메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 23, Issue SUPPL. 3, 2008, Pages

The clinical relevance of levodopa toxicity in the treatment of Parkinson's disease

Author keywords

Dyskinesias; Levodopa; Neuroprotection; Parkinson's disease; Toxicity

Indexed keywords

DOPAMINE; DOPAMINE RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; FREE RADICAL; GLUTATHIONE; LEVODOPA; PLACEBO; PRAMIPEXOLE; ROPINIROLE;

EID: 53149110450     PISSN: 08853185     EISSN: 15318257     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/mds.22146     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (46)

References (66)
  • 1
    • 34250928307 scopus 로고
    • Distribution of noradrenaline and dopamine (3-hydroxytyramine) in the human brain and their behaviour in diseases of the extrapyramidal system
    • Ehringer H, Hornykiewicz O. Distribution of noradrenaline and dopamine (3-hydroxytyramine) in the human brain and their behaviour in diseases of the extrapyramidal system. Klin Wochenschr 1960;38:1236-1239.
    • (1960) Klin Wochenschr , vol.38 , pp. 1236-1239
    • Ehringer, H.1    Hornykiewicz, O.2
  • 2
    • 73049129373 scopus 로고
    • The L-3,4-dioxyphenylalanine (DOPA)-effect in Parkinson-akinesia
    • Birkmayer W, Hornykiewicz O. The L-3,4-dioxyphenylalanine (DOPA)-effect in Parkinson-akinesia. Wien Min Wochenschr 1961;73:787-788.
    • (1961) Wien Min Wochenschr , vol.73 , pp. 787-788
    • Birkmayer, W.1    Hornykiewicz, O.2
  • 3
    • 0014208039 scopus 로고
    • Aromatic amino acids and modification of parkinsonism
    • Cotzias GC, Van Woert MH, Schiffer LM. Aromatic amino acids and modification of parkinsonism. N Engl J Med 1967;276:374-379.
    • (1967) N Engl J Med , vol.276 , pp. 374-379
    • Cotzias, G.C.1    Van Woert, M.H.2    Schiffer, L.M.3
  • 4
    • 0026511969 scopus 로고
    • The natural history of Parkinson's disease in the pre-levodopa and post-levodopa eras
    • Hoehn MM. The natural history of Parkinson's disease in the pre-levodopa and post-levodopa eras. Neurol Clin 1992;10:331-339.
    • (1992) Neurol Clin , vol.10 , pp. 331-339
    • Hoehn, M.M.1
  • 5
    • 19744378296 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Levodopa and the progression of Parkinson's disease
    • Fahn S, Oakes D, Shoulson I, et al. Levodopa and the progression of Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med 2004;351:2498-2508.
    • (2004) N Engl J Med , vol.351 , pp. 2498-2508
    • Fahn, S.1    Oakes, D.2    Shoulson, I.3
  • 6
    • 84938465236 scopus 로고
    • Early development of levodopa-induced dyskinesias and response fluctuations in young-onset Parkinson's disease
    • Kostic V, Przedborski S, Flaster E, Stemic N. Early development of levodopa-induced dyskinesias and response fluctuations in young-onset Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1991;41:202-205.
    • (1991) Neurology , vol.41 , pp. 202-205
    • Kostic, V.1    Przedborski, S.2    Flaster, E.3    Stemic, N.4
  • 7
    • 4644314827 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson's disease: Current controversies
    • Olanow CW, Agid Y, Mizuno Y, et al. Levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson's disease: current controversies. Mov Disord 2004; 19:997-1005.
    • (2004) Mov Disord , vol.19 , pp. 997-1005
    • Olanow, C.W.1    Agid, Y.2    Mizuno, Y.3
  • 8
    • 0018095085 scopus 로고
    • Oxidative pathways for catecholamines in the genesis of neuromelanin and cytotoxic quinones
    • Jenner PG, Graham DG. Oxidative pathways for catecholamines in the genesis of neuromelanin and cytotoxic quinones. Mol Pharmacol 1978;14:633-643.
    • (1978) Mol Pharmacol , vol.14 , pp. 633-643
    • Jenner, P.G.1    Graham, D.G.2
  • 9
    • 0016907344 scopus 로고
    • Potential oxidative pathways of brain catecholamines
    • Tse DC, McCreery RL, Adams RN. Potential oxidative pathways of brain catecholamines. J Med Chem 1976;19:37-40.
    • (1976) J Med Chem , vol.19 , pp. 37-40
    • Tse, D.C.1    McCreery, R.L.2    Adams, R.N.3
  • 10
    • 0015294502 scopus 로고
    • 6-Hydroxydopamine, a new oxidation mechanism
    • Adams RN, Murrill E, McCreery R, et al. 6-Hydroxydopamine, a new oxidation mechanism. Eur J Pharmacol 1972;17:287-292.
    • (1972) Eur J Pharmacol , vol.17 , pp. 287-292
    • Adams, R.N.1    Murrill, E.2    McCreery, R.3
  • 11
    • 84996111069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Youdim MB, Ben Shachar D, Riederer P. Is Parkinson's disease a progressive siderosis of substantia nigra resulting in iron and melanin induced neurodegeneration? Acta Neurol Scand Suppl 1989; 126:47-54.
    • Youdim MB, Ben Shachar D, Riederer P. Is Parkinson's disease a progressive siderosis of substantia nigra resulting in iron and melanin induced neurodegeneration? Acta Neurol Scand Suppl 1989; 126:47-54.
  • 12
    • 0030815243 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Levodopa-induced neurotoxicity. Does it represent a problem for the treatment of Parkinson's disease?
    • Jenner PG, Fahn S. Levodopa-induced neurotoxicity. Does it represent a problem for the treatment of Parkinson's disease? CNS Drugs 1997;8:376-393.
    • (1997) CNS Drugs , vol.8 , pp. 376-393
    • Jenner, P.G.1    Fahn, S.2
  • 13
    • 0034012221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Levodopa toxicity in Parkinson disease: Reality or myth? Reality-practice patterns should change
    • Shulman LM. Levodopa toxicity in Parkinson disease: reality or myth? Reality-practice patterns should change. Arch Neurol 2000;57:406-407.
    • (2000) Arch Neurol , vol.57 , pp. 406-407
    • Shulman, L.M.1
  • 14
    • 0034012054 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is levodopa toxic?
    • Weiner WJ. Is levodopa toxic? Arch Neurol 2000;57:408-410.
    • (2000) Arch Neurol , vol.57 , pp. 408-410
    • Weiner, W.J.1
  • 15
    • 0026746512 scopus 로고
    • Neuromelanin-containing neurons of the substantia nigra accumulate iron and aluminium in Parkinson's disease: A LAMMA study
    • Good PF, Olanow CW, Perl DP. Neuromelanin-containing neurons of the substantia nigra accumulate iron and aluminium in Parkinson's disease: a LAMMA study. Brain Res 1992;593:343-346.
    • (1992) Brain Res , vol.593 , pp. 343-346
    • Good, P.F.1    Olanow, C.W.2    Perl, D.P.3
  • 16
    • 0020308323 scopus 로고
    • Parkinson's disease: A disorder due to nigral glutathione deficiency?
    • Perry TL, Godin DV, Hansen S. Parkinson's disease: a disorder due to nigral glutathione deficiency? Neurosci Lett 1982;33:305-310
    • (1982) Neurosci Lett , vol.33 , pp. 305-310
    • Perry, T.L.1    Godin, D.V.2    Hansen, S.3
  • 17
    • 0026644192 scopus 로고
    • Reduced and oxidized glutathione in the substantia nigra of patients with Parkinson's disease
    • Sofic E, Lange KW, Jellinger K, Riederer P. Reduced and oxidized glutathione in the substantia nigra of patients with Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett 1992;142:128-130.
    • (1992) Neurosci Lett , vol.142 , pp. 128-130
    • Sofic, E.1    Lange, K.W.2    Jellinger, K.3    Riederer, P.4
  • 18
    • 0028075410 scopus 로고
    • Alterations in glutathione levels in Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders affecting basal ganglia
    • Sian J, Dexter DT, Lees AJ, et al. Alterations in glutathione levels in Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders affecting basal ganglia. Ann Neurol 1994;36:348-355.
    • (1994) Ann Neurol , vol.36 , pp. 348-355
    • Sian, J.1    Dexter, D.T.2    Lees, A.J.3
  • 19
    • 0016652087 scopus 로고
    • Brain peroxidase and catalase in Parkinson disease
    • Ambani LM, Van Woert MH, Murphy S. Brain peroxidase and catalase in Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol 1975;32:114-118.
    • (1975) Arch Neurol , vol.32 , pp. 114-118
    • Ambani, L.M.1    Van Woert, M.H.2    Murphy, S.3
  • 20
    • 0022415447 scopus 로고
    • Glutathione peroxidase activity in Parkinson's disease brain
    • Kish SJ, Morito C, Homykiewicz O. Glutathione peroxidase activity in Parkinson's disease brain. Neurosci Lett 1985;58:343-346.
    • (1985) Neurosci Lett , vol.58 , pp. 343-346
    • Kish, S.J.1    Morito, C.2    Homykiewicz, O.3
  • 21
    • 0026061854 scopus 로고
    • Dopa and dopamine cause cultured neuronal death in the presence of iron
    • Tanaka M, Sotomatsu A, Kanai H, Hirai S. Dopa and dopamine cause cultured neuronal death in the presence of iron. J Neurol Sci 1991;101:198-203.
    • (1991) J Neurol Sci , vol.101 , pp. 198-203
    • Tanaka, M.1    Sotomatsu, A.2    Kanai, H.3    Hirai, S.4
  • 22
    • 0030462233 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential neurotoxicity induced by L-DOPA and dopamine in cultured striatal neurons
    • Cheng N, Maeda T, Kume T, et al. Differential neurotoxicity induced by L-DOPA and dopamine in cultured striatal neurons. Brain Res 1996;743:278-283.
    • (1996) Brain Res , vol.743 , pp. 278-283
    • Cheng, N.1    Maeda, T.2    Kume, T.3
  • 23
    • 0029915162 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glia conditioned medium protects fetal rat midbrain neurones in culture from L-dopa toxicity
    • Mena MA, Casarejos MJ, Carazo A, et al. Glia conditioned medium protects fetal rat midbrain neurones in culture from L-dopa toxicity. Neuroreport 1996;7:441-445.
    • (1996) Neuroreport , vol.7 , pp. 441-445
    • Mena, M.A.1    Casarejos, M.J.2    Carazo, A.3
  • 24
    • 0029826376 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dopamine induces apoptotic cell death of a catecholaminergic cell line derived from the central nervous system
    • Masserano JM, Gong L, Kulaga H, et al. Dopamine induces apoptotic cell death of a catecholaminergic cell line derived from the central nervous system. Mol Pharmacol 1996;50:1309-1315.
    • (1996) Mol Pharmacol , vol.50 , pp. 1309-1315
    • Masserano, J.M.1    Gong, L.2    Kulaga, H.3
  • 25
    • 0031080112 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of dopamine-induced cell death in cultured rat forebrain neurons: Interactions with and differences from glutamateinduced cell death
    • Hoyt KR, Reynolds IJ, Hastings TG. Mechanisms of dopamine-induced cell death in cultured rat forebrain neurons: interactions with and differences from glutamateinduced cell death. Exp Neurol 1997; 143:269-281.
    • (1997) Exp Neurol , vol.143 , pp. 269-281
    • Hoyt, K.R.1    Reynolds, I.J.2    Hastings, T.G.3
  • 26
    • 0031023430 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Levodopa induces apoptosis in cultured neuronal cells-a possible accelerator of nigrostriatal degeneration in Parkinson's disease?
    • Ziv I, Zilkha-Falb R, Offen D, et al. Levodopa induces apoptosis in cultured neuronal cells-a possible accelerator of nigrostriatal degeneration in Parkinson's disease? Mov Disord 1997;12:17-23.
    • (1997) Mov Disord , vol.12 , pp. 17-23
    • Ziv, I.1    Zilkha-Falb, R.2    Offen, D.3
  • 27
    • 0027362832 scopus 로고
    • Toxic and protective effects of Levodopa on mesencephalic cell cultures
    • Mytilineou C, Han SK, Cohen G. Toxic and protective effects of Levodopa on mesencephalic cell cultures. J Neurochem 1993;61:1470-1478.
    • (1993) J Neurochem , vol.61 , pp. 1470-1478
    • Mytilineou, C.1    Han, S.K.2    Cohen, G.3
  • 28
    • 0030931665 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurotrophic effects of L-dopa in postnatal midbrain dopamine neuron/cortical astrocyte cocultures
    • Mena MA, Davila V, Sulzer D. Neurotrophic effects of L-dopa in postnatal midbrain dopamine neuron/cortical astrocyte cocultures. J Neurochem 1997;69:1398-1408.
    • (1997) J Neurochem , vol.69 , pp. 1398-1408
    • Mena, M.A.1    Davila, V.2    Sulzer, D.3
  • 29
    • 0036313035 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The cyto-toxicity of dopamine may be an artefact of cell culture
    • Clement MV, Long LH, Ramalingam J, Halliwell B. The cyto-toxicity of dopamine may be an artefact of cell culture. J Neurochem 2002;81:414-421.
    • (2002) J Neurochem , vol.81 , pp. 414-421
    • Clement, M.V.1    Long, L.H.2    Ramalingam, J.3    Halliwell, B.4
  • 30
    • 0025869874 scopus 로고
    • Temporal relationships between plasma and cerebrospinal fluid pharmacokinetics of levodopa and clinical effect in Parkinson's disease
    • Olanow CW, Gauger LL, Cedarbaum JM. Temporal relationships between plasma and cerebrospinal fluid pharmacokinetics of levodopa and clinical effect in Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol 1991;29:556-559.
    • (1991) Ann Neurol , vol.29 , pp. 556-559
    • Olanow, C.W.1    Gauger, L.L.2    Cedarbaum, J.M.3
  • 31
    • 0030880246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glia protect fetal midbrain dopamine neurons in culture from L-dopa toxicity through multiple mechanisms
    • Mena MA, Casarejos MJ, Carazo A, Paino CL, Garcia de Yebenes J. Glia protect fetal midbrain dopamine neurons in culture from L-dopa toxicity through multiple mechanisms. J Neural Transm 1997;104:317-328.
    • (1997) J Neural Transm , vol.104 , pp. 317-328
    • Mena, M.A.1    Casarejos, M.J.2    Carazo, A.3    Paino, C.L.4    Garcia de Yebenes, J.5
  • 32
    • 0037309436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Levodopa is toxic to dopamine neurons in an in vitro but not an in vivo model of oxidative stress
    • Mytilineou C, Walker RH, JnoBaptiste R, Olanow CW. Levodopa is toxic to dopamine neurons in an in vitro but not an in vivo model of oxidative stress. J Pharm Exp Ther 2003;304:792-800.
    • (2003) J Pharm Exp Ther , vol.304 , pp. 792-800
    • Mytilineou, C.1    Walker, R.H.2    JnoBaptiste, R.3    Olanow, C.W.4
  • 34
    • 0028813395 scopus 로고
    • Dopamine neurotoxicity: Inhibition of mitochondrial respiration
    • Ben Shachar D, Zuk R, Glinka Y. Dopamine neurotoxicity: inhibition of mitochondrial respiration. J Neurochem 1995;64:718-723.
    • (1995) J Neurochem , vol.64 , pp. 718-723
    • Ben Shachar, D.1    Zuk, R.2    Glinka, Y.3
  • 35
    • 0026049173 scopus 로고
    • Levodopa does not affect electron transfer chain enzymes and respiration of rat muscle mitochondria
    • Dagani F, Ferrari R, Anderson JJ, Chase TN. Levodopa does not affect electron transfer chain enzymes and respiration of rat muscle mitochondria. Mov Disord 1991;6:315-319.
    • (1991) Mov Disord , vol.6 , pp. 315-319
    • Dagani, F.1    Ferrari, R.2    Anderson, J.J.3    Chase, T.N.4
  • 37
    • 0000232034 scopus 로고
    • A marker of oxyradical-mediated DNA damage (8-hydroxy-2′deoxyguanosine) is increased in nigro-striatum of Parkinson's disease brain
    • Sanchez-Ramos J, Overvik E, Ames BN. A marker of oxyradical-mediated DNA damage (8-hydroxy-2′deoxyguanosine) is increased in nigro-striatum of Parkinson's disease brain. Neurodegeneration 1994;3:197-204.
    • (1994) Neurodegeneration , vol.3 , pp. 197-204
    • Sanchez-Ramos, J.1    Overvik, E.2    Ames, B.N.3
  • 38
    • 0030878073 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxidative DNA damage in the parkinsoman brain: An apparent selective increase in 8-hydroxyguanine levels in substantia nigra
    • Alam ZI, Jenner A, Daniel SE, et al. Oxidative DNA damage in the parkinsoman brain: an apparent selective increase in 8-hydroxyguanine levels in substantia nigra. J Neurochem 1997;69: 1196-1203.
    • (1997) J Neurochem , vol.69 , pp. 1196-1203
    • Alam, Z.I.1    Jenner, A.2    Daniel, S.E.3
  • 39
    • 0032911488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parkinson's disease is associated with oxidative damage to cytoplasmic DNA and RNA in substantia nigra neurons
    • Zhang J, Perry G, Smith MA, et al. Parkinson's disease is associated with oxidative damage to cytoplasmic DNA and RNA in substantia nigra neurons. Am J Pathol 1999;154:1423-1429.
    • (1999) Am J Pathol , vol.154 , pp. 1423-1429
    • Zhang, J.1    Perry, G.2    Smith, M.A.3
  • 40
    • 84975751684 scopus 로고
    • Complex I inhibitors induce dose dependent apoptosis in PC12 cells: Relevance to Parkinson's disease
    • Hartley A, Stone JM, Heron C, Cooper JM, Schapira AHV. Complex I inhibitors induce dose dependent apoptosis in PC12 cells: relevance to Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem 1994;63: 1987-1990.
    • (1994) J Neurochem , vol.63 , pp. 1987-1990
    • Hartley, A.1    Stone, J.M.2    Heron, C.3    Cooper, J.M.4    Schapira, A.H.V.5
  • 41
    • 0028198186 scopus 로고
    • Dopamine induces apoptosis-like cell death in cultured sympathetic neurons - a possible novel pathogenetic mechanism in Parkinson's disease
    • Ziv I, Melamed E, Nardi N, et al. Dopamine induces apoptosis-like cell death in cultured sympathetic neurons - a possible novel pathogenetic mechanism in Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett 1994;170:136-140.
    • (1994) Neurosci Lett , vol.170 , pp. 136-140
    • Ziv, I.1    Melamed, E.2    Nardi, N.3
  • 42
    • 0029051317 scopus 로고
    • Induction of apoptosis in catecholaminergic PC12 cells by L-dopa. Implications for the treatment of Parkinson's disease
    • Walkinshaw G, Waters CM. Induction of apoptosis in catecholaminergic PC12 cells by L-dopa. Implications for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. J Clin Invest 1995;95:2458-2464.
    • (1995) J Clin Invest , vol.95 , pp. 2458-2464
    • Walkinshaw, G.1    Waters, C.M.2
  • 43
    • 0027344487 scopus 로고
    • Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons and free radicals. Possible participation of levodopa
    • Ogawa N, Edamatsu R, Mizukawa K, et al. Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons and free radicals. Possible participation of levodopa. Adv Neurol 1993;60:242-250.
    • (1993) Adv Neurol , vol.60 , pp. 242-250
    • Ogawa, N.1    Edamatsu, R.2    Mizukawa, K.3
  • 44
    • 0028343897 scopus 로고
    • Differential effects of chronic Levodopa treatment on lipid peroxidation in the mouse brain with or without pretreatment with 6-hydroxydopamine
    • Ogawa N, Asanuma M, Kondo Y, et al. Differential effects of chronic Levodopa treatment on lipid peroxidation in the mouse brain with or without pretreatment with 6-hydroxydopamine. Neurosci Lett 1994;171:55-58.
    • (1994) Neurosci Lett , vol.171 , pp. 55-58
    • Ogawa, N.1    Asanuma, M.2    Kondo, Y.3
  • 45
    • 0027999079 scopus 로고
    • Levodopa and dopamine agonists in the treatment of Parkinson's disease: Advantages and disadvantages
    • Ogawa N. Levodopa and dopamine agonists in the treatment of Parkinson's disease: advantages and disadvantages. Eur Neurol 1994;34:20-28.
    • (1994) Eur Neurol , vol.34 , pp. 20-28
    • Ogawa, N.1
  • 47
    • 0019447228 scopus 로고
    • Long term administration of Levodopa does not damage dopaminergic neurons in the mouse
    • Hefti F, Melamed E, Bhawan J, Wurtman R. Long term administration of Levodopa does not damage dopaminergic neurons in the mouse. Neurology 1981;31:1194-1195.
    • (1981) Neurology , vol.31 , pp. 1194-1195
    • Hefti, F.1    Melamed, E.2    Bhawan, J.3    Wurtman, R.4
  • 48
    • 4544300176 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential gene expression induced by chronic levodopa treatment in the striatum of rats with lesions of the nigrostriatal system
    • Ferrario JE, Taravini IR, Mourlevat S, et al. Differential gene expression induced by chronic levodopa treatment in the striatum of rats with lesions of the nigrostriatal system. J Neurochem 2004;90:1348-58.
    • (2004) J Neurochem , vol.90 , pp. 1348-1358
    • Ferrario, J.E.1    Taravini, I.R.2    Mourlevat, S.3
  • 49
    • 0021129038 scopus 로고
    • Nigrostriatal Dopaminergic neurons remain undamaged in rats given high doses of Levodopa and carbidopa chronically
    • Perry TL, Yong VW, Ito M, et al. Nigrostriatal Dopaminergic neurons remain undamaged in rats given high doses of Levodopa and carbidopa chronically. J Neurochem 1984;43:990-993.
    • (1984) J Neurochem , vol.43 , pp. 990-993
    • Perry, T.L.1    Yong, V.W.2    Ito, M.3
  • 50
    • 0036166979 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chronic high dose Levodopa alone or in combination with the COMT inhibitor entacapone does not increase oxidative damage or impair the function of the nigro-striatal pathway in normal cynomologus monkeys
    • Lyras L, Zeng BY, McKenzie G, et al. Chronic high dose Levodopa alone or in combination with the COMT inhibitor entacapone does not increase oxidative damage or impair the function of the nigro-striatal pathway in normal cynomologus monkeys. J Neural Transm 2002;109:53-67.
    • (2002) J Neural Transm , vol.109 , pp. 53-67
    • Lyras, L.1    Zeng, B.Y.2    McKenzie, G.3
  • 51
    • 33744982893 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Etiology of Parkinson's disease
    • Schapira AH. Etiology of Parkinson's disease. Neurology 2006; 66:S10-S23.
    • (2006) Neurology , vol.66
    • Schapira, A.H.1
  • 52
    • 23844529467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential effects of Levodopa on monoamine metabolism, cell survival and glutathione production in midbrain neuronal-enriched cultures from parkin knockout and wild-type mice
    • Casarejos MJ, Solano RM, Menendez J, et al. Differential effects of Levodopa on monoamine metabolism, cell survival and glutathione production in midbrain neuronal-enriched cultures from parkin knockout and wild-type mice. J Neurochem 2005;94: 1005-1014.
    • (2005) J Neurochem , vol.94 , pp. 1005-1014
    • Casarejos, M.J.1    Solano, R.M.2    Menendez, J.3
  • 53
    • 0022946382 scopus 로고
    • Preservation of the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus in a patient receiving levodopa (2 kg) plus decarboxylase inhibitor over a four-year period
    • Quinn N, Parkes D, Janota I, Marsden CD. Preservation of the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus in a patient receiving levodopa (2 kg) plus decarboxylase inhibitor over a four-year period. Mov Disord 1986;1:65-68.
    • (1986) Mov Disord , vol.1 , pp. 65-68
    • Quinn, N.1    Parkes, D.2    Janota, I.3    Marsden, C.D.4
  • 55
    • 0037012478 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dopamine transporter brain imaging to assess the effects of pramipexole vs levodopa on Parkinson disease progression
    • Parkinson Study Group
    • Parkinson Study Group. Dopamine transporter brain imaging to assess the effects of pramipexole vs levodopa on Parkinson disease progression. JAMA 2002;287:1653-1661.
    • (2002) JAMA , vol.287 , pp. 1653-1661
  • 56
    • 0037785449 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Slower progression of Parkinson's disease with ropinirole versus levodopa: The REAL-PET study
    • Whone AL, Watts RL, Stoessl AJ, et al. Slower progression of Parkinson's disease with ropinirole versus levodopa: the REAL-PET study. Ann Neurol 2003;54:93-101.
    • (2003) Ann Neurol , vol.54 , pp. 93-101
    • Whone, A.L.1    Watts, R.L.2    Stoessl, A.J.3
  • 57
    • 0037378032 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rationale for the use of dopamine agonists as neuroprotective agents in Parkinson's disease
    • Schapira AH, Olanow CW. Rationale for the use of dopamine agonists as neuroprotective agents in Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol 2003;53:S149-S157.
    • (2003) Ann Neurol , vol.53
    • Schapira, A.H.1    Olanow, C.W.2
  • 58
    • 0037176885 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroprotection and dopamine agonists
    • Schapira AH. Neuroprotection and dopamine agonists. Neurology 2002;58:S9-S18.
    • (2002) Neurology , vol.58
    • Schapira, A.H.1
  • 59
    • 9744276661 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gu M, Iravani MM, Cooper JM, King D, Jenner P, Schapira. AH. Pramipexole protects against apoptotic cell death by non-dopaminergic mechanisms. I Neurochem 2004;91:1075-1081.
    • Gu M, Iravani MM, Cooper JM, King D, Jenner P, Schapira. AH. Pramipexole protects against apoptotic cell death by non-dopaminergic mechanisms. I Neurochem 2004;91:1075-1081.
  • 60
    • 0035004049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are dopamine receptor agonists neuroprotective in Parkinson's disease?
    • Le WD, Jankovic J. Are dopamine receptor agonists neuroprotective in Parkinson's disease? Drugs Aging 2001;18:389-396.
    • (2001) Drugs Aging , vol.18 , pp. 389-396
    • WD, L.1    Jankovic, J.2
  • 61
    • 0037668195 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase by D2 receptor prevents apoptosis in dopaminergic cell lines
    • Nair VD, Olanow CW, Sealfon SC. Activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase by D2 receptor prevents apoptosis in dopaminergic cell lines. Biochem J 2003;373:25-32.
    • (2003) Biochem J , vol.373 , pp. 25-32
    • Nair, V.D.1    Olanow, C.W.2    Sealfon, S.C.3
  • 63
    • 0347133331 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroprotection in Parkinson disease: Mysteries, myths, and misconceptions
    • Schapira AH, Olanow CW. Neuroprotection in Parkinson disease: mysteries, myths, and misconceptions JAMA 2004;291: 358-364.
    • (2004) JAMA , vol.291 , pp. 358-364
    • Schapira, A.H.1    Olanow, C.W.2
  • 64
    • 0037432067 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Slowing Parkinson's disease progression: Recent dopamine agonist trials
    • Ahlskog JE. Slowing Parkinson's disease progression: recent dopamine agonist trials. Neurology 2003;60:381-389.
    • (2003) Neurology , vol.60 , pp. 381-389
    • Ahlskog, J.E.1
  • 65
    • 33644824423 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Timing of treatment initiation in Parkinson's disease: A need for reappraisal?
    • Schapira AH, Obeso J. Timing of treatment initiation in Parkinson's disease: a need for reappraisal? Ann Neurol 2006;59:559-562.
    • (2006) Ann Neurol , vol.59 , pp. 559-562
    • Schapira, A.H.1    Obeso, J.2
  • 66
    • 34547916390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment options in the models management of Parkinson's disease
    • Schapira AH. Treatment options in the models management of Parkinson's disease. Arch Neurol 2007;64:1083-1088.
    • (2007) Arch Neurol , vol.64 , pp. 1083-1088
    • Schapira, A.H.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.