Interdecadal sea surface temperature variability in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Part II: The role of equatorial/off-equatorial wind stresses in a hybrid coupled model

Journal of Climate

Volumn 21, Issue 17, 2008, Pages 4242-4256

  McGregor, Shayne ^a   Holbrook, Neil J ^b  

^a MACQUARIE UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b Bureau of Meteorology Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE; ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE; EARTH ATMOSPHERE; EARTH SCIENCES; NICKEL COMPOUNDS; OCEAN CURRENTS; RAIN; SUBMARINE GEOPHYSICS; TIMING DEVICES;

CLIMATE RESEARCH; COUPLED GENERAL CIRCULATION MODEL; COUPLED MODELING; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC OCEAN; EQUATORIAL REGIONS; INTER-DECADAL; MODELIN G STUDIES; OCEAN RESPONSE; PACIFIC OCEAN; ROSSBY WAVES; SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE VARIABILITY; SHALLOW-WATER MODELS; SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; SST ANOMALIES; STANDARD DEVIATION; STATISTICAL ATMOSPHERE; TIME SCALING;

WIND STRESS;

ATMOSPHERIC MODELING; DECADAL VARIATION; EL NINO-SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; GENERAL CIRCULATION MODEL; ROSSBY WAVE; SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE; TEMPERATURE ANOMALY; WIND FORCING; WIND STRESS;

PACIFIC OCEAN; PACIFIC OCEAN (EQUATORIAL);

EID: 53649109263     PISSN: 08948755     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/2008JCLI2057.1     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. Allan, R. J., J. Lindesay, and D. Parker, 1996: El Niño, Southern Oscillation and Climatic Variability. CSIRO Publishing, 402 pp.
2. Arblaster, J. M., G. A. Meehl, and A. M. Moore, 2002: Interdecadal modulation of Australian rainfall. Climate Dyn., 18, 519-531.
3. Barnett, T. P., D. W. Pierce, R. Saravanan, N. Schneider, D. Dommenget, and M. Latif, 1999: Origins of midlatitude Pacific decadal variability. Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 1453-1456.
4. Battisti, D. S., and A. C. Hirst, 1989: Interannual variability in a tropical atmosphere-ocean model: Influence of the basic state, ocean geometry, and nonlinearity. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 1687-1712.
5. Bettio, L., 2007: On the character, dynamics and predictability of ENSO in the observations and a coupled GCM. Ph.D. thesis, University of Melbourne, 314 pp.
6. Bretherton, C. S., C. Smith, and J. Wallace, 1992; An intercomparison of methods for finding coupled patterns in climate data. J. Climate, 5, 541-560.
7. Capotondi, A., and M. A. Alexander, 2001: Rossby waves in the tropical Pacific and their role in decadal thermocline variability. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 31, 3496-3515.
8. Capotondi, A., M. A. Alexander and C. Deser, 2003: Why are there Rossby wave maxima in the Pacific at 10°S and 13°N? J. Phys. Oceanogr., 33, 1549-1563.
9. Cattell, R. B., 1966: The scree test for a number of factors. Multivariate Behav. Res., 1, 245-276.
10. Davis, R. E., 1976: Predictability of sea surface temperature and sea level pressure anomalies over the North Pacific Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 6, 249-266.
11. Dijkstra, H. A., and G. Burgers, 2002: Fluid dynamics of El Niño variability. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 34, 531-558.
12. Folland, C. K., D. E. Parker, A. W. Coleman, and R. Washington, 1999: Large scale modes of ocean surface temperature since the late nineteenth century. Beyond El Niño: Decadal and Interdecadal Climate Variability, A. Navarra, Ed., Springer-Verlag, 73-102.
13. Folland, C. K., J. A. Renwick, M. J. Salinger, and A. B. Mullan, 2002: Relative influences of the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation and ENSO on the South Pacific Convergence Zone. Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 1643, doi:10.1029/2001GL014201.
14. Frankignoul, C., and K. Hasselmann, 1977: Stochastic climate models. Part II: Application to sea surface temperature variability and thermocline variability. Tellus, 29, 284-305.
15. Frankignoul, C., P. Muller, and E. Zorita, 1997: A simple model of the decadal response of the ocean to stochastic wind forcing. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 27, 1533-1546.
16. Galanti, E., and E. Tziperman, 2003: A midlatitude-ENSO teleconnection mechanism via baroclinically unstable long Rossby waves. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 33, 1877-1888.
17. Gu, D., and S. G. H. Philander, 1997: Interdecadal climate fluctuations that depend on exchanges between the Tropics and extratropics. Science, 275, 805-807.
18. Hazeleger, W., M. Visbeck, M. Cane, A. Karspeck, and N. Naik, 2001: Decadal upper ocean temperature variability in the tropical Pacific. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 8971-8988.
19. James, I. N., and P. M. James, 1992: Ultra low frequency variability of flow in a simple atmospheric circulation model. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 118, 1211-1233.
20. Jin, F. F., 1997: An equatorial ocean recharge paradigm for ENSO. Part I: A conceptual model. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 811-829.
21. Jin, F. F., J. D. Neelin, and M. Ghil, 1994: El Niño on the Devil's Staircase: Annual subharmonic steps to chaos. Science, 264, 70-72.
22. Kiem, A. S., and S. W. Franks, 2004: Multidecadal variability of drought risk-eastem Australia. Hydrol. Processes, 18, 1-12.
23. Kirtman, B. P., 1997: Oceanic Rossby wave dynamics and the ENSO period in a coupled model. J. Climate, 10, 1690-1704.
24. Kleeman, R., J. J. P. McCreary, and B. A. Klinger, 1999: A mechanism for generating ENSO decadal variability. Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 1743-1746.
25. Latif, M., 1998: Dynamics of interdecadal variability in coupled ocean-atmosphere models. J. Climate, 11, 602-624.
26. Liu, Z., L. Wu, and E. Bayler, 1999: Rossby wave-coastal Kelvin wave interaction in the extratropics. Part I: Low-frequency adjustment in a closed basin. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 29, 2382-2404.
27. Luo, J.-J., S. Masson, S. Behera, P. Delecluse, S. Gualdi, A. Navarra, and T. Yamagata, 2003: South Pacific origin of the decadal ENSO-like variation as simulated by a coupled GCM. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 2250, doi:10.1029/2003GL018649.
28. Lysne, J., P. Chang, and B. Giese, 1997: Impact of extratropical Pacific on equatorial variability. Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 2589-2592.
29. Mann, M. E., R. S. Bradley, and M. K. Hughes, 2000: Long-term variability in the El-Niño/Southern Oscillation and associated teleconnections. El Niño and the Southern Oscillation: Multiscale Variability and Global and Regional Impacts, H. F. Diaz and V. Markgraf, Eds., Cambridge University Press, 357-412.
30. Mantua, N. J., S. R. Hare, Y. Zhang, J. M. Wallace, and R. C. Francis, 1997: A Pacific interdecadal climate oscillation with impacts on salmon production. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 78, 1069-1079.
31. McGregor, S., N. J. Holbrook, and S. B. Power, 2004: On the dynamics of interdecadal thermocline depth and sea surface temperature variability in the low to mid-latitude Pacific Ocean. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L24201, doi:10.1029/2004GL021241.
32. McGregor, S., N. J. Holbrook, and S. B. Power, 2007: Interdecadal sea surface temperature variability in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Part I: The role of off-equatorial wind stresses and oceanic Rossby waves. J. Climate, 20, 2643-2658.
33. McPhaden, M. J., and D. Zhang, 2002: Slowdown of the meridional overturning circulation in the upper Pacific Ocean. Nature, 415, 603-608.
34. Miller, A. J., and N. Schneider, 2000: Interdecadal climate regime dynamics in the North Pacific Ocean: Theories, observations and ecosystem impacts. Prog. Oceanogr., 47, 355-379.
35. Moore, A. M., and R. Kleeman, 2001: The differences between the optimal perturbations of coupled models of ENSO. J. Climate, 14, 138-163.
36. Newman, M., G. P. Compo, and M. A. Alexander, 2003: ENSO-forced variability of the Pacific decadal oscillation. J. Climate, 16, 3853-3857.
37. Nonaka, M., S.-P. Xie, and J. P. McCreary, 2002: Decadal variations in the subtropical cells and equatorial Pacific SST. Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 1116, doi:10.1029/2001GL013717.
38. North, G. R., T. L. Bell, R. F. Cahalan, and F. J. Moeng, 1982: Sampling errors in the estimation of empirical orthogonal functions. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 699-706.
39. Pacanowski, R. C., K. Dixon, and A. Rosati, 1991: The GFDL Modular Ocean Model user's guide, version 1.0. GFDL Ocean Group Tech. Rep. 2, 376 pp.
40. Philander, S. G., 1990: El Niño, La Niña, and the Southern Oscillation. International Geophysical Series, Vol. 46, Academic Press, 293 pp.
41. Pierce, D. W., T. P. Barnett, and M. Latif, 2000: Connections between the Pacific Ocean tropics and midlatitudes on decadal time scales. J. Climate, 13, 1173-1194.
42. Power, S. B., and R. Colman, 2006: Multi-year predictability in a coupled general circulation model. Climate Dyn., 26, 247-272.
43. Power, S. B., F. Tseitkin, M. Dix, R. Kleeman, R. Colman, and D. Holland, 1995: Stochastic variability at the air sea interface on decadal timescales. Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 2593-2596.
44. Power, S. B., F. Tseitkin, A. W. Coleman, and A. Sulaiman, 1998: A coupled general circulation model for seasonal prediction and climate change research. BMRC Research Rep. 66, 52 pp.
45. Power, S. B., T. Casey, C. Folland, A. Colman, and V. Mehta, 1999: Interdecadal modulation of the impact of ENSO in Australia. Climate Dyn., 15, 319-324.
46. Power, S. B., M. Haylock, R. Coleman, and X. Wang, 2006: The predictability of interdecadal changes in ENSO activity and ENSO teleconnections. J. Climate, 19, 4755-4771.
47. Rodgers, K. B., P. Friederichs, and M. Latif, 2004: Tropical Pacific decadal variability and its relation to decadal modulations of ENSO. J. Climate, 17, 3761-3774.
48. Ropelewski, C. F., and M. S. Halpert, 1987: Global and regional scale precipitation patterns associated with El Niño/Southern Oscillation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 1606-1626.
49. Schopf, P. S., and M. J. Suarez, 1988: A delayed action ocsillator for ENSO. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 549-566.
50. Schopf, P. S., and R. J. Burgman, 2006: A simple mechanism for ENSO residuals and asymmetry. J. Climate, 19, 3167-3179.
51. Syu, H.-H., D. J. Neelin, and D. Gutzler, 1995: Seasonal and interannual variability in a hybrid coupled GCM. J. Climate, 8, 2121-2143.
52. Timmermann, A., F. F. Jin, and J. Abshagen, 2003: A nonlinear theory for El Niño bursting. J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 152-165.
53. Tourre, Y. M., C. Cibot, L. Terray, W. B. White, and B. Dewitte, 2005: Quasi-decadal and inter-decadal climate fluctuations in the Pacific Ocean from a CGCM. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L07710, doi:10.1029/2004GL022087.
54. Tziperman, E., L. Stone, M. A. Cane, and H. Jarosh, 1994: El Niño chaos: Overlapping of resonances between the seasonal cycle and the Pacific ocean-atmosphere oscillator. Science, 264, 72-74.
55. Vimont, D. J., D. S. Battisti, and A. C. Hirst, 2002: Pacific interannual and interdecadal equatorial variability in a 1000-yr simulation of the CSIRO coupled GCM. J. Climate, 15, 160-178.
56. Walland, D. J., S. B. Power, and A. C. Hirst, 2000: Decadal climate variability simulated in a coupled GCM. Climate Dyn., 16, 201-211.
57. Wang, X., F. F. Jin, and Y. Wang, 2003a: A tropical recharge mechanism for climate variability. Part I: Equatorial heat content changes induced by the off-equatorial wind. J. Climate, 16, 3585-3598.
58. Wang, X., F. F. Jin, and Y. Wang, 2003b: A tropical recharge mechanism for climate variability. Part II: A unified theory for decadal and ENSO modes. J. Climate, 16, 3599-3616.
59. Wang, X. L., and C. F. Ropelewski, 1995: An assessment of ENSO-scale secular variability. J. Climate, 8, 1584-1599.
60. White, W. B., Y. M. Tourre, M. Barlow, and M. Dettinger, 2003: A delayed action oscillator shared by bienial, interannual, and decadal signals in the Pacific Basin. J. Geophys. Res., 108, 3070, doi:10.1029/ 2002JC001490.
61. Wu, L., Z. Liu, R. Gallimore, R. Jacob, D. Lee, and Y. Zhong, 2003: Pacific decadal variability: The tropical Pacific mode and the North Pacific mode. J. Climate, 16, 3111-3131.
62. Zavala-Garay, J., A. M. Moore, and C. L. Perez, 2003: The response of a coupled model of ENSO to observed estimates of stochastic forcing. J. Climate, 16, 2827-2842.
63. Zebiak, S. E., and M. A. Cane, 1987: A model El Niño-Southern Oscillation. Mon. Wea Rev., 115, 2262-2278.
64. Zhang, R. H., L. M. Rothstein, and A. J. Busalacchi, 1998: Origin of upper-ocean warming and El Niño change on decadal scales in the tropical Pacific Ocean. Nature, 391, 879-883.
65. Zhang, Y., J. M. Wallace, and D. S. Battisti, 1997: ENSO-like interdecadal variability: 1900-93. J. Climate, 10, 1004-1020.