Peripheral nervous system effects and delayed neuropathy

Toxicology of Organophosphate & Carbamate Compounds

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 361-370

  Moretto, Angelo ^a   Lotti, Marcello ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PADOVA   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 53449085268     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-012088523-7/50026-0     Document Type: Chapter

References (154)

1. Abdelsalam E.B. Neurotoxic potential of six organophosphorus compounds in adult hens. Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 1999, 41:290-292.
2. Abou-Donia M.B. Organophosphorus ester-induced chronic neurotoxicity. Arch. Environ. Health 2003, 58:484-497.
3. Abou-Donia M.B., Viana M.E., Gupta R.P., Anderson J.K. Enhanced calmodulin binding concurrent with increased kinase-dependent phosphorylation of cytoskeletal protein following a single subcutaneous injection of diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate in hens. Neurochem. Int. 1993, 22:165-173.
4. Aiuto L.A., Pavlakis S.G., Boxer R.A. Lifethreatening organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy in a child after accidental chlorpyrifos ingestion. J. Pediatr. 1993, 122:658-660.
5. Akassoglou K., Malester B., Xu J., Tessarollo L., Rosenbluth J., Chao M.V. Brain-specific deletion of neuropathy target esterase/swisscheese results in neurodegeneration. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2004, 101:5075-5080.
6. Aldridge W.N., Reiner E. Enzyme Inhibitors as Substrates: Interactions of Esterases with Esters of Organophosphorus and Carbamic Acids 1972, North-Holland, Amsterdam.
7. Alonso J.L., Atalla A., Cavaliere M.J., Gagioti S.M., Lorenti M.A. Polineuropatia por parathion. Arq. Neuro-Psiq. 1983, 41:292-308. [in Portuguese].
8. Aring C.D. The systemic nervous affinità of triorthocresylphosphate (Jamaica ginger palsy). Brain 1942, 65:34-47.
9. Aygun D., Onar M.K., Alintop B.L. The clinical and electrophysiological features of a delayed polyneuropathy developing subsequently after acute organophosphate poisoning and its correlation with the serum acetylcholinesterase. Electromyogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 2003, 43:421-427.
10. Barber D., Hunt J., Ehrich M. Inhibition of calcium-stimulated ATPase in the hen brain p2 synaptosomal fraction in organphosphorus esters: Relevance to delayed neuropathy. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 2001, 63:101-113.
11. Bidstrup P.L., Bonnel J.A., Beckett A.G. Paralysis following poisoning by a new organic phosphorus insecticide (Mipafox): Report on two cases. Br. Med. J. 1953, 1:1068-1072.
12. Carod-Artal F.J., Speck-Martins C. Polineuropatia tardia inducida por exposicion a organofosforados. Rev. Neurol. 1999, 29(Spain):123-127.
13. Caroldi S., Lotti M. Delayed neurotoxicity caused by a single massive dose of dichlorvos to adult hens. Toxicol. Lett. 1981, 9:157-159.
14. Caroldi S., Lotti M. Neurotoxic esterase in peripheral nerve: Assay, inhibition and rate of resynthesis. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1982, 62:498-501.
15. Carrington C.D. Prophylaxis and the mechanism for the initiation of organophosphorous compound-induced delayed neurotoxicity. Arch. Toxicol. 1989, 63(3):165-172.
16. Catz A., Chen B., Jutrin I., Mendelson L. Late onset isofenphos neurotoxicity. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. 1988, 51:1338-1340.
17. Chattarjee M., Sarma P.S.A. Unusual neurological complications in a case of organophosphate poisoning. Neurology 2003, 51(India):290-291.
18. Choudhary S., Gill K.D. Protective effect of nimodipine on dichlorvos-induced delayed neurotoxicity in rat brain. Biochem Pharmacol. 2001, 62:1265-1272.
19. Choudhary S., Joshi K., Gill K.D. Possible role of enhanced microtubule phosphorylation in dichlorvos induced delayed neurotoxicity in rat. Brain Res. 2001, 897:60-70.
20. Chuang C.C., Lin T.S., Tsai M.C. Delayed neuropathy and myelopathy after organphosphate intoxication. N. Engl. J. Med. 2002, 347:1119-1121.
21. Csik V., Motika D., Marosi G.Y. Delayed neuropathy after trichlorfon intoxication. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. 1998, 49:222.
22. Curtes J.P., Develay P., Hubert J.P. Late peripheral neuropathy due to an acute voluntary intoxication by organophosphorus compounds. Clin. Toxicol. 1981, 18:1453-1462.
23. Damodaran T.V., Abdel-Rahman A., Suliman H.B., Abou-Donia M.B. Altered time course of mRNA expression of alpha tubulin in the central nervous system of hens treated with diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate (DFP). Neurochem. Res. 2001, 26:43-50.
24. Damodaran T.V., Abdel-Rahman A.A., Suliman H.B. Early differential elevation and persistence of phosphorylated cAMP-response element binding protein (p-CREB) in the central nervous system of hens treated with diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate, an OPIDN-causing compound. Neurochem. Res. 2002, 27:183-193.
25. Damodaran T.V., Abdel-Rahman A., El-Sourady M.H., Abou-Donia M.B. Differential alteration of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) mRNA in the central nervous system of hens treated with diisopropyl-phosphorofluoridate (DFP). Neurochem. Int. 2002, 40:371-379.
26. Daugherty W., Biles R., Jortner B., Ehrich M. Subchronic delayed neurotoxicity evaluation of jet engine lubricants containing phosphorus additives. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 1996, 32:244-249.
27. De Haro L., Arditti J., Davide J.M., Jouglard J. Intoxication au methamidophos: Toxicité neurologiqué immediate et retardée; A propos de deux observations. Acta Clin. Belgica 1999, 1(Suppl.):64-67. [in French].
28. De Jager A.E.J., van Weerden T.W., HouthoffH.J., De Monchy J.G. Polyneuropathy after massive exposure to parathion. Neurology 1981, 31:603-605.
29. De Kort W.L.A.M., Savelkoul T.J.F., Sindram J.W., Jennekens F.G.I. Delayed neurotoxicity'na intoxicatie met organofosforverbindingen. Ned. Tijdscher. Geneesked. 1986, 130:1896-1898. [in Dutch].
30. De Silva H.J., Sanmugtanathan P.S., Senanayake N. Isolated bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis: A delayed complication of organophosphorus poisoning. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 1994, 13:171-173.
31. DickoffD.J., Gerber O., Turovsky Z. Delayed neurotoxicity after ingestion of carbamate pesticide. Neurology 1987, 37:1229-1231.
32. Dive A., Mahieu R., van Binst R., Hassoun A., Lison D., De Bisschop H., Nemery B., Lauwerys R. Unusual manifestations after malathion poisoning. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 1994, 13:271-274.
33. El-Fawal H.A.N., Jortner B.S., Ehrich M. Effect of verapamil on organophosphorus-induced delayed neuropathy in hens. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1989, 97:500-511.
34. Eray D., Kamer U.M., Ozden A. Organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy. J. Trop. Ped. 1995, 41:189. [Letter].
35. Escudero M.A., Vilanova E. Purification and characterization of naturally soluble neuropathy target esterase from chicken sciatic nerve by HPLC and Western blot. J. Neurochem. 1997, 69:1-8.
36. Fisher J.R. Guillain-Barrè syndrome following organophosphate poisoning. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 1977, 238:1950-1951.
37. Forshaw P.J., Atkins J., Ray D.E., Glynn P. The catalytic domain of human neuropathy target esterase mediates an organophosphate-sensitive ionic conductance across liposome membranes. J. Neurochem. 2001, 79:400-406.
38. Fowler M.J., Flaskos J., Mclean W.G., Hargreaves A.J. Effects of neuropathic and non-neuropathic isomers of tricresyl phosphate and their microsomal activation on the production of axon-like processes by differentiating mouse N2a neuroblastoma cells. J. Neurochem. 2001, 76:671-678.
39. Francis B.M., Metcalf R.L., Hansen L.G. Toxicity of organophosphorus esters to laying hens after oral and dermal administration. J. Environ. Sci. Health B 1985, 20:73-95.
40. Funk K.A., Henderson J.D., Liu C.H., Higgins R.J., Wilson B.W. Neuropathology of organophosphate-induced delayed neuropathy (OPIDN) in young chicks. Arch. Toxicol. 1994, 68:308-316.
41. Glynn P. Neuropathy target esterase. Biochem. J. 1999, 344:625-631.
42. Glynn P., Holton J.L., Nolan C.C., Read D.J., Brown L., Hubbard A., Cavanagh J.B. Neuropathy target esterase: Immunolocalization to neuronal cell bodies and axons. Neuroscience 1998, 83(1):295-302.
43. Goldenstein D.A., McGuigan M.A., Ripley B.D. Acute tricresylphosphate intoxication in childhood. Hum. Toxicol. 1988, 7:179-182.
44. Gupta R.P., Abou-Donia M.B. In vivo and in vitro effects of diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate (DFP) on the rate of hen brain tubulin polymerization. Neurochem. Res. 1994, 19:435-444.
45. Gupta R.P., Abou-Donia M.B. Diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate (DFP) treatment alters calcium-activated proteinase activity and cytoskeletal proteins of the hen sciatic nerve. Brain Res. 1995, 17:162-166.
46. 2+/calmodulin (CaM)-dependent phosphorylation by the brain supernatant of diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate (DFP)-treated hen: Tau mutants indicate phosphorylation of more amino acids in tau by CaM kinase II. Brain Res. 1998, 813:32-43.
47. 2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II in tau phosphorylation. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1999, 365:268-278.
48. Gupta R.P., Abou-Donia M.B. Enhanced activity and level of protein kinase A in the spinal cord supernatant of diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate (DFP)-treated hens. Distribution of protein kinases and phosphatases in spinal cord subcellular fractions. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 2001, 220:15-23.
49. 2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIα subunit and its mRNA expression in diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate (DFP)-treated hen central nervous system. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 1998, 181:29-39.
50. Gupta R.P., Abdel-Rahman A., Jensen K.F., Abou-Donia M.B. Altered expression of neurofilament subunits in diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate-treated hen spinal cord and their presence in axonal aggregations. Brain Res. 2000, 878:32-47.
51. Hierons R., Johnson M.K. Clinical and toxicological investigation of a case of delayed neuropathy in man after acute poisoning by an organophosphorus pesticide. Arch. Toxicol. 1978, 40:279-284.
52. Hong M.S., Hong S.J., Barhoumi R., Burghardt R.C., Donnelly K.C., Wild J.R., Venkatraj V., Tiffany-Castiglioni E. Neurotoxicity induced in differentiated SK-N-SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells by organophosphorus compounds. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2003, 186:110-118.
53. Huggins D.J., Richardson R.J. Brainstem axolemmal protein phosphorylation in vitro in hens dosed with di-1-butyl-2,2-dichlorovinyl phosphate. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 1999, 56:263-282.
54. Inoue N., Fujishiro K., Mori K., Matsuoka M. Triorthocresyl phosphate poisoning. A review of human cases. J. UOEH 1988, 10:433-442.
55. Jedrzejowska H., Rowinska-Marcinska K., Hoppe B. Neuropathy due to phytosol (agritox). Report of a case. Acta Neuropathol. 1980, 49:163-168.
56. Johnson M.K. The delayed neuropathy caused by some organophosphorus esters: mechanism and challenge. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 1975, 3(3):289-316.
57. Johnson M.K. Organophosphorus esters causing delayed neurotoxic effects. Mechanism of action and structure/activity studies. Arch. Toxicol. 1975, 34:259-288.
58. Johnson M.K. Delayed neurotoxicity-Do trichlorphon and/or dichlorvos cause delayed neuropathy in man or in test animals?. Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol. 1981, 49:87-98.
59. Johnson M.K. The target for initiation of delayed neurotoxicity by organophosphorus esters: Biochemical studies and toxicological applications. Rev. Biochem. Toxicol. 1982, 4:141-212.
60. Johnson M.K. Organophosphates and delayed neuropathy-Is NTE alive and well?. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1990, 102:385-399.
61. Johnson M.K., Read D.J. Prophylaxis against and promotion of organophosphate-induced delayed neuropathy, by phenyl di-n-pentyl phosphinate. Chem.-Biol Interact. 1993, 87:449-455.
62. Jokanovic M. Studies on the delayed neuropathic and anticholinesterase potential of quinalphos (diethyl 2-quinoxalyl phosphorothionate) in hens. J. Appl. Toxicol. 1993, 13:337-339.
63. Jokanović M., Maksimović M., Stepanović R.M. Interaction of phosphamidon with neuropathy target esterase and acetylcholinesterase of the hen brain. Arch. Toxicol. 1995, 69:425-428.
64. Kaplan J.G., Kessler J., Rosenberg N., Pack D., Schaumburg H.H. Sensory neuropathy associated with Dursban (chlorpyrifos) exposure. Neurology 1993, 43:2193-2196.
65. Kretzschmar D., Hasan G., Sharma S., Heisenberg M., Benzer S. The Swiss cheese mutant causes glial hyperwrapping and brain degeneration in Drosophila. J. Neurosci. 1997, 17:7425-7432.
66. Lotti M. The pathogenesis of organophosphate delayed polyneuropathy. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 1992, 21:465-487.
67. Lotti M. Injury and repair in neurotoxicology. Molecular Mechanisms of Toxicity 1995, 19-33. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. E. De Matteis, L.L. Smith (Eds.).
68. Lotti M. Age-related sensitivity of the nervous system to neurotoxic insults. Toxicol. Lett. 2002, 127:183-187.
69. Lotti M. Low-level exposures to organophosphorus esters and peripheral nerve function. Muscle Nerve 2002, 25:492-504.
70. Lotti M., Johnson M.K. Neurotoxicity of organophosphorus pesticides: Predictions can be based on in vitro studies with hen and human enzymes. Arch. Toxicol. 1978, 41:215-221.
71. Lotti M., Johnson M.K. Repeated small doses of a neurotoxic organophosphate: Monitoring of neurotoxic esterase in brain and spinal cord. Arch. Toxicol. 1980, 45:263-271.
72. Lotti M., Moretto A. Promotion of organophosphate induced delayed polyneuropathy by certain esterase inhibitors. Chem.-Biol. Interact. 1999, 119120:519-524.
73. Lotti M., Moretto A. Organophosphate induced delayed polyneuropathy. Toxicol. Rev. 2005, 24:37-49.
74. Lotti M., Becker C.E., AminoffM.J. Organophosphate polyneuropathy: Pathogenesis and prevention. Neurology 1984, 34:658-662.
75. Lotti M., Moretto A., Zoppellari R., Dainese R., Rizzato N., Barusco G. Inhibition of lymphocytic neuropathy target esterase predicts the development of organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy. Arch. Toxicol. 1986, 59:176-179.
76. Lotti M., Caroldi S., Capodicasa E., Moretto A. Promotion of organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy by phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1991, 108:234-241.
77. Lotti M., Moretto A., Capodicasa E., Bertolazzi M., Peraica M., Scapellato M.L. Interactions between neuropathy target esterase and its inhibitors and the development of polyneuropathy. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1993, 122:165-171.
78. Lotti M., Moretto A., Bertolazzi M., Peraica M., Fioroni F. Organophosphate polyneuropathy and neuropathy target esterase: Studies with methamidophos and its resolved optical isomers. Arch. Toxicol. 1995, 69:330-336.
79. Lush M.J., Li Y., Read D.J., Willis A.C., Glynn P. Neuropathy target esterase and a homologous Drosophila neurodegeneration-associated mutant protein contain a novel domain conserved from bacteria to man. Biochem. J. 1998, 15(1):1-4.
80. Luttrell W.E., Olajos E.J., Pleban P.A. Change in hen sciatic nerve calcium after a single oral dose of tri-o-toly phosphate. Environ. Res. 1993, 60:290-294.
81. Mackerer C.R., Barth M.L., Krueger A.J. Comparison of neurotoxic effects and potential risks from oral administration or ingestion of tricresyl phosphate and jet engine oil containing tricresyl phosphate. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, A 1999, 56:293-383.
82. Martinez-Chuecos J., Jurado M.C., Gimenez M.P., Martinez D., Menendez M. Experience with hemoperfusion for organophosphate poisoning. Crit. Care Med. 1992, 20(11):1538-1543.
83. Massicotte C., Barber D.S., Jortner B.S., Ehrich M. Nerve conduction and ATP concentrations in sciatic-tibial and medial plantar nerves of hens given phenyl saligenin phosphate. Neuro Toxicology 2001, 22:91-98.
84. McConnell R., Delgado-Tellez E., Caudra R., Torres E., Keifer M., Almendarez J., Miranda J., El-Fawal H.A., WolffM., Simpson D., Lundberg I. Organophosphate neuropathy due to methamidophos: Biochemical and neurophysiological markers. Arch. Toxicol. 1999, 73:296-300.
85. Meggs W.J. Permanent paralysis at sites of dermal exposure to chlorpyrifos. J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol. 2003, 41:883-886.
86. Milatovic D., Moretto A., Osman K.A., Lotti M. Phenyl valerate esterases other than neuropathy target esterase and the promotion of organophosphate polyneuropathy. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 1997, 10:1045-1048.
87. Monje Argiles A., Lison D., Lauwerys R., Mahieu P., Brucher J.M., Van den Bergh P. Acute polyneuropathy after malathion poisoning. Acta Neurol. Belg. 1990, 90:190-199.
88. Moretto A. Testing for organophosphate delayed polyneuropathy. Current Protocols in Toxicology 1999, 11.5.1-11.5.14. Wiley, New York. M.D. Maines, L.G. Costa, D.J. Reed, S. Sassa, I.G. Sipes (Eds.).
89. Moretto A., Lotti M. Organ distribution of neuropathy target esterase in man. Biochemistry 1988, 37:3041-3043.
90. Moretto A., Lotti M. Poisoning by organophosphorus insecticides and sensory neuropathy. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psych. 1998, 64:463-468.
91. Moretto A., Lotti M., Sabri M.I., Spencer P.S. Progressive deficit of retrograde axonal transport is associated with the pathogenesis of di-n-butyl dichlorvos axonopathy. J. Neurochem. 1987, 49:1515-1522.
92. Moretto A., Capodicasa E., Peraica M., Lotti M. Age sensitivity to organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy. Biochemical and toxicological studies in developing chicks. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1991, 41:1497-1504.
93. Moretto A., Capodicasa E., Lotti M. Clinical expression of organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy in rats. Toxicol. Lett. 1992, 63:97-102.
94. Moretto A., Bertolazzi M., Capodicasa E., Peraica M., Richardson R.J., Scapellato M.L., Lotti M. Phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride elicits and intensifies the clinical expression of neuropathic insults. Arch. Toxicol. 1992, 66:67-72.
95. Moretto A., Capodicasa E., Peraica M., Lotti M. Phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride delays recovery from crush of peripheral nerves in hens. Chem.-Biol. Interact. 1993, 87:457-462.
96. Moretto A., Bertolazzi M., Lotti M. The phosphorothioic acid-O-(2-chloro-2,3,3-tri-fluorocyclobutyl)-O-ethyl S-propyl ester promotes organophosphate polyneuropathy without inhibition of neuropathy target esterase. Toxicol Appl. Pharmacol. 1994, 129:133-137.
97. Moretto A., Jokanovic M., Lotti M. Inhibition of phenyl valerate esterases (PVE) sensitive, to mipafox and promotion of organophosphate induced polyneuropathy (OPIDP). Toxicologist 1996, 30:300.
98. Moretto M., Gardiman G., Panfilo S., Colle M.A., Lock E.A., Lotti M. Effects of S-ethyl hexahydro-1H-azepine-1-carbothioate (molinate) on di-n-butyl dichlorovinyl phosphate (DBDCVP) neuropathy. Toxicol. Sci. 2001, 62:274-279.
99. Morgan J.P., Petrovich P. Jamaica ginger paralysis Forty-seven-year follow-up. Arch. Neurol. 1978, 35:530-532.
100. Mortensen A., Ladefoged O. Delayed neurotoxicity of trixylenyl phosphate and a trialkyl/aryl phosphate mixture, and the modulating effect of atropine on tri-o-tolyl phosphate-induced neurotoxicity. Neuro Toxicology 1992, 13(2):347-354.
101. Moser M., Li Y., Vaupel K., Krezschmar D., Kluge R., Glynn P., Buettner R. Placental failure and impaired vasculogenesis result in embryonic lethality for neuropathy target esterase-deficient mice. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2004, 24:1667-1679.
102. Nicolli A., Moretto A., Lotti M. Biochemical studies on the soluble fraction of hen peripheral nerve: Searching the target of promotion of axonopathies. Toxicologist 2002, 66:41.
103. Niedziella W., Gopel W., Banzhaf E. Akute alkylphosphatintoxikation (trichlorphon) mit intervallarem polyneuropathie-syndrom. Z. Ges. Inn. Med. 1985, 40:237-239. [in German].
104. Nisse P., Forcevill X., Cezard C., Ameri A., Mathieu-Nolf M. Intermediate syndrome with delayed distal polyneuropathy from ethylparathion poisoning. Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 1998, 40:349-352.
105. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Guideline 418: Delayed Neurotoxicity of Organophosphorus Substances Following Acute Exposure 1995, OECD, Paris.
106. Osman K.A., Moretto A., Lotti M. Sulfonylfluorides and the promotion of diisopropyl-fluorophosphate neuropathy. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 1996, 33:294-297.
107. Padilla S., Veronesi B. The relationship between neurological damage and neurotoxic esterase inhibition in rats actually exposed to tri-ortho-cresyl phosphate. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1985, 78:78-87.
108. Patton S.E., O'Callaghan J.P., Miller D.B., Abou-Donia M.B. Effects of oral administration of tri-o-cresyl phosphate on in vitro phosphorylation of membrane and cytosolic proteins from chicken brain. J. Neurochem. 1983, 41:897-901.
109. Patton S.E., Lapadula D.M., O'Callaghan J.P., Miller D.B., Abou-Donia M.B. Changes in in vitro brain and spinal cord protein phosphorylation after a single oral administration of tri-cresyl phosphate to hens. J. Neurochem. 1985, 45:1567-1577.
110. Patton S.E., Lapadula D.M., Abou-Donia M.B. Relationship of tri-o-cresyl phosphate-induced delayed neurotoxicity to enhancement of in vitro phosphorylation of hen brain and spinal cord proteins. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1986, 239:597-605.
111. Peraica M., Capodicasa E., Moretto A., Lotti M. Organophosphate polyneuropathy in chicks. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1993, 45:131-135.
112. Piao F., Yamauchi T., Ma N. The effect of cacicol as calcium tonic on delayed neurotoxicity induced by organophosphorus compounds. Toxicol. Lett. 2003, 143:65-71.
113. Pope C., Tanaka D., Padilla S. The role of neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in the prevention and potentiation of organophosphorus induced delayed neurotoxicity (OPIDN). Chem.-Biol. Interact. 1993, 87:395-406.
114. Pope C., di Lorenzo K., Ehrich M. Possible involvement of a neurotrophic factor during the early stages of organophosphate-induced delayed neurotoxicity. Toxicol. Lett. 1995, 75(1-3):111-117.
115. Pope C.N., Padilla S. Potentiation of organophosphorus-induced delayed neurotoxicity by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 1990, 31:261-273.
116. Pope C.N., Chapman M.L., Tanaka D., Padilla S. Phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride alters sensitivity to organophosphorus-induced delayed neurotoxicity in developing animals. Neuro Toxicology 1992, 13:355-364.
117. Quistad G.B., Casida J.E. Lysophospholipase inhibition by organophosphorus toxicants. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2004, 196:319-326.
118. Quistad G.B., Barlow C., Winrow C.J., Sparks S.E., Casida J.E. Evidence that mouse brain neuropathy target esterase is a lysophospholipase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2003, 100:7983-7987.
119. Randall J.C., Yano B.L., Richardson R.J. Potentiation of organophosphorus compound-induced delayed neurotoxicity (OPIDN) in the central and peripheral nervous system of the adult hen: Distribution of axonal lesions. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 1997, 51:571-590.
120. Richardson R.J. Assessment of the neurotoxic potential of chlorpyrifos relative to other organophosphorus compounds: A critical review of the literature. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 1995, 44(2):135-165.
121. Rivett K., Potgieter P.D. Diaphragmatic paralysis after organophosphate poisoning. SMAT 1987, 72:881-882.
122. Sachana M., Flaskos J., Alexaki E., Glynn P., Hargreaves A.J. The toxicity of chlorpyrifos towards differentiating mouse N2a neuroblastoma cells. Toxicol. in Vitro 2001, 15:369-372.
123. Sachana M., Flaskos J., Alexaki E., Hargreaves A.J. Inhibition of neurite outgrowth in N2a cells by leptophos and carbaryl: Effects on neurofilament heavy chain, GAP-34 and HSP-70. Toxicol in Vitro 2001, 15:115-120.
124. Sahin M., Bernay I., Cantürk F., Demircali A.E. Reflex sympathetic syndrome secondary to organophosphate intoxication induced neuropathy. Ann. Nucl. Med. 1994, 8:299-300.
125. Sales K.M., Kingston S.T., Doyle K.M., Purcell W.M. Preliminary characterization of an in vitro paradigm for the study of the delayed effects of organophosphorus compounds: Hen embryo brain spheroids. Toxicology 2004, 195:187-202.
126. Seifert J., Casida J.E. Possible role of microtubules and associated proteases in organophosphorus ester-induced delayed neurotoxicity. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1982, 31:2065-2070.
127. Senanayake N. Tri-cresyl phosphate neuropathy in Sri Lanka: A clinical and neurophysiological study with a three year follow up. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. 1981, 44:775-780.
128. Senanayake N., Johnson M.K. Acute polyneuropathy after poisoning by a new organophosphate insecticide. N. Eng. J. Med. 1982, 306:155-157.
129. Sevim S., Aktekin M., Dogu O., Ozturk H., Ertas M. Late onset polyneuropathy due to organophosphate (DDVP) intoxication. Can. J. Neurol. Sci. 2003, 30(1):75-78.
130. Shiraishi S., Inoue N., Murai Y., Onishi A., Noda S. Dipterex (trichlorfon) poisoning-Clinical and pathological studies in human and monkeys. J. UOEH 1983, 5(Suppl.):125-132.
131. Solè Violàn J., Martinez Chuecos J., Molineros Somolinos F., Marco Moreno J.M., Rubio Sanz R., Rodriguez Nieto I. Manifestaciones neurologicas en la intoxicaciòn aguda por insecticidas organofosforados. Med. Clin. 1985, 85(Spain):217-220.
132. Stamboulis E., Psimaras A., Vassilopoulos D., Davaki P., Manta P., Kapaki E. Neuropathy following acute intoxication with Mecarbam (OP ester). Acta Neurol. Scand. 1991, 83:198-200.
133. Sun D.H., Zhou H.D., Xue S.Z. Epidemiologic survey on organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy (OPIDP) among patients recovered from methamidophos poisoning. Med. Lav. 1998, 89(Suppl. 2):S123-S128.
134. Susser M., Stein Z. An outbreak of tri-ortho-cresyl phosphate (T.O.C.P.) poisoning in Durban. Br. J. Ind. Med. 1957, 14:111-120.
135. Suwita E., Lapadula D.M., Abou-Donia M.B. Calcium and calmodulin-enhanced in vitro phosphorylation of hen brain cold-stable microtubules and spinal cord neurofilament triplet proteins after a single oral dose of tri-o-cresyl phosphate. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1986, 83:6174-6178.
136. Tkachenko I.I., Kokshareva N.V., Kagan Y.S., Vekovshinina S.V. A study of the delayed neurotoxic effects of a new organophosphorus fungicide O, O-diphenyl-I-acetoxy-2,2,2-trichlorethyl-phosphonate (APHOS). Fresenius Environ. Bull. 1992, 1:571-576.
137. Tracy J.A., Gallagher H. Use of glycopyrrolate and atropine in acute organophosphorus poisoning. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 1990, 9:99-100.
138. Umehara F., Izumo S., Arimura K., Osame M. Polyneuropathy induced by m-tolyl methyl carbamate intoxication. J. Neurol. 1991, 238:47-48.
139. Van Tienhoven M., Atkins J., Li Y., Glynn P. Human neuropathy target esterase catalyzes hydrolysis of membrane lipids. J. Biol. Chem. 2002, 277:20942-20948.
140. Vasconcellos L.F., Leite A.C., Nascimento O.M. Organophosphate-induced delayed neuropathy. Arq. Neuropsiquiatr. 2002, 60:1003-1007.
141. Vasilescu C., Florescu A. Clinical and electrophysiological study of neuropathy after organophosphorus compounds poisoning. Arch. Toxicol. 1980, 43:305-315.
142. Vasilescu C., Alexianu M., Dan A. Delayed neuropathy after organophosphorus insecticide (Dipterex) poisoning: A clinical, electrophysiological and nerve biopsy study. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. 1984, 47:543-548.
143. Veronesi B. A rodent model of organophosphorus-induced delayed neuropathy: Distribution of central (spinal cord) and peripheral nerve damage. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 1984, 10:357-368.
144. Veronesi B., Padilla S., Blackmon K., Pope C. Murine susceptibility to organophosphorus-induced delayed neuropathy (OPIDN). Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1991, 107:311-324.
145. Wadia R.S., Shinde S.N., Vaidya S. Delayed neurotoxicity after an episode of poisoning with dichlorovos. Neurol. India 1985, 33:247-253.
146. Weiner M.L., Jortner B.S. Organophosphate-induced delayed neurotoxicity of triarylphosphates. Neuro Toxicology 1999, 20:653-673.
147. Williams D.G. Intramolecular group transfer is a characteristic of neurotoxic esterase and is independent of the tissue source of the enzyme. Biochem. J. 1983, 209:817-829.
148. Winrow C., Hemming M.L., Allen D.M., Quistad G.B., Casida J.E., Barlow C. Loss of neuropathy target esterase in mice links organophosphate exposure to hyperactivity. Nature Genet 2003, 33:477-485.
149. World Health Organization (WHO) Tricresyl phosphate. EHC 110 1990, WHO, Geneva.
150. 45Ca uptake by brain. Pesticide Biochem. Physiol. 2003, 77:18-23.
151. Xie K., Gupta R.P., Abou-Donia M.B. Alteration in cytoskeletal protein levels in sciatic nerve on post-treatment of diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate (DFP)-treated hen with phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride. Neurochem. Res. 2001, 26(3):235-243.
152. Xie K., Gupta R.P., Abou-Donia M.B. Protein levels of neurofilament subunits in the hen central nervous system following prevention and potentiation of diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate (DFP)-induced delayed neurotoxicity. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2002, 63:11-19.
153. Yang P.Y., Tsao T.C.Y., Lin J.L., et al. Carbofuran-induced delayed neuropathy. Clin. Toxicol. 2000, 38:43-46.
154. Zaccheo O., Dinsdale D., Meacock P.A., Glynn P. Neuropathy target esterase and its yeast homologue degrade phosphatidylcholine to glycerophosphocholine in living cells. J. Biol. Chem. 2004, 279:24024-24033.