In a nervous voice: Acoustic analysis and perception of anxiety in social phobics' speech

Journal of Nonverbal Behavior

Volumn 32, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 195-214

  Laukka, Petri ^a   Linnman, Clas ^a   Åhs, Fredrik ^a   Pissiota, Anna ^a   Frans, Örjan ^a   Faria, Vanda ^a   Michelgård, Åsa ^a   Appel, Lieuwe ^b   Fredrikson, Mats ^a   Furmark, Tomas ^a  

^a UPPSALA UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^b Uppsala Imanet AB   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Anxiety; Fear; Social phobia; Speech; Vocal expression

Indexed keywords

EID: 53549111326     PISSN: 01915886     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10919-008-0055-9     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. PK Adelmann RB Zajonc 1989 Facial efference and experience of emotion Annual Review of Psychology 40 249 280
2. N Ambady R Rosenthal 1992 Thin slices of expressive behavior as predictors of interpersonal consequences: A meta-analysis Psychological Bulletin 111 256 274
3. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual for mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
4. V Aubergé N Audibert A Rilliard 2006 De E-Wiz à C-Clone: Recueil, modélisation et synthèse d'expressions authentiques Revue d'Intelligence Artificielle 20 499 527
5. J-A Bachorowski MJ Owren 1995 Vocal expression of emotion: Acoustical properties of speech are associated with emotional intensity and context Psychological Science 6 219 224
6. J Barrett T Paus 2002 Affect-induced changes in speech production Experimental Brain Research 146 531 537
7. A Batliner K Fischer R Huber J Spilker E Nöth 2003 How to find trouble in communication Speech Communication 40 117 143
8. S Biersack V Kempe 2005 Exploring the influence of vocal emotion expression on communicative effectiveness Phonetica 62 106 119
9. Boersma, P., & Weenink, D. (2007). Praat: Doing phonetics by computer (Version 4.6.12) [Computer program]. http://www.praat.org/. Retrieved 27 July 27 2007.
10. MR Bonner 1943 Changes in the speech pattern under emotional tension American Journal of Psychology 56 262 273
11. R Cowie RR Cornelius 2003 Describing the emotional states that are expressed in speech Speech Communication 40 5 32
12. R Cowie E Douglas-Cowie N Tsapatsoulis G Votsis S Kollias W Fellenz JG Taylor 2001 Emotion recognition in human-computer interaction IEEE Signal Processing Magazine 18 1 32 80
13. Darwin, C. (1998). The expression of the emotions in man and animals (with introduction, afterword, and commentaries by P. Ekman). New York: Oxford University Press. (Original work published 1872).
14. Davitz, J. R. (Ed.). (1964). The communication of emotional meaning. New York: McGraw-Hill.
15. L Devillers L Vidrascu L Lamel 2005 Challenges in real-life emotion annotation and machine learning based detection Neural Networks 18 407 422
16. B Egloff SC Schmukle LR Burns A Schwerdtfeger 2006 Spontaneous emotion regulation during evaluated speaking tasks: Associations with negative affect, anxiety expression, memory, and physiological responding Emotion 6 356 366
17. P Ekman 1992 An argument for basic emotions Cognition and Emotion 6 169 200
18. Ekman, P. (2003). Emotions revealed. New York: Henry Holt.
19. P Ekman WV Friesen 1969 The repertoire of nonverbal behavior: Categories, origins, usage, and coding Semiotica 1 49 98
20. SH Eldred DB Price 1958 A linguistic evaluation of feeling states in psychotherapy Psychiatry 21 115 121
21. J Fernandez-Dols F Sanchez P Carrera M Ruiz-Belda 1997 Are spontaneous expressions and emotions linked? An experimental test of coherence Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 21 163 177
22. First, M. B., Gibbon, M., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (1998). SCID-I: Interview protocol [Swedish]. Stockholm: Pilgrim Press.
23. Forsell, M., Elenius, K., & Laukka, P. (2007). Acoustic correlates of frustration in spontaneous speech. Speech, Music and Hearing: Quarterly Progress and Status Report, 50, 37-40. Stockholm, Sweden: Department of Speech, Music and Hearing, KTH.
24. BF Fuller Y Horii DA Conner 1992 Validity and reliability of nonverbal voice measures as indicators of stressor-provoked anxiety Research in Nursing and Health 15 379 389
25. T Furmark L Appel Å Michelgård K Wahlstedt F Åhs S Zancan E Jacobsson K Flyckt M Grohp M Bergström E Merlo Pich L-G Nilsson M Bani B Långström M Fredrikson 2005 Cerebral blood flow changes after treatment of social phobia with the neurokinin-1 antagonist GR205171, citalopram, or placebo Biological Psychiatry 58 132 142
26. T Furmark M Tillfors P-O Everz I Marteinsdottir O Gefvert M Fredrikson 1999 Social phobia in the general population: Prevalence and sociodemographic profile Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 34 416 424
27. T Furmark M Tillfors I Marteinsdottir H Fischer A Pissiota B Långström M Fredrikson 2002 Common changes in cerebral blood flow in patients with social phobia treated with citalopram or cognitive-behavioral therapy Archives of General Psychiatry 59 425 433
28. P Greasley C Sherrard M Waterman 2000 Emotion in language and speech: Methodological issues in naturalistic settings Language and Speech 43 355 375
29. JJ Gross 2002 Emotion regulation: Affective, cognitive, and social consequences Psychophysiology 39 281 292
30. JJ Gross OP John JM Richards 2000 The dissociation of emotion expression from emotion experience: A personality perspective Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 26 712 726
31. MA Hagenaars A van Minnen 2005 The effect of fear on paralinguistic aspects of speech in patients with panic disorder with agoraphobia Journal of Anxiety Disorders 19 521 537
32. JA Harrigan K Wilson R Rosenthal 2004 Detecting state and trait anxiety from auditory and visual cues: A meta-analysis Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 30 56 66
33. KB Haskard SL Williams MR DiMatteo J Heritage R Rosenthal 2008 The provider's voice: Patient satisfaction and the content-filtered speech of nurses and physicians in primary medical care Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 32 1 20
34. SG Hofmann AL Gerlach A Wender WT Roth 1997 Speech disturbances and gaze behavior during public speaking in subtypes of social phobia Journal of Anxiety Disorders 11 573 585
35. T Johnstone CM van Reekum T Bänziger K Hird K Kirsner KR Scherer 2007 The effects of difficulty and gain versus loss on vocal physiology and acoustics Psychophysiology 44 827 837
36. T Johnstone CM van Reekum K Hird K Kirsner KR Scherer 2005 Affective speech elicited with a computer game Emotion 5 513 518
37. PN Juslin P Laukka 2001 Impact of intended emotion intensity on cue utilization and decoding accuracy in vocal expression of emotion Emotion 1 381 412
38. PN Juslin P Laukka 2003 Communication of emotions in vocal expression and music performance: Different channels, same code? Psychological Bulletin 129 770 814
39. TB Kashdan MF Steger 2006 Expanding the topography of social anxiety: An experience-sampling assessment of positive emotions, positive events, and emotion suppression Psychological Science 17 120 128
40. SV Kasl GF Mahl 1965 The relationship of disturbances and hesitations in spontaneous speech to anxiety Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1 425 433
41. RC Kessler MB Stein P Berglund 1998 Social phobia subtypes in the National Comorbidity Survey American Journal of Psychiatry 155 613 619
42. AF Koerner MA Fitzpatrick 2002 Nonverbal communication and marital adjustment and satisfaction: The role of decoding relationship relevant and relationship irrelevant affect Communication Monographs 69 33 51
43. I Kuroda O Fujiwara N Okamura N Utsuki 1976 Method for determining pilot stress through analysis of voice communication Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine 47 528 533
44. Lang, P. J. (1985). The cognitive psychophysiology of emotion: Fear and anxiety. In A. H. Tuma & J. D. Maser (Eds.), Anxiety and the anxiety disorders (pp. 131-170). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
45. P Laukka 2005 Categorical perception of vocal emotion expressions Emotion 5 277 295
46. Laukka, P. (2008). Research on vocal expression of emotion: State of the art and future directions. In K. Izdebski (Ed.), Emotions in the human voice. Vol 1. Foundations (pp. 153-169). San Diego, CA: Plural Publishing.
47. P Laukka PN Juslin R Bresin 2005 A dimensional approach to vocal expression of emotion Cognition and Emotion 19 633 653
48. Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. New York: Oxford University Press.
49. CM Lee S Narayanan 2005 Towards detecting emotion in spoken dialogs IEEE Transactions on Speech and Audio Processing 13 293 303
50. Levenson, R. W. (1994). Human emotions: A functional view. In P. Ekman & R. J. Davidson (Eds.), The nature of emotion: Fundamental questions (pp. 123-126). New York: Oxford University Press.
51. MR Lewin DW McNeil JM Lipson 1996 Enduring without avoiding: Pauses and verbal dysfluencies in public speaking fear Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment 18 387 402
52. DJ Litman K Forbes-Riley 2006 Recognizing student emotions and attitudes on the basis of utterances in spoken tutoring dialogues with both human and computer tutors Speech Communication 48 559 590
53. GF Mahl 1956 Disturbances and silences in the patient's speech in psychotherapy Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 53 1 15
54. RJ McNally MW Otto CD Hornig 2001 The voice of emotional memory: Content-filtered speech in panic disorder, social phobia, and major depressive disorder Behaviour Research and Therapy 39 1329 1337
55. CK Perry DR Ingrisano MA Palmer EJ McDonald 2000 Effects of environmental noise on computer-derived voice estimates from female speakers Journal of Voice 14 146 153
56. S Planalp VL DeFrancisco D Rutherford 1996 Varieties of cues to emotion in naturally occurring situations Cognition and Emotion 10 137 153
57. B Pope T Blass AW Siegman J Raher 1970 Anxiety and depression in speech Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 35 128 133
58. JA Russell J-A Bachorowski J-M Fernandez-Dols 2003 Facial and vocal expressions of emotion Annual Review of Psychology 54 329 349
59. KR Scherer 1986 Vocal affect expression: A review and a model for future research Psychological Bulletin 99 143 165
60. Scherer, K. R. (1989). Vocal correlates of emotional arousal and affective disturbance. In H. Wagner & A. Manstead (Eds.), Handbook of social psychophysiology (pp. 165-197). New York: Wiley.
61. KR Scherer G Ceschi 2000 Criteria for emotion recognition from verbal and nonverbal expression: Studying baggage loss in the airport Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 26 327 339
62. KR Scherer R Banse HG Wallbott T Goldbeck 1991 Vocal cues in emotion encoding and decoding Motivation and Emotion 15 123 148
63. KR Scherer J Koivumaki R Rosenthal 1972 Minimal cues in the vocal communication of affect: Judging emotions from content-masked speech Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 1 269 285
64. Siegman, A. W. (1987). The telltale voice: Nonverbal messages of verbal communication. In A. W. Siegman & S. Feldstein (Eds.), Nonverbal behavior and communication (2nd ed., pp. 351-434). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
65. GA Smith 1977 Voice analysis for the measurement of anxiety British Journal of Medical Psychology 50 367 373
66. Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., Lushene, R. E., Vagg, P. R., & Jacobs, G. A. (1983). Manual for the state-trait anxiety inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
67. AR Thompson 1995 Pharmacological agents with effects on voice American Journal of Otolaryngology 16 12 18
68. M Tillfors T Furmark I Marteinsdottir H Fischer A Pissiota B Långström M Fredrikson 2001 Cerebral blood flow in subjects with social phobia during stressful speaking tasks: A PET study American Journal of Psychiatry 158 1220 1226
69. CL Turk RG Heimberg JA Luterek DS Mennin DM Fresco 2005 Emotion dysregulation in generalized anxiety disorder: A comparison with social anxiety disorder Cognitive Therapy and Research 29 89 106
70. R van Bezooijen L Boves 1986 The effects of low-pass filtering and random splicing on the perception of speech Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 15 403 417
71. CE Williams KN Stevens 1969 On determining the emotional state of pilots during flight: An exploratory study Aerospace Medicine 40 1369 1372
72. CE Williams KN Stevens 1972 Emotions and speech: Some acoustical correlates Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 52 1238 1250
73. TI Zaider RG Heimberg DM Fresco FR Schneier MR Liebowitz 2003 Evaluation of the clinical global impression scale among individuals with social anxiety disorder Psychological Medicine 33 611 622
74. Zellner, B. (1994). Pauses and the temporal structure of speech. In E. Keller (Ed.), Fundamentals of speech synthesis and speech recognition (pp. 41-62). New York: Wiley.