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Lejeune MP, Westerterp KR, Adam TC, et al. Ghrelin and glucagon-like peptide 1 concentrations, 24-h satiety, and energy and substrate metabolism during a high-protein diet and measured in a respiration chamber. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 83:89-94.
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This comprehensive review describes potential mechanisms for protein's influence on body weight regulation. The authors promote the concept of 'high protein, negative energy balance diets' in which the absolute amount of dietary protein is sustained, while energy intake is reduced
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Westerterp-Plantenga MS, Smeets A, Nieuwenhuizen A. Sustained protein intake for body weight management. Nutr Bull 2007; 32:22-31. This comprehensive review describes potential mechanisms for protein's influence on body weight regulation. The authors promote the concept of 'high protein, negative energy balance diets' in which the absolute amount of dietary protein is sustained, while energy intake is reduced.
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Effects of a high-protein ketogenic diet on hunger, appetite, and weight loss in obese men feeding ad libitum
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This study demonstrates the short-term (4-week) advantage of high-protein diets with very low-carbohydrate content over those with moderate levels of carbohydrate for decreased hunger and weight loss
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Johnstone AM, Horgan GW, Murison SD, et al. Effects of a high-protein ketogenic diet on hunger, appetite, and weight loss in obese men feeding ad libitum. Am J Clin Nutr 2008; 87:44-55. This study demonstrates the short-term (4-week) advantage of high-protein diets with very low-carbohydrate content over those with moderate levels of carbohydrate for decreased hunger and weight loss.
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Am J Clin Nutr
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Leidy HJ, Carnell NS, Mattes RD, Campbell WW. Higher protein intake preserves lean mass and satiety with weight loss in preobese and obese women. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007; 15:421-429. In a randomized comparison of high-protein and normal-protein diets, high-protein diets were associated with greater effects on lean body mass preservation, satiety, and perceived pleasure during energy restriction, despite comparable weight loss.
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Leidy HJ, Carnell NS, Mattes RD, Campbell WW. Higher protein intake preserves lean mass and satiety with weight loss in preobese and obese women. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007; 15:421-429. In a randomized comparison of high-protein and normal-protein diets, high-protein diets were associated with greater effects on lean body mass preservation, satiety, and perceived pleasure during energy restriction, despite comparable weight loss.
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8
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This recent review focuses on the meal-induced and diet-induced satiety associated with high-protein intake and its potential mechanisms of action, including energy expenditure, hormone and metabolite concentrations, and gluconeogenesis
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Veldhorst M, Smeets A, Soenen S, et al. Protein-induced satiety: effects and mechanisms of different proteins. Physiol Behav 2008; 94:300-307. This recent review focuses on the meal-induced and diet-induced satiety associated with high-protein intake and its potential mechanisms of action, including energy expenditure, hormone and metabolite concentrations, and gluconeogenesis.
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Brehm BJ, Seeley RJ, Daniels SR, D'Alessio DA. A randomized trial comparing a very low carbohydrate diet and a calorie-restricted low fat diet on body weight and cardiovascular risk factors in healthy women. J Clin Endocnnol Metab 2003; 88:1617-1623.
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Gardner CD, Kiazand A, Alhassan S, et al. Comparison of the Atkins, Zone, Ornish, and LEARN diets for change in weight and related risk factors among overweight premenopausal women: the A TO Z Weight Loss Study: a randomized trial. JAMA 2007; 297:969-977. Results of this well designed, randomized, controlled trial challenge those of previous 12-month trials by showing greater weight loss and at least comparable improvement in cardiovascular outcomes with the very low-carbohydrate, high-protein diet.
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Gardner CD, Kiazand A, Alhassan S, et al. Comparison of the Atkins, Zone, Ornish, and LEARN diets for change in weight and related risk factors among overweight premenopausal women: the A TO Z Weight Loss Study: a randomized trial. JAMA 2007; 297:969-977. Results of this well designed, randomized, controlled trial challenge those of previous 12-month trials by showing greater weight loss and at least comparable improvement in cardiovascular outcomes with the very low-carbohydrate, high-protein diet.
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Weigle DS, Breen PA, Matthys CC, et al. A high-protein diet induces sustained reductions in appetite, ad libitum caloric intake, and body weight despite compensatory changes in diurnal plasma leptin and ghrelin concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 82:41-48.
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Westerterp-Plantenga M, Luscombe-Marsh N, Lejeune M, et al. Dietary protein, metabolism, and body-weight regulation: dose-response effects. Int J Obes (Lond) 2006; 30:S16-S23.
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Randomized clinical trial comparing the effects of high monounsaturated fat and high carbohydrate diets in overweight and obese subjects with type 2 diabetes (abstract)
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Brehm B, Lattin B, Summer S, et al. Randomized clinical trial comparing the effects of high monounsaturated fat and high carbohydrate diets in overweight and obese subjects with type 2 diabetes (abstract). Diabetes 2007; 56:A-17.
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Clifton PM, Keogh JB, Noakes M. Long-term effects of a high-protein weightloss diet. Am J Clin Nutr 2008; 87:23-29. This study provides important information about the long-term efficacy of highprotein intake for maintenance of weight loss and health outcomes. In a 1-year follow-up of a 12-week comparison of high-protein and high-carbohydrate diets, protein intake was positively related to weight loss; cardiovascular risk factors improved with sustained weight loss, regardless of protein intake.
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Clifton PM, Keogh JB, Noakes M. Long-term effects of a high-protein weightloss diet. Am J Clin Nutr 2008; 87:23-29. This study provides important information about the long-term efficacy of highprotein intake for maintenance of weight loss and health outcomes. In a 1-year follow-up of a 12-week comparison of high-protein and high-carbohydrate diets, protein intake was positively related to weight loss; cardiovascular risk factors improved with sustained weight loss, regardless of protein intake.
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21
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Keogh JB, Luscombe-Marsh ND, Noakes M, et al. Long-term weight maintenance and cardiovascular risk factors are not different following weight loss on carbohydrate-restricted diets high in either monounsaturated fat or protein in obese hyperinsulinaemic men and women. Br J Nutr 2007; 97:405-410. This study provides information about the long-term effects of both high-monounsaturated fat and high-protein diets. Significantly improved weight and cardiovascular risk factors were reported in both diet groups over 1 year; however, weight loss was predicted by reported percentage of energy from protein.
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Keogh JB, Luscombe-Marsh ND, Noakes M, et al. Long-term weight maintenance and cardiovascular risk factors are not different following weight loss on carbohydrate-restricted diets high in either monounsaturated fat or protein in obese hyperinsulinaemic men and women. Br J Nutr 2007; 97:405-410. This study provides information about the long-term effects of both high-monounsaturated fat and high-protein diets. Significantly improved weight and cardiovascular risk factors were reported in both diet groups over 1 year; however, weight loss was predicted by reported percentage of energy from protein.
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33749597936
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Wing RR, Tate DF, Gorin AA, et al. A self-regulation program for maintenance of weight loss. N Engl J Med 2006; 355:1563-1571. This randomized, controlled study addresses the importance of interventions for long-term maintenance of weight loss and tests the effects of two 18-month intervention strategies (i.e., face-to-face or Internet-based) on weight gain in participants who previously had lost 10% of their body weight.
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Wing RR, Tate DF, Gorin AA, et al. A self-regulation program for maintenance of weight loss. N Engl J Med 2006; 355:1563-1571. This randomized, controlled study addresses the importance of interventions for long-term maintenance of weight loss and tests the effects of two 18-month intervention strategies (i.e., face-to-face or Internet-based) on weight gain in participants who previously had lost 10% of their body weight.
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23
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40749141596
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Comparison of strategies for sustaining weight loss: The weight loss maintenance randomized controlled trial
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This is the longest, largest randomized controlled trial to assess the effectiveness of two intervention strategies for maintenance of weight loss. Study results confirm the benefits of brief personal contact with participants for improved sustenance of weight loss
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Svetkey LP, Stevens VJ, Brantley PJ, et al. Comparison of strategies for sustaining weight loss: the weight loss maintenance randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2008; 299:1139-1148. This is the longest, largest randomized controlled trial to assess the effectiveness of two intervention strategies for maintenance of weight loss. Study results confirm the benefits of brief personal contact with participants for improved sustenance of weight loss.
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JAMA
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Svetkey, L.P.1
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24
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McMillan-Price J, Petocz P, Atkinson F, et al. Comparison of 4 diets of varying glycemic load on weight loss and cardiovascular risk reduction in overweight and obese young adults: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med 2006; 166:1466-1475. This well designed, short-term trial compares four energy-restricted, low-fat diets that varied in protein content and glycemic index. Study results emphasize the contributions of dietary glycemic load, rather than only energy intake, to weight loss and glycemic control.
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McMillan-Price J, Petocz P, Atkinson F, et al. Comparison of 4 diets of varying glycemic load on weight loss and cardiovascular risk reduction in overweight and obese young adults: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med 2006; 166:1466-1475. This well designed, short-term trial compares four energy-restricted, low-fat diets that varied in protein content and glycemic index. Study results emphasize the contributions of dietary glycemic load, rather than only energy intake, to weight loss and glycemic control.
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25
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Due A, Toubro S, Skov AR, Astrup A. Effect of normal-fat diets, either medium or high in protein, on body weight in overweight subjects: a randomised 1-year trial. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2004; 28:1283-1290.
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Due, A.1
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Effects of variation in protein and carbohydrate intake on body mass and composition during energy restriction: A meta-regression 1
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Krieger JW, Sitren HS, Daniels MJ, Langkamp-Henken B. Effects of variation in protein and carbohydrate intake on body mass and composition during energy restriction: a meta-regression 1. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 83:260-274.
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Krieger, J.W.1
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28
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Meckling KA, Sherfey R. A randomized trial of a hypocaloric high-protein diet, with and without exercise, on weight loss, fitness, and markers of the metabolic syndrome in overweight and obese women. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2007; 32:743-752. This randomized controlled trial examines the effects of energy-restricted highprotein and high-carbohydrate diets, with and without exercise. Results confirm the superior effects of high-protein diets for weight loss and nitrogen balance, with comparable effects for improvement in body composition and health outcomes, regardless of exercise assignment.
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Meckling KA, Sherfey R. A randomized trial of a hypocaloric high-protein diet, with and without exercise, on weight loss, fitness, and markers of the metabolic syndrome in overweight and obese women. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2007; 32:743-752. This randomized controlled trial examines the effects of energy-restricted highprotein and high-carbohydrate diets, with and without exercise. Results confirm the superior effects of high-protein diets for weight loss and nitrogen balance, with comparable effects for improvement in body composition and health outcomes, regardless of exercise assignment.
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29
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33745175880
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Krauss RM, Blanche PJ, Rawlings RS, et al. Separate effects of reduced carbohydrate intake and weight loss on atherogenic dyslipidemia. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 83:1025-1031.
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Krauss, R.M.1
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In this review of the effects of dietary macronutrients on lipoprotein profile during weight maintenance and weight loss, the author notes the difficulty in isolating independent effects of the nutrients and the high degree of individual variability in response
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Lichtenstein AH. Thematic review series: patient-oriented research. Dietary fat, carbohydrate, and protein: effects on plasma lipoprotein patterns. J Lipid Res 2006; 47:1661-1667. In this review of the effects of dietary macronutrients on lipoprotein profile during weight maintenance and weight loss, the author notes the difficulty in isolating independent effects of the nutrients and the high degree of individual variability in response.
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Lichtenstein, A.H.1
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Noakes M, Foster PR, Keogh JB, et al. Comparison of isocaloric very low carbohydrate/high saturated fat and high carbohydrate/low saturated fat diets on body composition and cardiovascular risk. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2006; 3:7.
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This 24-week randomized, controlled trial shows similar weight loss and improvement in several risk factors with very low-carbohydrate and high-carbohydrate diets, but differential effects on blood lipids
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Tay J, Brinkworth GD, Noakes M, et al. Metabolic effects of weight loss on a very-low-carbohydrate diet compared with an isocaloric high-carbohydrate diet in abdominally obese subjects. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 51:59-67. This 24-week randomized, controlled trial shows similar weight loss and improvement in several risk factors with very low-carbohydrate and high-carbohydrate diets, but differential effects on blood lipids.
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Muzio F, Mondazzi L, Harris WS, et al. Effects of moderate variations in the macronutrient content of the diet on cardiovascular disease risk factors in obese patients with the metabolic syndrome. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 86:946-951. This randomized controlled trial compares the effects of moderate, rather than extreme, variations in macronutrients in obese participants with metabolic syndrome. With differential diet effects on specific risk factors, the results support the need for individualization of diet prescriptions on the basis of metabolic profile.
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Muzio F, Mondazzi L, Harris WS, et al. Effects of moderate variations in the macronutrient content of the diet on cardiovascular disease risk factors in obese patients with the metabolic syndrome. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 86:946-951. This randomized controlled trial compares the effects of moderate, rather than extreme, variations in macronutrients in obese participants with metabolic syndrome. With differential diet effects on specific risk factors, the results support the need for individualization of diet prescriptions on the basis of metabolic profile.
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Brinkworth GD, Noakes M, Keogh JB, et al. Long-term effects of a highprotein, low-carbohydrate diet on weight control and cardiovascular risk markers in obese hyperinsulinemic subjects. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2004; 28:661-670.
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Tremblay F, Lavigne C, Jacques H, Marette A. Role of dietary proteins and amino acids in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance. Annu Rev Nutr 2007; 27:293-310. The authors discuss the effect of dietary protein and amino acids on insulin action via modulation of several pathways at the cellular and molecular levels. The need for additional studies to determine the effects of varying amounts and sources of dietary protein is noted.
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