imaging of the sellar region and pituitary. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 28:45-79
43. Rand T, Lippitz P, Kink E, Huber H, Schneider B, Imhof H, Trattnig S 2002 Evaluation of pituitary microadenomas with dynamic MR imaging. Eur J Radiol 41:131-135
44. Teramoto A, Hirakawa K, Sanno N, Osamura Y 1994 Incidental pituitary lesions in 1,000 unselected autopsy specimens. Radiology 193:161-164
45. Arita K, Tominaga A, Sugiyama K, Eguchi K, Iida K, Sumida M, Migita K, Kurisu K 2006 Natural course of incidentally found nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma, with special reference to pituitary apoplexy during follow-up examination. J Neurosurg 104:884-891
46. Dekkers OM, Hammer S, de Keizer RJ, Roelfsema F, Schutte PJ, Smit JW, Romijn JA, Pereira AM 2007 The natural course of non-functioning pituitary macroadenomas. Eur J Endocrinol 156:217-224
47. Reincke M, Allolio B, Saeger W, Menzel J, Winkelmann W 1990 The 'incidentaloma' of the pituitary gland. Is neurosurgery required? JAMA 263:2772-2776
48. Igarashi T, Saeki N, Yamaura A 1999 Long-term magnetic resonance imaging follow-up of asymptomatic sellar tumors. - their natural history and surgical indications. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 39:592-598
49. Nishizawa S, Ohta S, Yokoyama T, Uemura K 1998 Therapeutic strategy for incidentally found pituitary tumors ("pituitary incidentalomas"). Neurosurgery 43:1344-1348
50. Barker FG, Klibanski A, Swearingen B 2003 Transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary tumors in the United States, 1996-2000: mortality, morbidity, and the effects of hospital and surgeon volume. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:4709-4719
51. Chandler WF, Barkan AL 2008 Treatment of pituitary tumors: a surgical perspective. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 37:51-66
52. Mohr G, Hardy J, Comtois R, Beauregard H 1990 Surgical management of giant pituitary adenomas. Can J Neurol Sci 17:62-66
53. Pia HW, Grote E, Hildebrandt G 1985 Giant pituitary adenomas. Neurosurg Rev 8:207-220
54. Beauregard C, Truong U, Hardy J, Serri O 2003 Long-term outcome and mortality after transsphenoidal adenomectomy for acromegaly. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 58:86-91
55. Jakobsson KE, Petruson B, Lindblom B 2002 Dynamics of visual improvement following chiasmal decompression. Quantitative pre- and postoperative observations. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 80:512-516
56. Kerrison JB, Lynn MJ, Baer CA, Newman SA, Biousse V, Newman NJ 2000 Stages of improvement in visual fields after pituitary tumor resection. Am J Ophthalmol 130:813-820
57. Dekkers OM, de Keizer RJ, Roelfsema F, Vd Klaauw AA, Honkoop PJ, van Dulken H, Smit JW, Romijn JA, Pereira AM 2007 Progressive improvement of impaired visual acuity during the first year after transsphenoidal surgery for non-functioning pituitary macroadenoma. Pituitary 10:61-65
58. Gnanalingham KK, Bhattacharjee S, Pennington R, Ng J, Mendoza N 2005 The time course of visual field recovery following transphenoidal surgery for pituitary adenomas: predictive factors for a good outcome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 76:415-419
59. Findlay G, McFadzean RM, Teasdale G 1983 Recovery of vision following treatment of pituitary tumours; application of a new system of assessment to patients treated by transsphenoidal operation. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 68:175-186
60. Cohen AR, Cooper PR, Kupersmith MJ, Flamm ES, Ransohoff J 1985 Visual recovery after transsphenoidal removal of pituitary adenomas. Neurosurgery 17:446-452
61. Freda PU, Wardlaw SL 1999 Clinical review 110: diagnosis and treatment of pituitary tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:3859-3866
62. Aron DC, Howlett TA 2000 Pituitary incidentalomas. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 29:205-221
63. Webb SM, Rigla M, Wagner A, Oliver B, Bartumeus F 1999 Recovery of hypopituitarism after neurosurgical treatment of pituitary adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:3696-3700
64. Greenman Y, Tordjman K, Kisch E, Razon N, Ouaknine G, Stern N 1995 Relative sparing of anterior pituitary function in patients with growth hormone-secreting macroadenomas: comparison with nonfunctioning macroadenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80:1577-1583
65. Harris PE, Afshar F, Coates P, Doniach I, Wass JA, Besser GM, Grossman A 1989 The effects of transsphenoidal surgery on endocrine function and visual fields in patients with functionless pituitary tumours. Q J Med 71:417-427
66. van den Bergh AC, van den BG, Schoorl MA, Sluiter WJ, van der Vliet AM, Hoving EW, Szabo BG, Langendijk JA, Wolffenbuttel BH, Dullaart RP 2007 Immediate postoperative radiotherapy in residual nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma: beneficial effect on local control without additional negative impact on pituitary function and life expectancy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 67:863-869
67. Cardoso ER, Peterson EW 1984 Pituitary apoplexy: a review. Neurosurgery 14:363-373
68. Ayuk J, McGregor EJ, Mitchell RD, Gittoes NJ 2004 Acute management of pituitary apoplexy - surgery or conservative management? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 61:747-752
69. Elsasser Imboden PN, De Tribolet N, Lobrinus A, Gaillard RC, Portmann L, Pralong F, Gomez F 2005 Apoplexy in pituitary macroadenoma: eight patients presenting in 12 months. Medicine (Baltimore) 84:188-196
70. Randeva HS, Schoebel J, Byrne J, Esiri M, Adams CB, Wass JA 1999 Classical pituitary apoplexy: clinical features, management and outcome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 51:181-188
71. Sibal L, Ball SG, Connolly V, James RA, Kane P, Kelly WF, Kendall-Taylor P, Mathias D, Perros P, Quinton R, Vaidya B 2004 Pituitary apoplexy: a review of clinical presentation, management and outcome in 45 cases. Pituitary 7:157-163
72. Gittoes NJ, Bates AS, Tse W, Bullivant B, Sheppard MC, Clayton RN, Stewart PM 1998 Radiotherapy for non-function pituitary tumours. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 48:331-337
73. Park P, Chandler WF, Barkan AL, Orrego JJ, Cowan JA, Griffith KA, Tsien C 2004 The role of radiation therapy after surgical resection of nonfunctional pituitary macroadenomas. Neurosurgery 55:100-106
74. Breen P, Flickinger JC, Kondziolka D, Martinez AJ 1998 Radiotherapy for nonfunctional pituitary adenoma: analysis of long-term tumor control. J Neurosurg 89:933-938
75. Woollons AC, Hunn MK, Rajapakse YR, Toomath R, Hamilton DA, Conaglen JV, Balakrishnan V 2000 Non-functioning pituitary adenomas: indications for postoperative radiotherapy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 53:713-717
76. Littley MD, Shalet SM, Beardwell CG, Ahmed SR, Applegate G, Sutton ML 1989 Hypopituitarism following external radiotherapy for pituitary tumours in adults. Q J Med 70:145-160
77. Nelson PB, Goodman ML, Flickenger JC, Richardson DW, Robinson AG 1989 Endocrine function in patients with large pituitary tumors treated with operative decompression and radiation therapy. Neurosurgery 24:398-400
78. Tsang RW, Brierley JD, Panzarella T, Gospodarowicz MK, Sutcliffe SB, Simpson WJ 1994 Radiation therapy for pituitary adenoma: treatment outcome and prognostic factors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 30:557-565
79. al Mefty O, Kersh JE, Routh A, Smith RR 1990 The long-term side effects of radiation therapy for benign brain tumors in adults. J Neurosurg 73:502-512
80. Brada M, Rajan B, Traish D, Ashley S, Holmes-Sellors PJ, Nussey S, Uttley D 1993 The long-term efficacy of conservative surgery and radiotherapy in the control of pituitary adenomas. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 38:571-578
81. Minniti G, Traish D, Ashley S, Gonsalves A, Brada M 2005 Risk of second brain tumor after conservative surgery and radiotherapy for pituitary adenoma: update after an additional 10 years. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90:800-804
82. Erfurth EM, Bulow B, Svahn-Tapper G, Norrving B, Odh K, Mikoczy Z, Bjork J, Hagmar L 2002 Risk factors for cerebrovascular deaths in patients operated and irradiated for pituitary tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:4892-4899
83. Gittoes NJ 2003 Radiotherapy for non-functioning pituitary tumors - when and under what circumstances? Pituitary 6:103-108
84. Minniti G, Jaffrain-Rea ML, Osti M, Cantore G, Enrici RM 2007 Radiotherapy for nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas: from conventional to modern stereotactic radiation techniques. Neurosurg Rev 30:167-175
85. Brada M, Ajithkumar TV, Minniti G 2004 Radiosurgery for pituitary adenomas. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 61:531-543
86. Muacevic A, Uhl E, Wowra B 2004 γ Knife radiosurgery for nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas. Acta Neurochir Suppl 91:51-54
87. Sheehan JP, Kondziolka D, Flickinger J, Lunsford LD 2002 Radiosurgery for residual or recurrent nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma. J Neurosurg 97:408-414
88. Sheehan JP, Kondziolka D, Flickinger J, Lunsford LD 2003 Radiosurgery for nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma. Neurosurg Focus 14:e9
89. Sheehan JP, Niranjan A, Sheehan JM, Jane Jr JA, Laws ER, Kondziolka D, Flickinger J, Landolt AM, Loeffler JS, Lunsford LD 2005 Stereotactic radiosurgery for pituitary adenomas: an intermediate review of its safety, efficacy, and role in the neurosurgical treatment armamentarium. J Neurosurg 102:678-691
90. Minniti G, Traish D, Ashley S, Gonsalves A, Brada M 2006 Fractionated stereotactic conformal radiotherapy for secreting and nonsecreting pituitary adenomas. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 64:542-548
91. Pollock BE, Cochran J, Natt N, Brown PD, Erickson D, Link MJ, Garces YI, Foote RL, Stafford SL, Schomberg PJ 2008 γ Knife radiosurgery for patients with nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas: results from a 15-year experience. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 70:1325-1329
92. Feigl GC, Bonelli CM, Berghold A, Mokry M 2002 Effects of γ knife radiosurgery of pituitary adenomas on pituitary function. J Neurosurg 97:415-421
93. Brada M, Jankowska P 2008 Radiotherapy for pituitary adenomas. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 37:263-275
94. Pamir MN, Kilic T, Belirgen M, Abacioglu U, Karabekiroglu N 2007 Pituitary adenomas treated with γ knife radiosurgery: volumetric analysis of 100 cases with minimum 3 year follow-up. Neurosurgery 61:270-280
95. Grossman A, Ross R, Charlesworth M, Adams CB, Wass JA, Doniach I, Besser GM 1985 The effect of dopamine agonist therapy on large functionless pituitary tumours. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 22:679-686
96. Bevan JS, Burke CW 1986 Non-functioning pituitary adenomas do not regress during bromocriptine therapy but possess membrane-bound dopamine receptors which bind bromocriptine. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 25:561-572
97. Bevan JS, Webster J, Burke CW, Scanlon MF 1992 Dopamine agonists and pituitary tumor shrinkage. Endocr Rev 13:220-240
98. Colao A, Lombardi G, Annunziato L 2000 Cabergoline. Expert Opin Pharmacother 1:555-574
99. Pivonello R, Matrone C, Filippella M, Cavallo LM, Di Somma C, Cappabianca P, Colao A, Annunziato L, Lombardi G 2004 Dopamine receptor expression and function in clinically nonfunctioning pituitary tumors: comparison with the effectiveness of cabergoline treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:1674-1683
100. Greenman Y, Tordjman K, Osher E, Veshchev I, Shenkerman G, Reider-Groswasser II, Segev Y, Ouaknine G, Stern N 2005 Postoperative treatment of clinically nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas with dopamine agonists decreases tumour remnant growth. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 63:39-44
101. de Bruin TW, Kwekkeboom DJ, Van't Verlaat JW, Reubi JC, Krenning EP, Lamberts SW, Croughs RJ 1992 Clinically nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma and octreotide response to long term high dose treatment, and studies in vitro. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 75:1310-1317
102. Katznelson L, Oppenheim DS, Coughlin JF, Kliman B, Schoenfeld DA, Klibanski A 1992 Chronic somatostatin analog administration in patients with α-subunit-secreting pituitary tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 75:1318-1325
103. Plockinger U, Reichel M, Fett U, Saeger W, Quabbe HJ 1994 Preoperative octreotide treatment of growth hormone-secreting and clinically nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenomas: effect on tumor volume and lack of correlation with immunohistochemistry and somatostatin receptor scintigraphy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 79:1416-1423
104. Andersen M, Bjerre P, Schroder HD, Edal A, Hoilund-Carlsen PF, Pedersen PH, Hagen C 2001 In vivo secretory potential and the effect of combination therapy with octreotide and cabergoline in patients with clinically non-functioning pituitary adenomas. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 54:23-30
105. Bradley KJ, Wass JA, Turner HE 2003 Non-functioning pituitary adenomas with positive immunoreactivity for ACTH behave more aggressively than ACTH immunonegative tumours but do not recur more frequently. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 58:59-64
106. Selman WR, Laws Jr ER, Scheithauer BW, Carpenter SM 1986 The occurrence of dural invasion in pituitary adenomas. J Neurosurg 64:402-407
107. Dekkers OM, van der Klaauw AA, Pereira AM, Biermasz NR, Honkoop PJ, Roelfsema F, Smit JW, Romijn JA 2006 Quality of life is decreased after treatment for nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91:3364-3369
108. van Aken MO, Pereira AM, Biermasz NR, van Thiel SW, Hoftijzer HC, Smit JW, Roelfsema F, Lamberts SW, Romijn JA 2005 Quality of life in patients after long-term biochemical cure of Cushing's disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90:3279-3286
109. Romijn JA, Smit JW, Lamberts SW 2003 Intrinsic imperfections of endocrine replacement therapy. Eur J Endocrinol 149:91-97
110. van der Klaauw AA, Kars M, Biermasz NR, Roelfsema F, Dekkers OM, Corssmit EP, van Aken MO, Havekes B, Pereira AM, Pijl H, Smit JW, Romijn JA 29 April 2008 Disease specific impairments in quality of life during long-term follow-up of patients with different pituitary adenomas. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) [Epub ahead of print]
111. Ayuk J, Clayton RN, Holder G, Sheppard MC, Stewart PM, Bates AS 2004 Growth hormone and pituitary radiotherapy, but not serum insulin-like growth factor-I concentrations, predict excess mortality in patients with acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:1613-1617
112. Bates AS, Bullivant B, Sheppard MC, Stewart PM 1999 Life expectancy following surgery for pituitary tumours. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 50:315-319
113. Biermasz NR, Dekker FW, Pereira AM, van Thiel SW, Schutte PJ, van Dulken H, Romijn JA, Roelfsema F 2004 Determinants of survival in treated acromegaly in a single center: predictive value of serial insulin-like growth factor I measurements. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:2789-2796
114. Brada M, Ashley S, Ford D, Traish D, Burchell L, Rajan B 2002 Cerebrovascular mortality in patients with pituitary adenoma. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 57:713-717
115. Etxabe J, Vazquez JA 1994 Morbidity and mortality in Cushing's disease: an epidemiological approach. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 40:479-484
116. Orme SM, McNally RJ, Cartwright RA, Belchetz PE 1998 Mortality and cancer incidence in acromegaly: a retrospective cohort study. United Kingdom Acromegaly Study Group. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:2730-2734
117. Bulow B, Hagmar L, Mikoczy Z, Nordstrom CH, Erfurth EM 1997 Increased cerebrovascular mortality in patients with hypopituitarism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 46:75-81
118. Rosen T, Bengtsson BA 1990 Premature mortality due to cardiovascular disease in hypopituitarism. Lancet 336:285-288
119. Tomlinson JW, Holden N, Hills RK, Wheatley K, Clayton RN, Bates AS, Sheppard MC, Stewart PM 2001 Association between premature mortality and hypopituitarism. West Midlands Prospective Hypopituitary Study Group. Lancet 357:425-431
120. Dekkers OM, Biermasz NR, Pereira AM, Roelfsema F, van Aken MO, Voormolen JH, Romijn JA 2007 Mortality in patients treated for Cushing's disease is increased, compared with patients treated for nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92:976-981
121. Bradley KM, Adams CB, Potter CP, Wheeler DW, Anslow PJ, Burke CW 1994 An audit of selected patients with non-functioning pituitary adenoma treated by transsphenoidal surgery without irradiation. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 41:655-659
122. Lillehei KO, Kirschman DL, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK, Ridgway EC 1998 Reassessment of the role of radiation therapy in the treatment of endocrine-inactive pituitary macroadenomas. Neurosurgery 43:432-438
123. Turner HE, Stratton IM, Byrne JV, Adams CB, Wass JA 1999 Audit of selected patients with nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas treated without irradiation - a follow-up study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 51:281-284
124. Ebersold MJ, Quast LM, Laws Jr ER, Scheithauer B, Randall RV 1986 Long-term results in transsphenoidal removal of nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas. J Neurosurg 64:713-719