Clinical approach in encephalitis

Encephalitis: Diagnosis and Treatment

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 1-18

  Cunha, Burke A ^a   Halperin, John J ^b,c  

^a WINTHROP UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b OVERLOOK HOSPITAL   (United States)

^c MOUNT SINAI SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 53549094172     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (51)

1. Wood M, Anderson M. Neurologic Infections. London: WB Saunders, 1988.
2. Boos J, Esiri MM. Viral Encephalitis in Humans. Washington, DC: ASM Press, 2003.
3. Ho M. Acute viral encephalitis. In: Vinken PJ, Bruyn GW, eds. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Infections of the Nervous System. 2nd ed. New York: North Holland Publishing, 1978; Vol. 34:63-82.
4. Cunha BA. Encephalitis and its mimics. In: Cunha BA, ed. Infectious Diseases in Critical Care Medicine. 2nd ed. New York: Taylor & Francis, 2006.
5. Cunha BA. The diagnosis and therapy of acute bacterial meningitis. In: Schlossberg D, ed. Central Nervous System Infections. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, 1990:3-24.
6. Cunha BA. Diagnostic significance of nonspecific laboratory tests in infectious diseases. In: Gorbach SL, Bartlett JB, Blacklow NR, eds. Infectious Diseases in Medicine and Surgery. 4th ed. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005.
7. Cunha BA. Malaria or typhoid fever: A diagnostic dilemma? Am J Med 2005; 118(12):1442-3.
8. Woodward TE, Cunha BA. Rocky mountain spotted fever. Infect Dis Prac 1999; 23:73-84.
9. Cunha BA. Rocky mountain spotted fever-revisited. Arch Intern Med 2004; 164:211-2.
10. Woodward TE, Cunha BA. Rocky mountain spotted fever. In: Cunha BA, ed. Tickborne Infectious Diseases. New York: Marcel Dekker, 2000.
11. Cunha BA. Viral and mycoplasmal pneumonias. In: Rakel RE, Bope ET, eds. Conn’s Current Therapy. 59th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 2007.
12. Cunha BA. Hepatic involvement in mycoplasma pneumoniae communityacquired pneumonia. J Clin Microbiol 2003, 41:3456-7.
13. Cunha BA. Clinical diagnosis of legionnaires’ disease. Semin Respir Infect 1998; 13:116-27.
14. Cunha BA. The atypical pneumonias: clinical diagnosis and importance. Clin Microbiol Infect 2006:12(s3):12-24.
15. Cunha BA. Encephalitis. Infect Dis Prac 1989; 12:1-12.
16. Cunha BA. Eastern equine encephalitis. Infect Dis Prac 1996; 20:75-9.
17. Cunha BA. West Nile encephalitis. Infect Dis Prac 1999; 22:85-96.
18. Flatau E, Kohr D, Daker O, Varsan N. West Nile fever encephalitis. Isr J Med Sci 1981; 17:1057-9.
19. Hayes CG. West Nile fever. In: Monath TP, ed. The Arboviruse Epidemiology and Ecology. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, 1989:59-88.
20. Knipe DM, Howley PM. Fields Virology. 4th ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company, 2001.
21. Johnson RT. Emerging viral infections of the nervous system. J Neurovirol 2003; 9:140-7.
22. Monath TP, Tsai TF. Flaviviruses. In: Virology Knipe DM, Howley PM, eds. New York: Raven Press, 1990; 2:763-814.
23. Solomon T. Flavivirus encephalitis. N Engl J Med 2004; 351:370-8.
24. Solomon T. Exotic and emerging viral encephalitides. Curr Opin Neurol 2003; 16:411-8.
25. Outbreak of Powassan Encephalitis-Maine and Vermont, 1999-2001. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2001; 50:761-4.
26. Monath TP, Tsai TF. Flaviviruses. In: Richmann DD, Whitley RJ, Hayden FG, eds. Clinical Virology. New York, NY: Churchill-Livingstone, 1997: 1133-85.
27. Naidech A, Elliot D. St. Louis encephalitis with focal neurological signs. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 29:1334-5.
28. Wasay M, Diaz-Arrastia R, Suss RA. St. Louis encephalitis: A review of 11 cases in a 1995 Dallas, Texas epidemic. Arch Neurol 2000; 57:114-8.
29. McJunkin JE, Khan RR, Tsai TF. California-La Crosse encephalitis. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1989; 12:83-9.
30. Rust RS, Thompson WH, Matthews CG, et al. La Crossee and other forms of California encephalitis. J Child Neurol 1999; 14:1-14.
31. Eisenstein L, Calio F, Cunha BA. Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) aseptic meningitis. Heart Lung 2004; 33:196-7.
32. Maschke M, Kastrup O, Forsting M, Diener HC. Update on neuroimaging in infectious central nervous system disease. Curr Opin Neurol 2004; 17:475-80.
33. Cunha BA. Differential diagnosis of West Nile encephalitis. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2004; 17:413-20.
34. Cunha BA. The diagnostic significance of the CSF lactic acid. Infect Dis Prac 1997; 21:57-60.
35. Cunha BA. The usefulness of CSF lactic acid levels in central nervous system infections with decreased cerebrospinal fluid glucose. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 39: 1260-1.
36. Latcha S, Cunha BA. Listeria monocytogenes meningoencephalitis-the diagnostic importance of the CSF lactic acid. Heart Lung 1994; 23:177-9.
37. Asnis DS, Conetta R, Teixeira AA. The West Nile virus outbreak of 1999 in New York: The flushing hospital experience. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 30:413-8.
38. Cunha BA, Filozov A, Reme P. Listeria monocytogenes encephalitis mimicking West Nile encephalitis. Heart Lung 2004; 33:61-4.
39. Gadoth N, Weitzman S, Lehmann EE. Acute anterior myelitis complicating West Nile fever. Arch Neurol 1979; 36:172-3.
40. Emig M, Apple DJ. Severe West Nile virus disease in healthy adults. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 38:289-92.
41. Hubalek Z. Comparative symptomatology of West Nile fever. Lancet 2001; 358:254-5.
42. Jeha LE, Sila CA, Lederman RJ, et al. West Nile virus infection: A new acute paralytic illness. Neurology 2003; 61:55-9.
43. Roos KL. West Nile encephalitis and myelitis. Curr Opin Neurol 2004; 17: 343-6.
44. Solomon T, Willison H. Infectious causes of acute flaccid paralysis. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2003; 16:375-81.
45. Cunha BA. Paralysis from West Nile virus-Contemporary Topic. Internet Consult, 2003.
46. Klein NC, Johnson DH, Cunha BA, et al. West Nile encephalitis: The long Island experience. Infect Dis Clin Pract 2000; 9:303-8.
47. Cunha BA, Minnaganti VR, Johnson DH, Klein NC. Profound and prolonged lymphopenia in West Nile encephalitis. Clin Infect Dis. 2000; 31:1116-7.
48. Cunha BA, Sachdev B Canario D. Serum ferritin levels in West Nile encephalitis. Clin Microbiol Infect 2004; 10:84-186.
49. Batuello JT. Increased serum lipase in West Nile virus infection. N Eng J Med 2005; 352:420-1.
50. Cunha BA. Antibiotic Essentials. Royal Oak, MI: Physician’s Press, 2007:24-6.
51. Arvin AM, Gershon AA. Varicella-zoster virus. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2000.