Social phobia in the general population: Prevalence and sociodemographic profile

Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology

Volumn 34, Issue 8, 1999, Pages 416-424

  Furmark, T ^a   Tillfors, M ^a   Everz, P O ^a   Marteinsdottir, I ^b   Gefvert, O ^b   Fredrikson, M ^a  

^a UPPSALA UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^b UPPSALA UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Sweden)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEMOGRAPHY; DRUG USE; EDUCATION; FEMALE; GENDER; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; POPULATION RESEARCH; PREVALENCE; PSYCHOLOGIC TEST; QUESTIONNAIRE; SOCIAL ASPECT; SOCIAL PHOBIA; SOCIAL SUPPORT; SWEDEN; VALIDATION PROCESS; VERBAL COMMUNICATION;

ADULT; AGE DISTRIBUTION; EDUCATION; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; PHOBIC DISORDERS; PREVALENCE; PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS; QUESTIONNAIRES; SAMPLING STUDIES; SEX DISTRIBUTION; SOCIAL SUPPORT; SWEDEN;

EID: 0032863579     PISSN: 09337954     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s001270050163     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. American Psychiatric Association (1980) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 3rd edn. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC
2. Bourdon KH, Boyd JH, Rae DS, Burns BJ, Thompson JW, Locke BZ (1988) Gender differences in phobias: results of the ECA community survey. J Anxiety Disord 2: 227-241
3. Boyd JH, Rae DS, Thompson JW, Burns BJ, Bourdon K, Locke BZ, Regier DA (1990) Phobia: prevalence and risk factors. Soc Psychiatry Epidemiol 25: 314-323
4. Eaton WW, Dryman A, Weissman MM (1991) Panic and phobia. In: Robins LN, Regier DA (eds) Psychiatric disorders in America. Free Press, New York, pp 155-179
5. Myers JK, Weissman MM, Tischler GL, Holzer III CE, Leaf PJ, Orvaschel H, Anthony JC, Boyd JH, Burke JD Jr, Kramer M, Stoltzman R (1984) Six-month prevalence of psychiatric disorders in three communities. Arch Gen Psychiatry 41: 959-967
6. George LK, Hughes DC, Blazer DG (1986) Urban/rural differences in the prevalence of anxiety disorders. Am J Soc Psychiatry 6: 249-258
7. Davidson JRT, Hughes DL, George LK, Blazer DG (1993) The epidemiology of social phobia: findings from the Duke Epidemiological Catchment Area Study. Psychol Med 23: 709-718
8. Schneier FR, Johnson J, Hornig CD, Liebowitz MR, Weissman MM (1992) Social phobia: comorbidity and morbidity in an epidemiological sample. Arch Gen Psychiatry 49: 282-288
9. Pollard CA, Henderson JG (1988) Four types of social phobia in a community sample. J Nerv Ment Dis 176: 440-445
10. Kendler KS, Neale MC, Kessler RC, Heath AC, Eaves LJ (1992) The genetic epidemiology of phobias in women. Arch Gen Psychiatry 49: 273-281
11. Magee WJ, Eaton WW, Wittchen HU, McGonagle KA, Kessler RC (1996) Agoraphobia, simple phobia and social phobia in the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry 53: 159-168
12. Kessler RC, McGonagle KA, Zhao S, Nelson CB. Hughes M, Eshleman S, Wittchen H-U, Kendler KS (1994) Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Arch Gen Psychiatry 51: 8-19
13. Vega WA, Kolody B, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, Alderete E. Catalano R, Caraveo-Anduaga J (1998) Lifetime prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders among urban and rural Mexican Americans in California. Arch Gen Psychiatry 55: 771-778
14. Canino GJ, Bird HR, Shrout PE, Rubio-Stipec M, Bravo M, Martinez R, Sesman M, Guevara LM (1987) The prevalence of specific psychiatric disorders in Puerto Rico. Arch Gen Psychiatry 44: 727-735
15. Costello CG (1982) Fears and phobias in women: a community study. J Abnorm Psychol 91: 280-286
16. Dick CL, Sowa B, Bland RC, Newman SC (1994) Phobic disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 376: 36-44
17. Bland RC, Orn H, Newman SC (1988) Lifetime prevalence of psychiatric disorders in Edmonton. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 338: 24-32
18. Offord DR, Boyle MH, Campbell DC, Goering P, Lin E, Wong M, Racine YA (1996) One-year prevalence of psychiatric disorder in Ontarians 15 to 64 years of age. Can J Psychiatry 41: 559-563
19. Stein MB, Walker JR. Forde DR (1994) Setting diagnostic thresholds for social phobia: considerations from a community survey of social anxiety. Am J Psychiatry 151: 408-412
20. Stein MB, Walker JR, Forde DR (1996) Public-speaking fears in a community sample. Prevalence, impact on functioning and diagnostic classification. Arch Gen Psychiatry 53: 169-174
21. Lee CK, Kwak YS, Yamamoto J, Rhee H, Kim YS, Han JH, Choi JO, Lee YH (1990) Psychiatric epidemiology in Korea. I. Gender and age differences in Seoul. J Nerv Ment Dis 178: 242-246
22. Lee CK, Kwak YS, Yamamoto J, Rhee H, Kim YS, Han JH, Choi JO, Lee YH (1990) Psychiatric epidemiology in Korea. II. Urban and rural differences. J Nerv Ment Dis 178: 247-252
23. Hwu HG, Yeh E, Chang LY (1989) Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in Taiwan defined by the Chinese Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Acta Psychiatr Scand 79: 136-147
24. Wells JE, Bushnell JA, Hornblow AR, Joyce PR, Oakley-Browne MA (1989) Christchurch psychiatric epidemiology study. I. Methodology and lifetime prevalence for specific psychiatric disorders. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 23: 315-326
25. Joyce PR, Bushnell JA, Oakley-Browne MA, Wells JE, Hornblow AR (1989) The epidemiology of panic symptomatology and agoraphobic avoidance. Compr Psychiatry 30: 303-312
26. Feehan M, McGee R, Nada Raja S, Williams SM (1994) DSM-III-R disorders in New Zealand 18-year-olds. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 28: 87-99
27. Degonda M, Angst J (1993) The Zurich study. XX. Social phobia and agoraphobia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 243: 95-102
28. Wacker HR, Müllejans R, Klein KH, Battegay R (1992) Identification of cases of anxiety disorders and affective disorders in the community according to ICD-10 and DSM-III-R by using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Int J Mehods Psychiatr Res 2: 91-100
29. Faravelli C, Guerrini Degl'Innocenti B, Giardinelli L (1989) Epidemiology of anxiety disorders in Florence. Acta Psychiatr Scand 79: 308-312
30. Lépine JP, Lellouch J (1995) Classification and epidemiology of social phobia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 244: 290-296
31. Wittchen HU, Ahmoi Essau C, von Zerssen D, Krieg JC, Zaudig M (1992) Lifetime and six-month prevalence of mental disorders in the Munich follow-up study. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 241: 247-258
32. Lindal E, Stefanson JG (1993) The lifetime prevalence of anxiety disorders in Iceland as estimated by the US National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview schedule. Acta Psychiatr Scand 88: 29-34
33. Arnarson EO, Gudmundsdottir A, Boyle GJ (1998) Six-month prevalence of phobic symptoms in Iceland: an epidemiological postal survey. J Clin Psychol 54: 257-265
34. Robins LN, Helzer JE, Croughan J, Ratcliff KS (1981) National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Arch Gen Psychiatry 38: 381-389
35. Chapman TF, Mannuzza S, Fyer AJ (1995) Epidemiology and family studies of social phobia. In: Heimberg RG, Liebowitz MR, Hope DA, Schneier FR (eds) Social phobia: diagnosis, assessment and treatment. Guilford, New York, pp 21-41
36. American Psychiatric Association (1987) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 3rd edn, revised. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC
37. Walker JR, Stein MB (1995) Epidemiology. In: Stein MB (ed) Social phobia: clinical and research perspectives. American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC, pp 43-75
38. American Psychiatric Association (1994) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edn. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC
39. Heckelman LR, Schneier FR (1995) Diagnostic issues. In: Heimberg RG, Liebowitz MR, Hope DA, Schneier FR (eds) Social phobia. Diagnosis, assessment and treatment. Guilford, New York, pp 3-21
40. Parker G (1987) Are the lifetime prevalence estimates in the ECA study accurate? Psychol Med 17: 275-282
41. Hazen AL, Stein MB (1995) Clinical phenomenology and comorbidity. In: Stein MB (ed) Social phobia: clinical and research perspectives. American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC, pp 3-41
42. Ottosson H, Bodlund O, Ekselius L. Grann M, von Knorring L, Kullgren G, Lindström E, Söderberg S (1998) DSM-IV and ICD-10 personality disorders: a comparison of a self-report questionnaire (DIP-Q) with a structured interview. Eur Psychiatry 13: 246-253
43. Heimberg RG, Mueller GP, Holt CS, Hope DA, Liebowitz MR (1992) Assessment of anxiety in social interactions and being observed by others: the social interaction anxiety scale and the social phobia scale. Behav Ther 23: 53-73
44. First MB, Gibbon M, Spitzer RL, Williams JBW (1998) SCID-I: clinical version. Interview protocol (in Swedish). Pilgrim Press, Stockholm
45. Turner SM, Beidel DC, Townsley RM (1992) Social phobia: a comparison of specific and generalized subtypes and avoidant personality disorder. J Abnorm Psychol 101: 326-331
46. Kessler RC, Stein MB, Berglund P (1998) Social phobia subtypes in the National Comorbidity Survey. Am J Psychiatry 155: 613-619
47. Kerr M. Lambert WW, Bern DJ (1996) Life course sequelae of childhood shyness in Sweden: comparison with the United States. Dev Psychol 32: 1100-1105
48. Fredrikson M, Annas P, Fischer H, Wik G (1996) Gender and age differences in the prevalence of specific fears and phobias. Behav Res Ther 34: 33-39
49. Weiller E, Bisserbe JC, Boyer P, Lepine JP, Lecrubier Y (1996) Social phobia in general health care: an unrecognized, undertreated, disabling disorder. Br J Psychiatry 168: 169-174
50. Cohen S, Wills TA (1985) Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychol Bull 98: 310-357
51. Gates L, Lineberger MR, Crockett J, Hubbard J (1988) Birth order and its relationship to depression, anxiety, and self-concept test scores in children. J Genet Psychol 149: 29-34
52. Croake JW, Myers KM, Singh A (1987) Demographic features of adult fears. Int J Soc Psychiatry 33: 285-293
53. Phillips SD, Bruch MA (1988) Shyness and dysfunction in career development. J Couns Psychol 35: 159-165
54. Allgulander C (1989) Psychoactive drug use in a general population sample, Sweden: correlates with perceived health, psychiatric diagnoses, and mortality in an automated record-linkage study. Am J Public Health 79: 1006-1010
55. Zimmerman M, Coryell WH (1990) Diagnosing personality disorders in the community. Arch Gen Psychiatry 47: 527-531
56. Cheek JM, Carpentieri AM, Smith TG, Rierdan J, Koff E (1986) Adolescent shyness. In: Jones WH, Cheek JM, Briggs SR (eds) Shyness. Perspectives on research and treatment. Plenum Press, New York, pp 105-115