Are spontaneous expressions and emotions linked? An experimental test of coherence

Journal of Nonverbal Behavior

Volumn 21, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 163-177

  Fernández Dols, José Miguel ^a   Sánchez, Flor ^b   Carrera, Pilar ^b   Ruiz Belda, Maria Angeles ^b  

^a UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE MADRID   (Spain)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0031287899     PISSN: 01915886     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1024917530100     Document Type: Article

References (31)

1. Carroll, J. M., & Russell, J. A. (in press). Facial expressions in Hollywood's portrayal of emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
2. Cornelius, R. R. (1996). The science of emotion: Research and tradition in the psychology of emotion. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
3. Dumas, G. (1923). Traité de psychologie (Vol. 1) [Handbook of psychology]. Paris: Alcan.
4. Ekman, P. (1972). Universals and cultural differences in facial expressions of emotion. In J. K. Cole (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 1971 (vol. 19, pp. 207-283). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
5. Ekman, P. (1984). Expression and the nature of emotion. In K. R. Scherer & P. Ekman (Eds.), Approaches to emotion (pp. 319-343). Hillsdale, NJ: L. Erlbaum.
6. Ekman, P., Davidson, R. J., & Friesen, W. V. (1990). The Duchenne smile: Emotional expression and brain physiology II. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 342-353.
7. Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1978). Facial Action Coding System (FACS): A technique for the measurement of facial action. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
8. Ekman, P., Friesen, W. V., & Ancoli, S. (1980). Facial signs of emotional experience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 1125-1134.
9. Fernández-Dols, J. M., & Ruiz-Belda, M. A. (1995a). Are smiles a sign of happiness?: Gold medal winners at the Olympic Games. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 1113-1119.
10. Fernández-Dols, J. M., & Ruiz-Belda, M. A. (1995b). Expression of emotion versus expressions of emotions: Everyday conceptions about spontaneous facial behavior. In J. A. Russell, J. M. Fernández-Dols, A. S. R. Manstead, & J. C. Wellenkamp (Eds.), Everyday conceptions of emotion, (pp. 505-522). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer.
11. Fernández-Dols, J. M., & Ruiz-Belda, M. A. (in press). Spontaneous facial behavior during intense emotional episodes: Artistic truth and optical truth. In J. A. Russell & J. M. Fernández-Dols (Eds.), The psychology of facial expression. New York: Cambridge University Press.
12. Fridlund, A. J. (1991). Sociality of solitary smiling: Potentiation by an implicit audience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 229-240.
13. Fridlund, A. J. (1994). Human facial expression: An evolutionary view. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
14. Friesen, W. V. (1972). Cultural differences in facial expressions in a social situation: An experimental test of the concept of display rules. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of California.
15. Gross, J. J., & Levenson, R. W. (1995). Emotion elicitation using films. Cognition and Emotion, 9, 87-108.
16. Hess, U., Banse, R., & Kappas, A. (1995). The intensity of facial expression is determined by underlying affective state and social situation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 280-288.
17. Hjortsjö, C. H. (1969). Man's face and mimic language. Lund, Sweden: Studentlitteratur.
18. Izard, C. E. (1994). Innate and universal facial expressions: Evidence from developmental and cross-cultural research. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 288-299.
19. Kraut, R. E., & Johnston, R. E. (1979). Social and emotional messages of smiling: An ethological approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1539-1553.
20. Landis, C. (1934). Emotion: II. The expressions of emotion. In C. Murchinson (Ed.), Handbook of General Experimental Psychology (pp. 312-351). Worcester, MA: Clark University Press.
21. Malatesta, C. Z., Fiore, M. J., & Messina, J. J. (1987). Affect, personality, and facial expressive characteristics of older people. Psychology and Aging, 2, 64-69.
22. Ortony, A. & Turner, T. J. (1990). What's basic about basic emotions? Psychological Review, 74, 315-341.
23. Patrick, C. J., Craig, K. D., & Prkachin, K. M. (1986). Observer judgments of acute pain: Facial action determinants. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 1291-1298.
24. Philippot, P. (1993). Inducing and assessing differentiated emotion-feeling states in the laboratory. Cognition and Emotion, 7, 171-193.
25. Rosenberg, E. L., & Ekman, P. (1994). Coherence between expressive and experiential systems in emotion. Cognition and Emotion, 8, 201-229.
26. Ruch, W. (1993). Exhilaration and humor. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 605-616). New York: The Guilford Press.
27. Russell, J. A., & Fernández-Dols, J. M. (in press). What does a facial expression mean? In J. A. Russell & J. M. Fernández-Dols (Eds.), The psychology of facial expression. New York: Cambridge University Press.
28. Sánchez, F., & Fernández-Dols, J. M. (1992). A study on spontaneous facial expressions. [Abstract] International Journal of Psychology, 27, 192-193.
29. Smith, C. A., & Scott, H. S. (in press). A componential approach to the meaning of facial expressions. In J. A. Russell & J. M. Fernández-Dols (Eds.), The psychology of facial expression. New York: Cambridge University Press.
30. Tan, E. S. (1996). Emotion and the structure of narrative film: Film as an emotion machine. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
31. Wagner, H. L. (1990). The spontaneous facial expression of differential positive and negative emotions. Motivation and Emotion, 14, 27-43.