Nuclear factor-kappa B signaling in skeletal muscle atrophy

Journal of Molecular Medicine

Volumn 86, Issue 10, 2008, Pages 1113-1126

  Li, Hong ^a   Malhotra, Shweta ^a   Kumar, Ashok ^a  

^a University of Louisville School of Medicine   (United States)

Author keywords

Cancer; COPD; Muscular dystrophy; NF B; Skeletal muscle atrophy

Indexed keywords

ANTIOXIDANT; CALPAIN 3; DEXANABINOL; DRONABINOL; GAMMA INTERFERON; GLUCOCORTICOID; I KAPPA B KINASE BETA; ICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; INTERLEUKIN 6; IRFI 042; MEGESTROL ACETATE; MELATONIN; MUSCLE PROTEIN; MUSCLE RING FINGER 1 PROTEIN; MYOD PROTEIN; NANDROLONE DECANOATE; PENTOXIFYLLINE; PRASTERONE; PREDNISONE; PROTEIN INHIBITOR; PYRROLIDINE DITHIOCARBAMATE; RESVERATROL; SOMATOMEDIN B; SP 100030; SYNAPTOTAGMIN I; THALIDOMIDE; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; UBIQUITIN PROTEIN LIGASE E3; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; ADENOCARCINOMA; AGING; ANOREXIA; APOPTOSIS; BINDING SITE; CACHEXIA; CELL PROLIFERATION; CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS; CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE; COSMONAUT; DIABETES MELLITUS; DISEASE MODEL; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MECHANISM; DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY; EXPERIMENTAL MOUSE; FIBROSIS; GENETIC MODEL; HEART FAILURE; HUMAN; IMMUNOREGULATION; INFLAMMATION; MOLECULAR DYNAMICS; MOTONEURON; MUSCLE ATROPHY; MUSCLE CONTRACTION; MUSCLE DENERVATION; MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT; MUSCLE FIBRIL; MUSCLE INJURY; MUSCLE REGENERATION; MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY; MYOBLAST; MYOFIBROSIS; MYOSITIS; NEOPLASM; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PATHOGENESIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PROSTATE CANCER; PROTEIN DEGRADATION; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; PROTEIN TARGETING; REVIEW; SEPSIS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SKELETAL MUSCLE; TISSUE REGENERATION; UPREGULATION;

ANIMALS; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; MICE; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; MUSCLE, SKELETAL; MUSCULAR ATROPHY; NF-KAPPA B; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 52549133171     PISSN: 09462716     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00109-008-0373-8     Document Type: Review

References (100)

1. RW Jackman SC Kandarian 2004 The molecular basis of skeletal muscle atrophy Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 287 C834 C843
2. SC Kandarian RW Jackman 2006 Intracellular signaling during skeletal muscle atrophy Muscle Nerve 33 155 165
3. O Boonyarom K Inui 2006 Atrophy and hypertrophy of skeletal muscles: structural and functional aspects Acta Physiol (Oxf) 188 77 89
4. MJ Tisdale 2004 Cancer cachexia Langenbecks Arch Surg 389 299 305
5. S Ventadour D Attaix 2006 Mechanisms of skeletal muscle atrophy Curr Opin Rheumatol 18 631 635
6. HL Eley MJ Tisdale 2007 Skeletal muscle atrophy, a link between depression of protein synthesis and increase in degradation J Biol Chem 282 7087 7097
7. SC Kandarian EJ Stevenson 2002 Molecular events in skeletal muscle during disuse atrophy Exerc Sport Sci Rev 30 111 116
8. IW McKinnell MA Rudnicki 2004 Molecular mechanisms of muscle atrophy Cell 119 907 910
9. DC Guttridge 2004 Signaling pathways weigh in on decisions to make or break skeletal muscle Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 7 443 450
10. D Cai JD Frantz NE Tawa Jr PA Melendez BC Oh HG Lidov PO Hasselgren WR Frontera J Lee DJ Glass SE Shoelson 2004 IKKbeta/NF-kappaB activation causes severe muscle wasting in mice Cell 119 285 298
11. RB Hunter SC Kandarian 2004 Disruption of either the Nfkb1 or the Bcl3 gene inhibits skeletal muscle atrophy J Clin Invest 114 1504 1511
12. F Mourkioti P Kratsios T Luedde YH Song P Delafontaine R Adami V Parente R Bottinelli M Pasparakis N Rosenthal 2006 Targeted ablation of IKK2 improves skeletal muscle strength, maintains mass, and promotes regeneration J Clin Invest 116 2945 2954
13. S Acharyya SA Villalta N Bakkar T Bupha-Intr PM Janssen M Carathers ZW Li AA Beg S Ghosh Z Sahenk M Weinstein KL Gardner JA Rafael-Fortney M Karin JG Tidball AS Baldwin DC Guttridge 2007 Interplay of IKK/NF-kappaB signaling in macrophages and myofibers promotes muscle degeneration in Duchenne muscular dystrophy J Clin Invest 117 889 901
14. MS Hayden S Ghosh 2004 Signaling to NF-kappaB Genes Dev 18 2195 2224
15. MS Hayden S Ghosh 2008 Shared principles in NF-kappaB signaling Cell 132 344 362
16. A Kumar Y Takada AM Boriek BB Aggarwal 2004 Nuclear factor-kappaB: its role in health and disease J Mol Med 82 434 448
17. BB Aggarwal 2003 Signalling pathways of the TNF superfamily: a double-edged sword Nat Rev Immunol 3 745 756
18. Q Li IM Verma 2002 NF-kappaB regulation in the immune system Nat Rev Immunol 2 725 734
19. RB Hunter E Stevenson A Koncarevic H Mitchell-Felton DA Essig SC Kandarian 2002 Activation of an alternative NF-kappaB pathway in skeletal muscle during disuse atrophy FASEB J 16 529 538
20. PR Cao HJ Kim SH Lecker 2005 Ubiquitin-protein ligases in muscle wasting Int J Biochem Cell Biol 37 2088 2097
21. MD Gomes SH Lecker RT Jagoe A Navon AL Goldberg 2001 Atrogin-1, a muscle-specific F-box protein highly expressed during muscle atrophy Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98 14440 14445
22. SC Bodine E Latres S Baumhueter VK Lai L Nunez BA Clarke WT Poueymirou FJ Panaro E Na K Dharmarajan ZQ Pan DM Valenzuela TM DeChiara TN Stitt GD Yancopoulos DJ Glass 2001 Identification of ubiquitin ligases required for skeletal muscle atrophy Science 294 1704 1708
23. AS Whitehouse MJ Tisdale 2003 Increased expression of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in murine myotubes by proteolysis-inducing factor (PIF) is associated with activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB Br J Cancer 89 1116 1122
24. U Spate PC Schulze 2004 Proinflammatory cytokines and skeletal muscle Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 7 265 269
25. R Debigare CH Cote F Maltais 2001 Peripheral muscle wasting in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clinical relevance and mechanisms Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164 1712 1717
26. R Roubenoff 2003 Catabolism of aging: is it an inflammatory process? Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 6 295 299
27. T Phillips C Leeuwenburgh 2005 Muscle fiber specific apoptosis and TNF-alpha signaling in sarcopenia are attenuated by life-long calorie restriction FASEB J 19 668 670
28. L Fernandez-Celemin N Pasko V Blomart JP Thissen 2002 Inhibition of muscle insulin-like growth factor I expression by tumor necrosis factor-alpha Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 283 E1279 E1290
29. EJ Foulstone KA Meadows JM Holly CE Stewart 2001 Insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I and IGF-II) inhibit C2 skeletal myoblast differentiation and enhance TNF alpha-induced apoptosis J Cell Physiol 189 207 215
30. A Demoule M Divangahi G Danialou D Gvozdic G Larkin W Bao BJ Petrof 2005 Expression and regulation of CC class chemokines in the dystrophic (mdx) diaphragm Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 33 178 185
31. AK Srivastava X Qin N Wedhas M Arnush TA Linkhart RB Chadwick A Kumar 2007 Tumor necrosis factor-alpha augments matrix metalloproteinase-9 production in skeletal muscle cells through the activation of transforming growth factor-beta-activated kinase 1 (TAK1)-dependent signaling pathway J Biol Chem 282 35113 35124
32. SB Charge MA Rudnicki 2004 Cellular and molecular regulation of muscle regeneration Physiol Rev 84 209 238
33. RC Langen AM Schols MC Kelders JL van der Velden EF Wouters YM Janssen-Heininger 2006 Muscle wasting and impaired muscle regeneration in a murine model of chronic pulmonary inflammation Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 35 689 696
34. RC Langen AM Schols MC Kelders EF Wouters YM Janssen-Heininger 2001 Inflammatory cytokines inhibit myogenic differentiation through activation of nuclear factor-kappaB FASEB J 15 1169 1180
35. DC Guttridge C Albanese JY Reuther RG Pestell AS Baldwin Jr 1999 NF-kappaB controls cell growth and differentiation through transcriptional regulation of cyclin D1 Mol Cell Biol 19 5785 5799
36. N Mitin AJ Kudla SF Konieczny EJ Taparowsky 2001 Differential effects of Ras signaling through NFkappaB on skeletal myogenesis Oncogene 20 1276 1286
37. SK Lehtinen P Rahkila M Helenius P Korhonen A Salminen 1996 Down-regulation of transcription factors AP-1, Sp-1, and NF-kappa B precedes myocyte differentiation Biochem Biophys Res Commun 229 36 43
38. H Wang E Hertlein N Bakkar H Sun S Acharyya J Wang M Carathers R Davuluri DC Guttridge 2007 NF-kappaB regulation of YY1 inhibits skeletal myogenesis through transcriptional silencing of myofibrillar genes Mol Cell Biol 27 4374 4387
39. D Thaloor KJ Miller J Gephart PO Mitchell GK Pavlath 1999 Systemic administration of the NF-kappaB inhibitor curcumin stimulates muscle regeneration after traumatic injury Am J Physiol 277 C320 C329
40. S Shishodia G Sethi BB Aggarwal 2005 Curcumin: getting back to the roots Ann N Y Acad Sci 1056 206 217
41. C Dogra H Changotra N Wedhas X Qin JE Wergedal A Kumar 2007 TNF-related weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) is a potent skeletal muscle-wasting cytokine FASEB J 21 1857 1869
42. C Dogra H Changotra S Mohan A Kumar 2006 Tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis inhibits skeletal myogenesis through sustained activation of nuclear factor-kappaB and degradation of MyoD protein J Biol Chem 281 10327 10336
43. CA Berkes SJ Tapscott 2005 MyoD and the transcriptional control of myogenesis Semin Cell Dev Biol 16 585 595
44. DC Guttridge MW Mayo LV Madrid CY Wang AS Baldwin Jr 2000 NF-kappaB-induced loss of MyoD messenger RNA: possible role in muscle decay and cachexia Science 289 2363 2366
45. R Sitcheran PC Cogswell AS Baldwin Jr 2003 NF-kappaB mediates inhibition of mesenchymal cell differentiation through a posttranscriptional gene silencing mechanism Genes Dev 17 2368 2373
46. S Di Marco R Mazroui P Dallaire S Chittur SA Tenenbaum D Radzioch A Marette IE Gallouzi 2005 NF-kappa B-mediated MyoD decay during muscle wasting requires nitric oxide synthase mRNA stabilization, HuR protein, and nitric oxide release Mol Cell Biol 25 6533 6545
47. P Kaliman J Canicio X Testar M Palacin A Zorzano 1999 Insulin-like growth factor-II, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, nuclear factor-kappaB and inducible nitric-oxide synthase define a common myogenic signaling pathway J Biol Chem 274 17437 17444
48. J Canicio P Ruiz-Lozano M Carrasco M Palacin K Chien A Zorzano P Kaliman 2001 Nuclear factor kappa B-inducing kinase and Ikappa B kinase-alpha signal skeletal muscle cell differentiation J Biol Chem 276 20228 20233
49. N Bakkar J Wang KJ Ladner H Wang JM Dahlman M Carathers S Acharyya MA Rudnicki AD Hollenbach DC Guttridge 2008 IKK/NF-kappaB regulates skeletal myogenesis via a signaling switch to inhibit differentiation and promote mitochondrial biogenesis J Cell Biol 180 787 802
50. I Dalkilic LM Kunkel 2003 Muscular dystrophies: genes to pathogenesis Curr Opin Genet Dev 13 231 238
51. EP Hoffman RH Brown LM Kunkel 1987 Dystrophin: the protein product of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy locus Cell 51 919 928
52. MJ Spencer E Montecino-Rodriguez K Dorshkind JG Tidball 2001 Helper (CD4(+)) and cytotoxic (CD8(+)) T cells promote the pathology of dystrophin-deficient muscle Clin Immunol 98 235 243
53. YW Chen P Zhao R Borup EP Hoffman 2000 Expression profiling in the muscular dystrophies: identification of novel aspects of molecular pathophysiology J Cell Biol 151 1321 1336
54. JG Tidball M Wehling-Henricks 2004 Evolving therapeutic strategies for Duchenne muscular dystrophy: targeting downstream events Pediatr Res 56 831 841
55. A Kumar AM Boriek 2003 Mechanical stress activates the nuclear factor-kappaB pathway in skeletal muscle fibers: a possible role in Duchenne muscular dystrophy FASEB J 17 386 396
56. MC Monici M Aguennouz A Mazzeo C Messina G Vita 2003 Activation of nuclear factor-kappaB in inflammatory myopathies and Duchenne muscular dystrophy Neurology 60 993 997
57. CG Carlson A Samadi A Siegel 2005 Chronic treatment with agents that stabilize cytosolic IkappaB-alpha enhances survival and improves resting membrane potential in MDX muscle fibers subjected to chronic passive stretch Neurobiol Dis 20 719 730
58. S Messina A Bitto M Aguennouz L Minutoli MC Monici D Altavilla F Squadrito G Vita 2006 Nuclear factor kappa-B blockade reduces skeletal muscle degeneration and enhances muscle function in Mdx mice Exp Neurol 198 234 241
59. S Messina D Altavilla M Aguennouz P Seminara L Minutoli MC Monici A Bitto A Mazzeo H Marini F Squadrito G Vita 2006 Lipid peroxidation inhibition blunts nuclear factor-kappaB activation, reduces skeletal muscle degeneration, and enhances muscle function in mdx mice Am J Pathol 168 918 926
60. N Auphan JA DiDonato C Rosette A Helmberg M Karin 1995 Immunosuppression by glucocorticoids: inhibition of NF-kappa B activity through induction of I kappa B synthesis Science 270 286 290
61. I Richard C Roudaut S Marchand S Baghdiguian M Herasse D Stockholm Y Ono L Suel N Bourg H Sorimachi G Lefranc M Fardeau A Sebille JS Beckmann 2000 Loss of calpain 3 proteolytic activity leads to muscular dystrophy and to apoptosis-associated IkappaBalpha/nuclear factor kappaB pathway perturbation in mice J Cell Biol 151 1583 1590
62. S Baghdiguian M Martin I Richard F Pons C Astier N Bourg RT Hay R Chemaly G Halaby J Loiselet LV Anderson A Lopez de Munain M Fardeau P Mangeat JS Beckmann G Lefranc 1999 Calpain 3 deficiency is associated with myonuclear apoptosis and profound perturbation of the IkappaB alpha/NF-kappaB pathway in limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2A Nat Med 5 503 511
63. B Benayoun S Baghdiguian A Lajmanovich M Bartoli N Daniele E Gicquel N Bourg F Raynaud MA Pasquier L Suel H Lochmuller G Lefranc I Richard 2007 NF-{kappa}B-dependent expression of the antiapoptotic factor c-FLIP is regulated by calpain 3, the protein involved in limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2A FASEB J 22 1521 1529
64. C Deans SJ Wigmore 2005 Systemic inflammation, cachexia and prognosis in patients with cancer Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 8 265 269
65. SM Wyke ST Russell MJ Tisdale 2004 Induction of proteasome expression in skeletal muscle is attenuated by inhibitors of NF-kappaB activation Br J Cancer 91 1742 1750
66. R Moore-Carrasco S Busquets V Almendro M Palanki FJ Lopez-Soriano JM Argiles 2007 The AP-1/NF-kappaB double inhibitor SP100030 can revert muscle wasting during experimental cancer cachexia Int J Oncol 30 1239 1245
67. Z Wang E Corey GM Hass CS Higano LD True D Wallace Jr MJ Tisdale RL Vessella 2003 Expression of the human cachexia-associated protein (HCAP) in prostate cancer and in a prostate cancer animal model of cachexia Int J Cancer 105 123 129
68. Z Jiang PR Clemens 2006 Cellular caspase-8-like inhibitory protein (cFLIP) prevents inhibition of muscle cell differentiation induced by cancer cells FASEB J 20 2570 2572
69. K Kuroda Y Horiguchi J Nakashima E Kikuchi K Kanao A Miyajima T Ohigashi K Umezawa M Murai 2005 Prevention of cancer cachexia by a novel nuclear factor {kappa}B inhibitor in prostate cancer Clin Cancer Res 11 5590 5594
70. E Juttler I Potrovita V Tarabin S Prinz T Dong-Si G Fink M Schwaninger 2004 The cannabinoid dexanabinol is an inhibitor of the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) Neuropharmacology 47 580 592
71. A Mishra A Chaudhary S Sethi 2004 Oxidized omega-3 fatty acids inhibit NF-kappaB activation via a PPARalpha-dependent pathway Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 24 1621 1627
72. WG Li D Gavrila X Liu L Wang S Gunnlaugsson LL Stoll ML McCormick CD Sigmund C Tang NL Weintraub 2004 Ghrelin inhibits proinflammatory responses and nuclear factor-kappaB activation in human endothelial cells Circulation 109 2221 2226
73. M Futakuchi K Ogawa S Tamano S Takahashi T Shirai 2004 Suppression of metastasis by nuclear factor kappaB inhibitors in an in vivo lung metastasis model of chemically induced hepatocellular carcinoma Cancer Sci 95 18 24
74. 2, but not that activated by ceramide, lipopolysaccharides, or phorbol ester J Immunol 168 2644 2651
75. E Gilad HR Wong B Zingarelli L Virag M O'Connor AL Salzman C Szabo 1998 Melatonin inhibits expression of the inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase in murine macrophages: role of inhibition of NFkappaB activation FASEB J 12 685 693
76. CG Penner G Gang C Wray JE Fischer PO Hasselgren 2001 The transcription factors NF-kappab and AP-1 are differentially regulated in skeletal muscle during sepsis Biochem Biophys Res Commun 281 1331 1336
77. RA Frost CH Lang 2005 Skeletal muscle cytokines: regulation by pathogen-associated molecules and catabolic hormones Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 8 255 263
78. LA Callahan D Nethery D Stofan A DiMarco G Supinski 2001 Free radical-induced contractile protein dysfunction in endotoxin-induced sepsis Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 24 210 217
79. JH Boyd M Divangahi L Yahiaoui D Gvozdic S Qureshi BJ Petrof 2006 Toll-like receptors differentially regulate CC and CXC chemokines in skeletal muscle via NF-kappaB and calcineurin Infect Immun 74 6829 6838
80. A Demoule M Divangahi L Yahiaoui G Danialou D Gvozdic K Labbe W Bao BJ Petrof 2006 Endotoxin triggers nuclear factor-kappaB-dependent up-regulation of multiple proinflammatory genes in the diaphragm Am J Respir Crit Care Med 174 646 653
81. C Casadevall C Coronell AL Ramirez-Sarmiento J Martinez-Llorens E Barreiro M Orozco-Levi J Gea 2007 Upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the intercostal muscles of COPD patients Eur Respir J 30 701 707
82. HR Gosker EF Wouters GJ van der Vusse AM Schols 2000 Skeletal muscle dysfunction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic heart failure: underlying mechanisms and therapy perspectives Am J Clin Nutr 71 1033 1047
83. JL Staib SJ Swoap SK Powers 2002 Diaphragm contractile dysfunction in MyoD gene-inactivated mice Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 283 R583 R590
84. A Agusti M Morla J Sauleda C Saus X Busquets 2004 NF-kappaB activation and iNOS upregulation in skeletal muscle of patients with COPD and low body weight Thorax 59 483 487
85. R Broekhuizen EF Wouters EC Creutzberg CA Weling-Scheepers AM Schols 2005 Polyunsaturated fatty acids improve exercise capacity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Thorax 60 376 382
86. AP Bolger SD Anker 2000 Tumour necrosis factor in chronic heart failure: a peripheral view on pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and therapeutic implications Drugs 60 1245 1257
87. V Adams B Nehrhoff U Spate A Linke PC Schulze A Baur S Gielen R Hambrecht G Schuler 2002 Induction of iNOS expression in skeletal muscle by IL-1beta and NFkappaB activation: an in vitro and in vivo study Cardiovasc Res 54 95 104
88. V Adams U Spate N Krankel PC Schulze A Linke G Schuler R Hambrecht 2003 Nuclear factor-kappa B activation in skeletal muscle of patients with chronic heart failure: correlation with the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 10 273 277
89. EA Jankowska S von Haehling A Czarny E Zaczynska A Kus SD Anker W Banasiak P Ponikowski 2005 Activation of the NF-kappaB system in peripheral blood leukocytes from patients with chronic heart failure Eur J Heart Fail 7 984 990
90. J Siednienko EA Jankowska W Banasiak WA Gorczyca P Ponikowski 2007 Nuclear factor-kappaB activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in cachectic and non-cachectic patients with chronic heart failure Int J Cardiol 122 111 116
91. WE Mitch JL Bailey X Wang C Jurkovitz D Newby SR Price 1999 Evaluation of signals activating ubiquitin-proteasome proteolysis in a model of muscle wasting Am J Physiol 276 C1132 C1138
92. C Guillet Y Boirie 2005 Insulin resistance: a contributing factor to age-related muscle mass loss? Diabetes Metab 31 Spec No 2 5S20 25S26
93. KA Willey MA Singh 2003 Battling insulin resistance in elderly obese people with type 2 diabetes: bring on the heavy weights Diabetes Care 26 1580 1588
94. YP Li Y Chen AS Li MB Reid 2003 Hydrogen peroxide stimulates ubiquitin-conjugating activity and expression of genes for specific E2 and E3 proteins in skeletal muscle myotubes Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 285 C806 C812
95. R Mastrocola P Reffo F Penna CE Tomasinelli G Boccuzzi FM Baccino M Aragno P Costelli 2008 Muscle wasting in diabetic and in tumor-bearing rats: role of oxidative stress Free Radic Biol Med 44 584 593
96. AR Judge A Koncarevic RB Hunter HC Liou RW Jackman SC Kandarian 2007 Role for IkappaBalpha, but not c-Rel, in skeletal muscle atrophy Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 292 C372 C382
97. H Degens SE Alway 2006 Control of muscle size during disuse, disease, and aging Int J Sports Med 27 94 99
98. H Bruunsgaard BK Pedersen 2003 Age-related inflammatory cytokines and disease Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 23 15 39
99. M Bar-Shai E Carmeli R Coleman N Rozen S Perek D Fuchs AZ Reznick 2005 The effect of hindlimb immobilization on acid phosphatase, metalloproteinases and nuclear factor-kappaB in muscles of young and old rats Mech Ageing Dev 126 289 297
100. D Cuthbertson K Smith J Babraj G Leese T Waddell P Atherton H Wackerhage PM Taylor MJ Rennie 2005 Anabolic signaling deficits underlie amino acid resistance of wasting, aging muscle FASEB J 19 422 424