Neuroendocrinology of stress

Handbook of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology: Behavioral Neurochemistry, Neuroendocrinology and Molecular Neurobiology

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 571-593

  McEwen, B S ^a   Chattarji, S ^b  

^a ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b TATA INSTITUTE OF FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH   (India)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 53749091799     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-30405-2_14     Document Type: Chapter

References (156)

1. Abe K. 2001. Modulation of hippocampal long-term potentiation by the amygdala: a synaptic mechanism linking emotion and memory. Jpn J Pharmacol 86:18-22.
2. Aberg MA, Aberg ND, Hedbacker H, Oscarsson J, Eriksson PS. 2000. Peripheral infusion of IGF-1 selectively induces neurogenesis in the adult rat hippocampus. J Neurosci 20:2896-2903.
3. Abraham WC, Bear MF. 1996. Metaplasticity: the plasticity of synaptic plasticity. Trends Neurosci 19:126-130.
4. Adamec RE, Burton P, Shallow T, Budgell J. 1999. NMDA receptors mediate lasting increases in anxiety-like behavior produced by the stress of predator exposure-implications for anxiety associated with posttraumatic stress disorder. Physiol Behav 65:723-737.
5. Akana S, Jacobson L, Cascio C, Shinsako J, Dallman M. 1988. Constant corticosterone replacement normalizes basal adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) but permits sustained ACTH hypersecretion after stress in adrenalectomized rats. Endocrinology 122:1337-1342.
6. Akirav I, Richter-Levin G. 1999. Biphasic modulation of hippocampal plasticity by behavioral stress and basolateral amygdala stimulation in the rat. J Neurosci 19:10530-10535.
7. Alfarez DN, Wiegert O, Joels M, Krugers HJ. 2002. Corticosterone and stress reduce synaptic potentiation in mouse hippocampal slices with mild stimulation. Neurosci 115:1119-1126.
8. Arendt T, Stieler J, Strijkstra AM, Hut RA, Rudiger J, et al. 2003. Reversible paired helical filament-like phosphorylation of tau is an adaptive process associated with neuronal plasticity in hibernating animals. J Neurosci 23:6972-6981.
9. Arvanitakis Z, Wilson RS, Bienias JL, Evans DA, Bennett DA. 2004. Diabetes mellitus and risk of Alzheimer disease and decline in cognitive function. Arch Neurol 61:661-666.
10. Bartanusz V, Aubry JM, Pagliusi S, Jezova D, Baffi J. 1995. Stress-induced changes in messenger RNA levels of N-methyl-D-aspartate and AMPA receptor subunits in selected regions of the rat hippocampus and hypothalamus. Neuroscience 66:247-252.
11. Beck SG, List TJ, Choi KC. 1994. Long- and short-term administration of corticosterone alters CA1 hippocampal neuronal properties. Neuroendocrinology 60:261-272.
12. Bennur S, Chattarji S. 2004. Effects of chronic stress on intrinsic and synaptic plasticity in principal neurons of the basolateral amygdala. Soc for Neurosci Abst 30:511.2.
13. Bienenstock EL, Cooper LN, Munro PW. 1982. Theory for the development of neuron selectivity: orientation specificity and binocular interaction in visual cortex. J Neurosci 2:32-48.
14. Birnstiel, S. Beck SG. 1995. Modulation of the 5-hydroxytryptamine4 receptor-mediated response by short-term and long-term administration of corticosterone in rat CA1 hippocampal pyramidal neurons. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 273:1132-1138.
15. Bliss TVP, Lomo T. 1973. Long-lasting potentiation of synaptic transmission in the dentate area of the anaesthetized rabbit following stimulation of the perforant path. J Physiol 232:331-356.
16. Bodnoff SR, Humphreys AG, Lehman JC, Diamond DM, Rose GM, et al. 1995. Enduring effects of chronic corticosterone treatment on spatial learning, synaptic plasticity, and hippocampal neuropathology in young and mid-aged rats. J Neurosci 15:61-69.
17. Bremner JD, Randall P, Scott TM, Bronen RA, Seibyl JP, et al. 1995. MRI-based measurement of hippocampal volume in patients with combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry 152:973-981.
18. Bremner, JD, Randall P, Vermetten E, Staib L, Bronen RA, et al. 1997. Magnetic resonance imaging-based measurement of hippocampal volume in posttraumatic stress disorder related to childhood physical and sexual abuse-a preliminary report. Biol Psychiatry 41:23-32.
19. Brindley D, Rolland Y. 1989. Possible connections between stress, diabetes, obesity, hypertension and altered lipoprotein metabolism that may result in atherosclerosis. Clin Sci 77:453-461.
20. Burghardt NS, Sullivan GM, McEwen BS, Gorman JM, Le Doux JE. 2004. The selective reuptake inhibitor citalopram increases fear and acute treatment but reduces fear with chronic treatment: a comparison with tianeptine. Biol Psychiatry 55:1171-1178.
21. Cahill L, Prins B, Weber M, McGaugh JL. 1994. Betaadrenergic activation and memory for emotional events. Nature 371:702-704.
22. Carro E, Nunez A, Busiguina S, Aleman I. 2000. Circulating insulin-like growth factor I mediates effects of exercise on the brain. J Neurosci 20:2926-2933.
23. Conrad CD, Galea LAM, Kuroda Y, McEwen BS. 1996. Chronic stress impairs rat spatial memory on the Y-maze and this effect is blocked by tianeptine pre-treatment. Behav Neurosci 110:1321-1334.
24. Conrad CD, Lupien SJ, McEwen BS. 1999a. Support for a bimodal role for type II adrenal steroid receptors in spatial memory. Neurobiol LearnMem 72:39-46.
25. Conrad CD, Magarinos AM, LeDoux JE, McEwen BS. 1999b. Repeated restraint stress facilitates fear conditioning independently of causing hippocampal CA3 dendritic atrophy. Behav Neurosci 113:902-913.
26. Convit A, Wolf OT, Tarshish C, Leon MJ. 2003. Reduced glucose tolerance is associated with poor memory performance and hippocampal atrophy among normal elderly. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:2019-2022.
27. Corodimas KP, Le Doux JE, Gold PW, Schulkin J. 1994. Corticosterone potentiation of learned fear. Annals of the New York Acad Sci 746:392
28. Craft S, Newcomer JW, Kanne S, Jack S, Cryer P, et al. 1995. Memory improvement following induced hyperinsulinemia in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 17:123-130.
29. Dallman MF. 2003. Chronic stress and obesity: a new view of 'comfort food'. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:11696-11701.
30. Davis M. 1992. The role of the amygdala in fear and anxiety. Annu Rev Neurosci 15:353-375.
31. Davis M. 2000. The role of the amygdala in conditioned and unconditioned fear and anxiety. The amygdala: a functional analysis. Anonymous: Oxford University Press; pp. 213-287.
32. Davis M, Rainnie D, Cassell M. 1994. Neurotransmission in the rat amygdala related to fear and anxiety. Trends Neurosci 17:208.
33. Davis M, Shi C. 1999. The extended amygdala: are the central nucleus of the amygdala and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis differentially involved in fear versus anxiety? Ann NY Acad Sci 877:281-291.
34. Dhabhar F, McEwen B. 1999. Enhancing versus suppressive effects of stress hormones on skin immune function. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:1059-1064.
35. Diamond DM, Bennett MC, Fleshner M, Rose GM. 1992. Inverted-U relationship between the level of peripheral corticosterone and the magnitude of hippocampal primed burst potentiation. Hippocampus 2:421-430.
36. Diamond DM, Fleshner M, Rose GM. 1994. Psychological stress repeatedly blocks hippocampal primed burst potentiation in behaving rats. Behav Brain Res 62:1-9.
37. Diamond DM, Park CR, Heman KL, Rose GM. 1999. Exposing rats to a predator impairs spatial working memory in the radial arm water maze. Hippocampus 9:542-552.
38. Diamond DM, Park CR, Woodson JC. 2004. Stress generates emotional memories and retrograde amnesia by inducing an endogenous form of hippocampal LTP. Hippocampus 14:281-291.
39. Diorio D, Viau V, Meaney MJ. 1993. The role of the medial prefrontal cortex (cingulate gyrus) in the regulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses to stress. J Neurosci 13:3839-3847.
40. Drevets WC. 2000. Neuroimaging studies of mood disorders. Biol Psychiatry 48:813-829.
41. Dunn J, Orr S. 1984. Differential plasma corticosterone responses to hippocampal stimulation. Exp Brain Res 54:1-6.
42. Eichenbaum H, Otto T. 1992. The hippocampus - what does it do? Behav Neural Biol 57:2-36.
43. Evans RM, Arriza, JL. 1989, A molecular framework for the actions of glucocorticoid hormones in the nervous system. Neuron 2:1105-1112.
44. Frodl T, Meisenzahl E, Zetzsche T, Bottlender R, Born C, et al. 2002. Enlargement of the amygdala in patients with a first episode of major depression. Biol Psychiatry 51:708-714.
45. Frodl T, Meisenzahl EM, Zetzsche T, Born C, Jager M, et al. 2003. Larger amygdala volumes in first depressive episode as compared to recurrent major depression and healthy control subjects. Biol Psychiatry 53:338-344.
46. Funder J, Pearce P, Smith R, Smith A. 1988. Mineralocorticoid action: target tissue specificity is enzyme, not receptor, mediated. Science 242:583-585.
47. Herman J, Schafer M, Young E, Thompson R, Douglass J, et al. 1989. Evidence for hippocampal regulation of neuroendocrine neurons of hypothalamo-pituitaryadrenocortical axis. J Neurosci 9:3072-3082.
48. Herman JP, Cullinan, WE. 1997. Neurocircuitry of stress: central control of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis. Trends Neurosci 20:78-84.
49. Herman JP, Patel PD, Akil H, Watson SJ. 1989. Localization and regulation of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor messenger RNAs in the hippocampal formation of the rat. Mol Endocrinol 3:1886-1894.
50. Herman JP, Prewitt CMF, Cullinan WE. 1996. Neuronal circuit regulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical stress axis. Crit RevNeurobiol 10:371-394.
51. Hesen W, Joels, M. 1996a. Carbachol responsiveness of rat CA1 hippocampal neurons in vitro: modulation by corticosterone and stress. Stress 1:63-72.
52. 1A responsiveness in CA1 pyramidal neurons by in vivo activation of corticosteroid receptors. J Neuroendocrinol 8:433-438.
53. Ikegaya Y, Saito H, Abe K. 1994. Attenuated hippocampal long-term potentiation in basolateral amygdala-lesioned rats. Brain Res 656:157-164.
54. Ikegaya Y, Saito H, Abe K. 1995. High-frequency stimulation of the basolateral amygdala facilitates the induction of long-term potentiation in the dentate gyrus in vivo. Neurosci Res 22:203-207.
55. Jacobson L, Akana SF, Cascio CS, Shinsako J, Dallman MF. 1988. Circadian Variations in Plasma Corticosterone Permit Normal Termination of Adrenocorticotropin Responses to Stress. Endocrinology 122:1343-1348.
56. Jacobson L, Sapolsky R. 1991. The role of the hippocampus in feedback regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenocortical axis. Endocr Rev 12:118-134.
57. Joels M. 1997. Steroid hormones and excitability in the mammalian brain. Front Neuroendocrinol 18:2-48.
58. Joels M, Bosma A, Hendriksen H, Diegenbach P, Kamphuis W. 1996. Corticosteroid actions on the expression of kainate receptor subunit mRNAs in rat hippocampus. Mol Brain Res 37:15-20.
59. Joels M, De Kloet ER. 1994. Mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors in the brain. Implications for ion permeability and transmitter systems. Progr Neurobiol 43:1-36.
60. Joels M, Vreugdenhil E. 1998. Corticosteroids in the brain. Mol Neurobiol 17:87-198.
61. Johnston D, Williams S, Jaffe D, Gray R. 1992. NMDA-receptor-independent long-term potentiation. Ann Rev Physiol 54:489-505.
62. Keller-Wood M, Dallman M. 1984. Corticosteroid inhibition of ACTH secretion. Endocr Rev 5:1-24.
63. Kerr D, Campbell L. 1992. Hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor activation enhances voltage-dependent ca2+ conductances: relevance to brain aging. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:8527-8531.
64. Kim JJ, Diamond DM. 2002. The stressed hippocampus, synaptic plasticity and lost memories. Nat Rev Neurosci 3:453-462.
65. Kim JJ, Lee HJ, Han J-S, Packard MG. 2001. Amygdala is critical for stress-induced modulation of hippocampal longterm potentiation and learning. J Neurosci 21:5222-5228.
66. Kim JJ, Yoon KS. 1998. Stress: metaplastic effects in the hippocampus. TINS 21:505-509.
67. Knigge K. 1961. Adrenocortical response to stress in rats with lesions in hippocampus and amygdala. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 180:18-20.
68. Kole MHP, Costoli T, Koolhaas JM, Fuchs E. 2004a. Bidirectional shift in the cornu ammons 3 pyramidal dendritic organization following brief stress. Neuroscience 125:337-347.
69. Kole MHP, Czeh B, Fuchs E. 2004b. Homeostatic maintenance in excitability of tree shrew hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons after chronic stress. Hippocampus 14:742-751.
70. Kole MHP, Swan L, Fuchs E. 2002. The antidepressant tianeptine persistently modulates glutamate receptor currents of the hippocampal CA3 commissural-associational synapse in chronically stressed rats. Eur J Neurosci 16:807-816.
71. Korte M, De Boer SF. 2003. A robust animal model of state anxiety: fear-potentiated behaviour in the elevated plusmaze. Eur J Pharmacol 463:163-175.
72. Krichmar JL, Nasuto SJ, Scorcioni R, Washington SD, Ascoli GA. 2002. Effects of dendritic morphology on CA3 pyramidal cell electrophysiology. Brain Res 941:11-28.
73. Le Doux JE. 1994. The amygdala: contributions to fear and stress. Sem Neurosci 6:231-237.
74. Leibowitz SF, Hoebel BG. 1997. Behavioral neuroscience of obesity. Handbook of obesity. Bray GA, Bouchard C, James WPT, editors. New York: Marcel Dekker; pp. 313-358.
75. Liang KC, Hon W, Davis M. 1994. Pre- and posttraining infusion of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists into the amygdala impair memory in an inhibitory avoidance task. Behav Neurosci 108:241-253.
76. Luine V, Villegas M, Martinez C, McEwen BS. 1994. Repeated stress causes reversible impairments of spatial memory performance. Brain Res 639:167-170.
77. Lupien SJ, McEwen BS. 1997. The acute effects of corticosteroids on cognition: integration of animal and human model studies. Brain Res Rev 24:1-27.
78. MacQueen GM, Campbell S, McEwen BS, Macdonald K, Amano S, et al. 2003. Course of illness, hippocampal function, and hippocampal volume in major depression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:1387-1392.
79. Magarinos AM, McEwen BS. 1995a. Stress-induced atrophy of apical dendrites of hippocampal CA3c neurons: comparison of stressors. Neuroscience 69:83-88.
80. Magarinos AM, McEwen BS. 1995b. Stress-induced atrophy of apical dendrites of hippocampal CA3c neurons: involvement of glucocorticoid secretion and excitatory amino acid receptors. Neuroscience 69:89-98.
81. Mainen Z, Sejnowski T. 1996. Influence of dendritic structure on firing pattern in model neocortical neurons. Nature 382:363-366.
82. Makara GB, Haller J. 2001. Non-genomic effects of glucocorticoids in the neural system. Evidence, mechanisms and implications. Prog Neurobiol 65:367-390.
83. Manuck SB, Kaplan JR, Adams MR, Clarkson TB. 1995. Studies of psychosocial influences on coronary artery atherosclerosis in cynomolgus monkeys. Health Psychol 7:113-124.
84. Manuck SB, Kaplan JR, Muldoon MF, Adams MR, Clarkson TB. 1991. The behavioral exacerbation of atherosclerosis and its inhibition by propranolol. Stress, coping and disease. McCabe PM, Schneiderman N, Field TM, Skyler JS, editors. Hove and London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; pp. 51-72.
85. Martin SJ, Grimwood PD, Morris RGM. 2000. Synaptic plasticity and memory: an evaluation of the hypothesis. Annu Rev Neurosci 23:649-711.
86. Masuzaki H, Paterson J, Shinyama H, Morton NM, Mullins JJ, et al. 2001. A transgenic model of visceral obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Science 294:2166-2170.
87. Matys T, Pawlak R, Matys E, Pavlides C, McEwen BS, et al. 2004. Tissue plasminogen activator promotes the effects of corticotropin releasing factor on the amygdala and anxietylike behavior. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:16345-16350.
88. McDonald AJ. 1982. Neurons of the lateral and basolateral amygdaloid nuclei: a Golgi study in the rat. J Comp Neurol 212:293-312.
89. McDonald AJ. 1992. Cell types and intrinsic connections of the amygdala. The amygdala: neurobiological aspects of emotion, memory, and mental dysfunction. Aggleton JP, editor. Wiley-Liss Inc NY; pp. 67-96.
90. McEwen BS. 1977. Adrenal steroid feedback on neuroendocrine tissues. Ann NY Acad Sci 297:568-579.
91. McEwen BS. 1997. Possible mechanisms for atrophy of the human hippocampus. Mol Psychiatry 2:255-262.
92. McEwen BS. 1998. Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators. New England J Med 338:171-179.
93. McEwen BS. 1999. Stress and hippocampal plasticity. Annu Rev Neurosci 22:105-122.
94. McEwen BS, Chattarji S. 2004. Molecular mechanisms of neuroplasticity and pharmacological implications: the example of tianeptine. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 14:5497-5502.
95. McEwen BS, Reagan LP. 2004. Glucose transporter expression in the central nervous system: relationship to synaptic function. Eur J Pharmacol 490:13-24.
96. McGaugh JL, Roozendaal B. 2002. Role of adrenal stress hormones in forming lasting memories in the brain. Curr Opin Neurobiol 12:205-210.
97. Miner JN, Yamamoto KR. 1991. Regulatory crosstalk at composite response elements. Trends Biochem Sci 16:423-426.
98. Narayanan R, Narayan A, Chattarji S. 2004. A probabilistic framework for region-specific remodeling of dendrites in three-dimensional neuronal reconstructions. Neural Comput 17:1-22.
99. O'Keefe J, Nadel L. 1978. The hippocampus as a cognitive map. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
100. Oitzl MS, Reichardt HM, Joels M, de Kloet ER. 2001. Point mutation in the mouse glucocorticoid receptor preventing DNA binding impairs spatial memory. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:12790-12795.
101. A receptors: regulation by corticosterone. J Neurosci 21:330-339.
102. Pavlides C, Kimura A, Magarinos AM, McEwen BS. 1994. Type I adrenal steroid receptors prolong hippocampal long-term potentiation. Neuroreport 5:2673-2677.
103. Pavlides C, Kimura A, Magarinos AM, McEwen BS. 1995. Hippocampal homosynaptic long-term depression/depotentiation induced by adrenal steroids. Neuroscience 68:379-385.
104. Pavlides C, McEwen BS. 1999. Effects of mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors on long-term potentiation in the CA3 hippocampal field. Brain Res 851:204-214.
105. Pavlides C, Nivon LG, McEwen BS. 2002. Effects of chronic stress on hippocampal long-term potentiation. Hippocampus 12:245-257.
106. Pavlides C, Ogawa S, Kimura A, McEwen B. 1996. Role of adrenal steroid mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors in long-term potentiation in the CA1 field of hippocampal slices. Brain Res 738:229-235.
107. Pavlides C, Watanabe Y, Magarinos AM, McEwen BS. 1995. Opposing role of adrenal steroid Type I and Type II receptors in hippocampal long-term potentiation. Neuroscience 68:387-394.
108. Pavlides C, Watanabe Y, McEwen BS. 1993. Effects of glucocorticoids on hippocampal long-term potentiation. Hippocampus 3:183-192.
109. Pawlak R, Magarinos AM, Melchor J, McEwen B, Strickland S. 2003. Tissue plasminogen activator in the amygdala is critical for stress-induced anxiety-like behavior. Nature Neurosci 6:168-174.
110. Pecoraro N, Reyes F, Gomez F, Bhargava A, Dallman MF. 2004. Chronic stress promotes palatable feeding, which reduces signs of stress: feedforward and feedback effects of chronic stress. Endocrinology 145:3754-3762.
111. Petrovich GD, Canteras NS, Swanson LW. 2001. Combinatorial amygdalar inputs to hippocampal domains and hypothalamic behavior systems. Brain Res Rev 38:247-289.
112. Phillips RG, Le Doux JE. 1992. Differential contribution of amygdala and hippocampus to cued and contextual fear conditioning. Behav Neurosci 106:274-285.
113. Pitkanen A, Amaral DG. 1994. The distribution of GABAergic cells, fibers, and terminals in the monkey amygdaloid complex: an immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization study. J Neurosci 14:2200-2224.
114. Pitkanen A, Pikkarainen M, Nurminen N, Ylinen A. 2000. Reciprocal connections between the amygdala and the hippocampal formation, perirhinal cortex, and postrhinal cortex in rat. Ann NY Acad Sci 911:369-391.
115. Pompei P, Riftina F, McEwen BS. 1995. Effect of adrenal steroids on preproneurokinin-A gene expression in discrete regions of the rat brain. Mol Brain Res 33:209-216.
116. Popov VI, Bocharova LS. 1992. Hibernation-induced structural changes in synaptic contacts between mossy fibres and hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Neuroscience 48:53-62.
117. Popov VI, Bocharova LS, Bragin AG. 1992. Repeated changes of dendritic morphology in the hippocampus of ground squirrels in the course of hibernation. Neuroscience 48:45-51.
118. Pugh CR, Fleshner M, Rudy JW. 1997a. Type II glucocorticoid receptor antagonists impair contextual but not auditorycue fear conditioning in juvenile rats. Neurobiol Learn Mem 67:75-79.
119. Pugh CR, Tremblay D, Fleshner M, Rudy JW. 1997b. A selective role for corticosterone in contextual-fear conditioning. Behav Neurosci 111:503-511.
120. Radley JJ, Rocher AB, Miller M, Janssen WGM, Liston C, Hof PR, et al. 2006. Chronic behavioral stress induces apical dendritic spine loss in pyramidal neurons of the rat medial prefrontal cortex. Repeated stress induces dendritic spine loss in the rat medial prefrontal cortex. Cereb Cortex 16:313-320.
121. Radley JJ, Sisti HM, Hao J, Rocher AB, McCall T, et al. 2004. Chronic behavioral stress induces apical dendritic reorganization in pyramidal neurons of the medial prefrontal cortex. Neuroscience 125:1-6.
122. Rainnie DG, Bergeron R, Sajdyk TJ, Patil M, Gehlert DR, Shekhar A. 2004. Corticotrophin releasing factor-induced synaptic plasticity in the amygdala translates stress into emotional disorders. J Neurosci 24:3471-3479.
123. Reichardt HM, Schutz G. 1998. Glucocorticoid signalling-multiple variations of a common theme. Mol Cell Endocrinol 146:1-6.
124. Roozendaal B. 2000. Glucocorticoids and the regulation of memory consolidation. Psychoneuroendocrinology 25:213-238.
125. Sandeep TC, Yau JLW, MacLullich AMJ, Noble J, Deary IJ, et al. 2004. 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibition improves cognitive function in healthy elderly men and type 2 diabetics. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:6734-6739.
126. Santini E, Ge H, Ren K, Pena de Ortiz S, Quirk GJ. 2004. Consolidation of fear extinction requires protein synthesis in the medial prefrontal cortex. J Neurosci 24:5704-5710.
127. Sapolsky R. 1992. Stress, the aging brain and the mechanisms of neuron death. Cambridge: MIT Press; pp. 1-423.
128. Sapolsky RM, Krey LC, McEwen BS. 1986. The neuroendocrinology of stress and aging: the glucocorticoid cascade hypothesis. Endocr Rev 7:284-301.
129. Sapolsky RM, Zola-Morgan S, Squire LR. 1991. Inhibition of glucocorticoid secretion by the hippocampal formation in the primate. J Neurosci 11:3695-3704.
130. Seckl JR, Walker BR. 2001. Minireview: 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1-a tissue-specific amplifier of glucocorticoid action. Endocrinology 142:1371-1376.
131. Sheline YI, Sanghavi M, Mintun MA, Gado MH. 1999. Depression duration but not age predicts hippocampal volume loss in medically healthy women with recurrent major depression. J Neurosci 19:5034-5043.
132. Sheline YI, Wang PW, Gado MH, Csernansky JC, Vannier MW. 1996. Hippocampal atrophy in recurrent major depression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:3908-3913.
133. Shors TJ, Mathew PR. 1998. NMDA receptor antagonism in the lateral-basolateral but not central nucleus of the amygdala prevents the induction of facilitated learning in response to stress. Learn Mem 5:220-230.
134. Shors TJ, Weiss C, Thompson RF. 1992. Stress-induced facilitation of classical conditioning. Science 257:537-539.
135. Sousa N, Lukoyanov NV, Madeira MD, Almeida OFX, Paula-Barbosa MM. 2000. Reorganization of the morphology of hippocampal neurites and synapses after stressinduced damage correlates with behavioral improvement. Neuroscience 97:253-266.
136. Squire LR, Zola-Morgan S. 1991. The medial temporal lob memory system. Science 253:1380-1386.
137. Starkman MN, Gebarski SS, Berent S, Schteingart DE. 1992. Hippocampal formation volume, memory dysfunction, and cortisol levels in partiens with Cushing's syndrome. Biol Psychiatry 32:756-765.
138. Starkman MN, Giordani B, Gebarski SS, Schteingart DE. 2003. Improvement in learning associated with increase in hippocampal formation volume. Biol Psychiat 53:233-238.
139. Starkman MN, Giordani B, Gebrski SS, Berent S, Schork MA, et al. 1999. Decrease in cortisol reverses human hippocampal atrophy following treatment of Cushing's disease. Biol Psychiat 46:1595-1602.
140. Sterling P, Eyer J. 1988. Allostasis: a new paradigm to explain arousal pathology. Handbook of life stress, cognition and health. Fisher S, Reason J, editors. New York: John Wiley & Sons; pp. 629-649.
141. Stutzmann GE, McEwen BS, Le Doux JE. 1998. Serotonin modulation of sensory inputs to the lateral amygdala: dependency on corticosterone. J Neuroscience 18:9529-9538.
142. Sullivan RM, Gratton A. 1999. Lateralized effects of medial prefrontal cortex lesions on neuroendocrine and autonomic stress responses in rats. J Neurosci 19:2834-2840.
143. Trapp T, Rupprecht R, Castren M, Reul JMHM, Holsboer F. 1994. Heterodimerization between mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptor: a new principle of glucocorticoid action in the CNS. Neuron 13:1457-1462.
144. van Ooyen A, Duijnhouwer J, Remme MW, van Pelt J. 2002. The effect of dendritic topology on ring patterns in model neurons. Network: Computation in Neural Systems 13:311-325.
145. van Steensel B. 1995. Steroid receptors and nuclear structure. PhD Thesis. Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam; pp. 1-94.
146. Vetter M. 2001. A turn of the helix: preventing the glial fate. Neuron 29:559-562.
147. Vyas A, Bernal S, Chattarji S. 2003a. Effects of chronic stress on dendritic arborization in the central and extended amygdala. Brain Res 965:290-294.
148. Vyas A, Chattarji S. 2004. Modulation of different states of anxiety-like behavior by chronic stress. Behav Neurosci 118:1450-1454.
149. Vyas A, Mitra R, Chattarji S. 2003b. Enhanced anxiety and hypertrophy in basolateral amygdala neurons following chronic stress in rats. Ann NY Acad Sci 985:554-555.
150. Vyas A, Mitra R, Rao BSS, Chattarji S. 2002. Chronic stress induces contrasting patterns of dendritic remodeling in hippocampal and amygdaloid neurons. J Neurosci 22:6810-6818.
151. Vyas A, Pillai AG, Chattarji S. 2004. Recovery after chronic stress fails to reverse amygdaloid neuronal hypertrophy and enhanced anxiety-like behavior. Neuroscience 128:667-673.
152. Watanabe Y, Gould E, McEwen BS. 1992. Stress induces atrophy of apical dendrites of hippocampus CA3 pyramidal neurons. Brain Res 588:341-344.
153. Weiland NG, Orchinik M, McEwen BS. 1995. Corticosterone regulates mRNA levels of specific subunits of the NMDA receptor in the hippocampus but not in cortex of rats. Abstracts, Soc Neurosci 21: #207.12-pp. 502.
154. Wellman CL. 2001. Dendritic reorganization in pyramidal neurons in medial prefrontal cortex after chronic corticosterone administration. J Neurobiol 49:245-253.
155. Wellman CL. 2004. Chronic stress alters dendritic morphology in rat medial prefrontal cortex. J Neurobiol 60:236-248.
156. Yau JLW, Noble J, Kenyon CJ, Hibberd C, Kotelevtsev Y, et al. 2001. Lack of tissue glucocorticoid reactivation in 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 knockout mice ameliorates age-related learning impairments. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:4716-4721.