Attention and emotion

Annual Review of Biomedical Sciences

Volumn 10, Issue , 2008, Pages 84-104

  Vimal, Ram L P ^a,b,c,d  

^a Vision Research Institute   (United States)

^b A 60 Umed Park   (India)

^c Dristi Anusandhana Sansthana   (India)

^d Dristi Anusandhana Sansthana   (India)

Author keywords

Amygdale; Attention; Emotion and emotional salience; Face recognition; fMRI; Fusiform gyrus; Reward

Indexed keywords

AMYGDALOID NUCLEUS; ATTENTION; EMOTIONALITY; FEEDBACK SYSTEM; FOREBRAIN; FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; HYPOTHALAMUS; MESENCEPHALON; NERVE CELL NETWORK; NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS; ORBITAL CORTEX; REVIEW; STIMULUS RESPONSE; TASK PERFORMANCE; VENTRAL TEGMENTUM; WORKING MEMORY;

EID: 52149093833     PISSN: 18068774     EISSN: 18068774     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (186)

1. Adolphs R, Damasio H, Tranel D, Damasio AR. Cortical systems for the recognition of emotion in facial expressions. J Neurosci 1996;16(23):7678-87.
2. Adolphs R, Tranel D, Buchanan TW. Amygdala damage impairs emotional memory for gist but not details of complex stimuli. Nat Neurosci 2005;8:512-8.
3. Aggleton JP, Burton MJ, Passingham RE. Cortical and subcortical afferents to the amygdala in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). Brain Res 1980;190:347-68.
4. Aharon I, Etcoff N, Ariely D, Chabris CF, O'Connor E, Breiter HC. Beautiful Faces Have Variable Reward Value: fMRI and Behavioral Evidence. Neuron 2001;32:537-51.
5. Amaral DG, Price JL, Pitkanen A, Carmichael ST. Anatomical organization of the primate amygdala complex. In: Aggleton JP (editor). The Amygdala. New York: John Wiley-Liss, 1992.
6. Andreasen NC, O'Leary DS, Arndt S, et al. Neural substrates of facial recognition. J Neuropsych 1996;8:139-46.
7. Baars B. Tutorial commentary: surprisingly small subcortical structures are needed for the state of waking consciousness, while cortical projection areas seem to provide perceptual contents of consciousness. Conscious Cogn 1995;4(2):159-62; Comment on: Conscious Cogn 1995;4(2):137-58.
8. Baer W. The Physical Condition for Consciousness: A comment on R. Shaw and J. Kinsella-Shaw. J Consciousness Stud 2007;14(8):93-104.
9. Barrett NA, Large MM, Smith GL, et al. Human brain regions required for the dividing and switching of attention between two features of a single object. Cognit Brain Res 2003;17:1-13.
10. Bartels A, Zeki S. The architecture of the colour centre in the human visual brain: new results and a review. Eur J Neurosci 2000;12:172-93.
11. Baudouin JY, Martin F, Tiberghien G, Verlut I, Franck N. Selective attention to facial emotion and identity in schizophrenia. Neuropsychologia 2002;40(5):503-11.
12. Berridge KC. Food reward: brain substrates of wanting and liking. Neurosci Behav Rev 1996;20:1-25.
13. Berridge KC. Reward learning: reinforcement, incentives and expectations. In: Medin DL, ed. The Psychology of Learning and Motivation. New York: Academic Press; 2000.
14. Berridge KC, Robinson TE. Parsing reward. Trends Neurosci 2003; 26:507-13.
15. Booth JR, Burman DD, Meyer JR, et al. Neural development of selective attention and response inhibition. NeuroImage 2003; 20:737-51.
16. Breiter HC, Aharon I, Kahneman D, Dale A, Shizgal P. Functional Imaging of Neural Responses to Expectancy and Experience of Monetary Gains and Losses. Neuron 2001;30:619-39.
17. Breiter HC, Etcoff NL, Whalen PJ, et al. Response and habituation of the human amygdala during visual processing of facial expression. Neuron 1996;17(5):875-87.
18. Breiter HC, Rosen BR. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Brain Reward Circuitry in the Human. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1999;877:523-47.
19. Britton JC, Shin LM, Barrett LF, Rauch SL, Wright CI. Amygdala and fusiform gyrus temporal dynamics: responses to negative facial expressions. BMC Neurosci 2008;9:44.
20. Broks P, Young AW, Maratos EJ, et al. Face processing impairments after encephalitis: amygdala damage and recognition of fear. Neuropsychologia 1998;36(1):59-70.
21. Bruce V. Changing faces: visual and nonvisual coding processes in face recognition. Brit J Psychol 1982;16:73-105.
22. Bruce V. Influences of familiarity on the processing of faces. Perception 1986;15:387-97.
23. Bruce V, Young AW. Understanding face recognition. Brit J Psychol 1986;77:305-27.
24. Bruzzo AA, Vimal RLP. Self: An adaptive pressure arising from self-organization, chaotic dynamics, and neural Darwinism. J Integr Neurosci 2007;6(4):541-66.
25. Buchel C, Friston KJ. Modulation of connectivity in visual pathways by attention: cortical interactions evaluated with structural equation modelling and fMRI. Cereb Cortex 1997;7(8):768-78.
26. Bushnell PJ, Levin ED, Marrocco RT, Sarter MF, Strupp BJ, Warburton DM. Attention as a target of intoxication: insights and methods from studies of drug abuse. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2000;22(4):487-502.
27. Cador M, Robbins TW, Everitt BJ. Involvment of the amygdala in stimulus-reward association: interaction with the ventral stratium. Neuroscience 1989;30(1):77-86.
28. Cahill L, McGaugh JL. Mechanisms of emotional arousal and lasting declarative memory. Trends Neurosci 1998;21(7):294-9.
29. Campbell R, Brooks B, De Haan E, Roberts T. Dissociating face processing skills: Decisions about lipread speech, expression, and identity. Q J Exp Psychol 1996;49A:295-314.
30. Carvajal F, Rubio S, Martin P, Amarante C, Garcia-Sola R. The role of the amygdala in facial emotional expression during a discrimination task. Psicothema 2007;19(1):23-9.
31. Chalmers DJ. Facing up to the problem of consciousness. Journal of Consciousness Studies 1995; 2:200-19.
32. Cheal M, Lyon DR. Central and peripheral precuing of forced-choice discrimination. Q J Exp Psychol A 1991;43(4):859-80.
33. Corbetta M, Shulman GL. Control of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention in the brain. Nat Rev Neurosci 2002;3(3):201-15.
34. Corbetta M, Miezin FM, Dobmeyer S, Shulman GL, Petersen SE. Selective and divided attention during visual discriminations of shape, colour, and speed: functional anatomy by Positron Emission Tomography. J Neurosci 1991;11:2383-402.
35. Coull JT. Neural correlates of attention and arousal: insights from electrophysiology, functional neuroimaging and psychopharmacology. Prog Neurobiol 1998;55(4):343-61.
36. Crick F. Function of the thalamic reticular complex: the searchlight hypothesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1984;81:4586-90.
37. Cunningham M, Roberts AR, Barbee AP, Cruen PB, Wu C-H. Consistency and variability in the cross-cultural perception of female physical attractiveness. J Pers Soc Psychol 1995;68:261-79.
38. Damasio AR. The Feeling of What Happens: Body and Emotion in the Making of Consciousness. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1999.
39. Damasio AR, Grabowski TJ, Bechara A, et al. Subcortical and cortical brain activity during the feeling of self-generated emotions. Nat Neurosci 2000;3(10):1049-56.
40. Davidson RJ, Irwin W. The functional neuroanatomy of emotion and affective style. Trends Cognit Sci 1999;3(1):11-21.
41. Desimone DR, Duncan J. Neural mechanisms of selective attention. Annu Rev Neurosci 1995;18:193-222.
42. Delgado MR, Nystrom LE, Fissell K, Noll DC, Fiez JA. Tracking the hemodynamic responses for reward and punishment in the striatum. J Neurophys 2000;84:3072-7.
43. DiGirolamo GJ, Kramer AF, Barad V, et al. General and task-specific frontal lobe recruitment in older adults during executive processes: a fMRI investigation of task-switching. Neuroreport 2001;12(9):2065-71.
44. Edelman GM. Naturalizing consciousness: a theoretical framework. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003;100(9):5520-4.
45. Eerikäinen A. Time and Polarity: The Dimensional Thinking of Karl Heim. Helsinki: Yliopistopaino: University of Helsinki; 2000.
46. Ekman P. Are there basic emotions? Psychol Rev 1992;99(3):550-3.
47. Ekman P. Facial expression and emotion. Am Psychol 1993;48(4):384-92.
48. Ekman P. Basic Emotions (Chapter 3). In: Dalgleish T, Power M (editors). Handbook of Cognition and Emotion. Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 1999.
49. Ekman P. Darwin, deception, and facial expression. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2003;1000:205-21.
50. Elliott R, Friston KJ, Dolan RJ. Dissociable neural responses in human reward systems. J Neurosci 2000;20:6159-65.
51. Engel GS, Calhoun TR, Read EL, et al. Evidence for wavelike energy transfer through quantum coherence in photosynthetic systems. Nature 2007;446(7137):782-6.
52. Everitt BJ, Morris KA, O'brien A, Robbins TW. The basolateral amygdala-ventral striatal system and conditioned place preference: further evidence of limbic-striatal interactions underlying reward-related processes. J Neurosci 1991;42:1-18.
53. Fell J. Identifying neural correlates of consciousness: The state space approach. Conscious Cognit 2004;13:709-29.
54. Festman Y, Ahissar M. Attentional effects on adaptation to gratings. In: 26th European Conference on Visual Perception. Perception: ECVP 2003 abstracts. Universite Rene Descartes, Paris, France; 2003.
55. Filipek P, Richelme C, Kennedy D, Caviness V. The young adult human brain: an MRI-based morphometric analysis. Cerebr Cortex 1994;4:344-60.
56. Fuster JM. The Prefrontal Cortex: Anatomy, Physiology, and Neuropsychology of the Frontal Lobe. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1997.
57. Gaffan D, Harrison. S. Disconnection of the amygdala from visual association cortex impairs visual reward-association learning in monkeys. J Neurosci 1988; 8:3144-50.
58. Gallagher M, Chiba AA. The amygdala and emotion. Curr Opin Neurobiol 1996;6:221-7.
59. Gallagher S. Neurocognitive models of schizophrenia: a neurophenomenological critique. Psychopathology 2004;37(1):8-19. Epub 2004 Feb 24. Comment in: Psychopathology 2004;37(1):20-2.
60. Gallagher M, Holland PC. The amygdala complex: multiple roles in associative learning and attention. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994;91:11771-6.
61. Geday J, Gjedde A, Boldsen AS, Kupers R. Emotional valence modulates activity in the posterior fusiform gyrus and inferior medial prefrontal cortex in social perception. Neuroimage 2003;18(3):675-84.
62. George MS, Ketter TA, Gill DS, et al. Brain regions involved in recognizing facial emotion or identity: an oxygen-15 PET study. J Neuropsych 1993;5:384-94.
63. Globus GG. Self, Cognition, Qualia and World in Quantum Brain Dynamics. Journal of Consciousness Studies 1998;5(1):34-52.
64. Globus GG. The being/brain problem. NeuroQuantology 2005;4:256-63.
65. Gray JA. A model of the limbic system and basal ganglia: Application to anxiety and schizophrenia. In: Gazzaniga MS, ed. The cognitive neurosciences. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; 1995:1165-76.
66. Gur RE, McGrath C, Chan RM, et al. An fMRI Study of Facial Emotion Processing in Patients with Schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatr, 2002;159:1992-9.
67. Hadjikhani N, Liu AK, Dale AM, Cavanagh P, Tootell RB. Retinotopy and color sensitivity in human visual cortical area V8. Nat Neurosci 1998;1(3):235-24; Comment in: Nat Neurosci 1998 Jul;1(3):171-3. Comment in: Nat Neurosci Sep;1(5):335-6.
68. Hamker FH. The Reentry Hypothesis: The Putative Interaction of the Frontal Eye Field, Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex, and Areas V4, IT for Attention and Eye Movement. Cerebr Cortex 2004;15(4):431-47.
69. Hameroff S, Penrose R. Quantum computation in brain microtubules? The Penrose-Hameroff 'Orch OR' model of consciousness. Philos Trans R Soc London 1998;Ser. A 356:1869-96.
70. Hameroff S. Schrödinger's proteins: how quantum biology can explain consciousness. In: Berrnroider G, Hameroff S (editors). Quantum Mind 2007. The University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria. Consciousness Research Abstracts: a service from the Journal of consciousness Studies; pages 11-12 (abstract number 7); 2007.
71. Hasselmo ME, Rolls ET, Baylis GC. The role of expression and identity in the face-selective responses of neurons in the temporal visual cortex of the monkey. Behav Brain Res 1989;32:203-18.
72. Hatfield T, Han J-S, Conley M, Gallagher M, Holland P. Neurotoxic lesions of basolateral, but not central, amygdala interfere with pavlovian second-order conditioning and reinforcer devaluation effects. J Neurosci 1996;16:5256-65.
73. Hawkins HL, Hillyard SA, Luck SJ, Mouloua M, Downing C, Woodward DP. Visual attention modulates signal detectability. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 1990;16:802-11.
74. Haxby JV, Hoffman EA, Gobbini MI. Human neural systems for face recognition and social communication. Biol Psychiatr Res 2002; 51:59- 67.
75. Holland PC, Gallagher M. Amygdala circuitry in attentional and representational processes. Trends Cognit Sci 1999;3(2):65-73.
76. Huang L, Dobkins KR. Attentional effects on contrast discrimination in humans: evidence for both contrast gain and response gain. Vision Res 2005;45(9):1201-12.
77. James W. The Principles of Psychology. New York: Henry Holt, 1890.
78. Jones DM, Hill K. Criteria of facial attractiveness in five populations. Hum Nat 1993;4:271-96. Kanwisher N, Wojciulik E. Visual attention: insights from brain imaging. Nat Rev Neurosci 2000;1(2):91-100.
79. Kanwisher N, McDermott J, Chun MM. The fusiform face area: a module in human extrastriate cortex specialized for face perception. J Neurosci 1997;17(11):4302-11.
80. Kant I. Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and Sublime (Trans Goldthwait, J.T.U. California Press, original 1763-64). 1960.
81. Kastner S, Pinsk MA, De Weerd P, Desimone R, Ungerleider LG. Increased activity in human visual cortex during directed attention in the absence of visual stimulation. Neuron 1999;22:751-61.
82. Keil A, Moratti S, Sabatinelli D, Bradley MM, Lang PJ. Additive effects of emotional content and spatial selective attention on electrocortical facilitation. Cerebr Cortex 2005;15(8):1187-97.
83. Kinsbourne M. The Intralaminar Thalmic Nuclei: Subjectivity Pumps or Attention-Action Coordinators? Conscious Cognit 1995;4(2):167-71.
84. Koch C, Tsuchiya N. Attention and Consciousness: Two Distinct Brain Processes. Trends Cognit Sci 2007;11:16-22.
85. Knutson B, Westdorp A, Kaiser E, Hommer D. FMRI visualization of brain activity during a monetary incentive delay task. NeuroImage, 2000;12:20-7.
86. Kranczioch C, Debener S, Schwarzbach J, Goebel R, Engela AK. Neural correlates of conscious perception in the attentional blink. NeuroImage 2005;24:704-14.
87. Kustov AA, Robinson DL. Shared neural control of attentional shifts and eye movements. Nature 1996;384(6604):74-7.
88. Lamme VA. Why visual attention and awareness are different. Trends Cognit Sci 2003;7(1):12-8.
89. Langlois JH, Ritter JM, Riggman LA, Vaughn LS. Facial diversity and infant preferences for attractive faces. Dev Psychol 1991;27:79-84.
90. Lazarus R. Emotion and Adaptation. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.
91. LeDoux JE. The Emotional Brain. New York: Simon and Schuster; 1996.
92. LeDoux JE. In search of an emotional system in the brain: leaping from fear to emotion and consciousness. In: Gazzaniga MS (editor). The Cognitive Neurosciences. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1995.
93. LeDoux JE. Emotion and the amygdala. In: Aggleton JP, ed. The amygdala: neurobiological aspects of emotion, memory and mental dysfunction. New York: Wiley-Liss; 1992:339-51.
94. Lehky SR. Temporal properties of visual channels measured by masking. J Opt Soc Am [A] 1985;2:1260-72.
95. Leonard CM, Rolls ET, Wilson FA, Baylis GC. Neurons in the amygdala of the monkey with responses selective for faces. Behav Brain Res 1985;15:159-76.
96. Levine J. Materialism and qualia: The explanatory gap. Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 1983;64:354-61.
97. Levinoff EJ, Li KZ, Murtha S, Chertkow H. Selective attention impairments in Alzheimer's disease: evidence for dissociable components. Neuropsychol 2004;18(3):580-8.
98. Ling S, Carrasco M. Sustained and transient covert attention enhance the signal via different contrast response functions. Vis Res 2006;46(8-9):1210-20.
99. Luks TL, Simpson GV, Feiwell RJ, Miller WL. Evidence for anterior cingulate cortex involvement in monitoring preparatory attentional set. NeuroImage 2002;17(2):792-802.
100. MacGregor RJ, Vimal RLP. Consciousness and the Structure of Matter. J Integr Neurosci 2008;7(1):75-116.
101. Mitrofanis J, Guillery RW. New views of the thalamic reticular nucleus in the adult and the developing brain. Trends Neurosci 1993;16:240-5.
102. Moratti S, Keil A, Stolarova M. Motivated attention in emotional picture processing is reflected by activity modulation in cortical attention networks. NeuroImage 2004;21(3):954-64.
103. Monk CS, Klein RG, Telzer EH, et al. Amygdala and nucleus accumbens activation to emotional facial expressions in children and adolescents at risk for major depression. Am J Psychiatr 2008;165(1):90-8.
104. Nachson I. On the modularity of face recognition: the riddle of domain specificity. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 1995;17:256-75.
105. Nakayama K, Mackeben M. Sustained and transient components of focal visual attention. Vision Res 1989;29(11):1631-47.
106. Parasuraman R. The psychobiology of sustained attention. In: Warm JS (editor). Sustained Attention in Human Performance. Chichester: John Wiley, 1984.
107. Peelen MV, Heslenfeld DJ, Theeuwes J. Endogenous and exogenous attention shifts are mediated by the same large-scale neural network. NeuroImage 2004;22(2):822-30.
108. Pereira Jr. A. Astrocyte-Trapped Calcium Ions: the Hypothesis of a Quantum-Like Conscious Protectorate. Quantum Biosystems 2007a;2:80-92.
109. Pereira Jr. A. The Encapsulated Protectorate: a Non-Reductive Physicalist Approach to Consciousness. In: Towards a Science of Consciousness, Budapest Abstract Book published by the Hungarian Cognitive Science Foundation, p 77; http://wwwtsc2007org/TSC2007abstractspdf; 2007b; 2007. p. 77.
110. Pereira Jr. A, Furlan FA. Biomolecular Information, Brain Activity and Cognitive Functions. Annu Rev Biomed Sci 2007a;9:12-29.
111. Pereira Jr. A, Furlan FA. Meta-Potentiation: Neuro-Astroglial Interactions Supporting Perceptual Consciousness. Nature Proceedings: http://precedingsnaturecom/documents/760/version/1 2007b:1-15.
112. Perrett DI, Heitanen JK, Oram MW, Benson PJ. Organization and functions of cells responsive to faces in the temporal cortex. Phil Trans Roy Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1992;335:31-8.
113. Perrett DI, May KA, Yoshikawa S. Facial shape and judgments of female attractiveness. Nature 1994;368:239-42.
114. Perrett DI, Rolls ET, Caan W. Visual neurons responsive to faces in the monkey temporal cortex. Exp Brain Res 1982;47:329-42.
115. Pessoa L, Kastner S, Ungerleider LG. Attentional control of the processing of neutral and emotional stimuli. Cognit Brain Res 2002;15:31-45.
116. Pitkanen A. Connectivity of the rat amygdaloid complex. In: Aggleton JP (editor). The Amygdala: A Functional Analysis. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2000.
117. Pinault D. The thalamic reticular nucleus: structure, function and concept. Brain Res Rev 2004;46(1):1-31.
118. Posner MI, Petersen SE. The attention system of the human brain. Annu Rev Neurosci 1990;13:25-42.
119. Puce A, Allison T, Asgari M, Gore JC, McCarthy G. Differential sensitivity of human visual cortex to faces, letterstrings, and textures: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. J Neurosci 1996;16:5205-15.
120. Reddy L, Wilken P, Koch C. Face-gender discrimination is possible in the near-absence of attention. J Vis 2004;4(2):106-17.
121. Robinson TE, Berridge KC. The neural basis of drug craving: an incentive-sensitization theory of addiction. Brain Res Rev 1993;18:247-91.
122. Rogers RD, Monsell S. Costs of a predictable switch between simple cognitive tasks. J Exp Psychol Gen 1995;124(2):207-31.
123. Rolls ET. Neurons in the cortex of the temporal lobe and in the amygdala of the monkey with responses selective for faces. Hum Neurobiol 1984;3:209-22.
124. Rolls ET. Connections, functions and dysfunctions of limbic structures, the prefrontal cortex, and hypothalamus. In: Swash M, Kennard C (editors). The Scientific Basis of Clinical Neurology. London: Churchill Livingstone, 1985.
125. Rolls ET. The processing of face information in the primate temporal lobe. In: Bruce V, Burton M, eds. Processing Images of Faces. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.; 1991.
126. Rolls ET. A theory of emotion and consciousness, and its application to understanding the neural basis of emotion. In: Gazzaniga MS (editor). The Cognitive Neurosciences. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1995.
127. Rolls ET. The Brain and Emotion. Oxford: University of Oxford Press; 1999.
128. Rolls ET, Treves A. Neural Networks and Brain Function. Oxford, UK.: Oxford University Press; 1998.
129. Roozendaal B, Sapolsky RM, McGaugh JL. Basolateral amygdala lesions block the disruptive effects of long-term adrenalectomy on spatial memory. Neuroscience 1998;84(2):453-65.
130. Rowe J, Stephan KE, Friston K, Frackowiak R, Lees A, Passingham R. Attention to action in Parkinson's disease: impaired effective connectivity among frontal cortical regions. Brain 2002a;125(Pt 2):276-89.
131. Rowe J, Friston K, Frackowiak R, Passingham R. Attention to action: specific modulation of corticocortical interactions in humans. NeuroImage 2002b;17(2):988-98.
132. Rosenzweig MR, Leiman AL. Physiological psychology. Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath and Company; 1982.
133. Rushworth MF, Hadland KA, Paus T, Sipila PK. Role of the human medial frontal cortex in task switching: a combined fMRI and TMS study. J Neurophysiol 2002;87(5):2577-92.
134. Russchen FT, Bakst I, Amaral DG, Price JL. The amygdalostiatal projections in the monkey. An anterograde tracing study. Brain Res 1985; 329:241-57.
135. Sander D, Grandjean D, Pourtois G, et al. Emotion and attention interactions in social cognition: brain regions involved in processing anger prosody. NeuroImage 2005;28(4):848-58.
136. Sansone S, Tiberghien G. Traitement de l'expression faciale et reconnaissance des visages: indépendance ou interdépendance? [facial expression processing and face recognition: indépendence or interdépendence?]. Psychologie Française 1994;39:327-44.
137. Sarter M, Givens B, Bruno JP. The cognitive neuroscience of sustained attention: where top-down meets bottom-up. Brain Res Rev 2001;35:146-60.
138. Scheibel ME, Scheibel AB. The organization of the nucleus reticularis thalami: a Golgi study. Brain Res 1966;1:43-62.
139. Scherer K. What are emotions and how can they be measured? Soc Sci Inform 2005;44(4):695-729.
140. Schweinberger SR, Burton AM, Kelly SW. Asymmetric relationship between identity and emotion perception: experiments with morphed faces. Percept Psychophys 1999;61:1102-15.
141. Schweinberger SR, Soukup GR. Asymmetric relationships among perceptions of facial identity, emotion, and facial speech. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 1998;24:1748-65.
142. Sergent J, Ohta S, MacDonald B, Zuck E. Segregated processing of facial identity and emotion in the human brain: a PET-scan study. In: Bruce V, Humphreys GW (editors). Object and Face Recognition. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1994.
143. Shin LM, Wright CI, Cannistraro PA, et al. A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex responses to overtly presented fearful faces in posttraumatic stress disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005;62(3):273-81.
144. Slater A, Von der Schulenburg C, Brown E, et al. Newborn infants prefer attractive faces. Infant Behav Dev 1998;21:345-54.
145. Slotnick SD, Schwarzbach J, Yantis S. Attentional inhibition of visual processing in human striate and extrastriate cortex. NeuroImage 2003;19(4):1602-11.
146. Small DM, Gitelman DR, Gregory MD, Nobre AC, Parrish TB, Mesulam MM. The posterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortex mediate the anticipatory allocation of spatial attention. NeuroImage 2003;18(3):633-41.
147. Smith GL, Large MM, Kavanagh DJ, et al. Further evidence for a deficit in switching attention in schizophrenia. J Abnorm Psychol 1998;107:390-8.
148. Somers DC, Dale AM, Seiffert AE, Tootell RB. Functional MRI reveals spatially specific attentional modulation in human primary visual cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 1999;96:1663-8.
149. Spiegler BJ, Mishkin M. Evidence for the sequential participation of inferior temporal cortex and amygdala in the acquisition of stimulus-reward associations. Behav Brain Res 1981;3:303-17.
150. Stormark KM, Hugdahl K. Peripheral cuing of covert spatial attention before and after emotional conditioning of the cue. Int J Neurosci 1996;86(3-4):225-40.
151. Swainson R, Cunnington R, Jackson GM, et al. Cognitive control mechanisms revealed by ERP and fMRI: evidence from repeated task-switching. J Cognit Neurosci 2003;15(6):785-99.
152. Sylvester CY, Wager TD, Lacey SC, et al. Switching attention and resolving interference: fMRI measures of executive functions. Neuropsychologia 2003;41(3):357-70.
153. Tabert MH, Borod JC, Tang CY, et al. Differential amygdala activation during emotional decision and recognition memory tasks using unpleasant words: an fMRI study. Neuropsychologia 2001;39(6):556-73.
154. Tootell RB, Reppas JB, Kwong KK, et al. Functional analysis of human MT and related visual cortical areas using magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurosci, 1995;15(4):3215-30.
155. Tootell RBH, Tsao D, Vanduffel W. Neuroimaging Weighs In: Humans Meet Macaques in "Primate" Visual Cortex. Journal Neurosci 2003;23(10):3981-9.
156. Treue S. Neural correlates of attention in primate visual cortex. Trends Neurosci 2001;24(5):295-300.
157. Treue S. Visual attention: the where, what, how and why of saliency. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2003;13(4):428-32.
158. Vandenberghe R, Duncan J, Dupont P, et al. Attention to one or two features in left or right visual field: a positron emission tomography study. J Neurosci 1997;17(10):3739-50.
159. Vandenberghe R, Dupont P, De Bruyn B, et al. The influence of stimulus location on the brain activation pattern in detection and orientation discrimination: a PET study of visual attention. Brain 1996;119:1263-76.
160. Vasterling JJ, Duke LM, Brailey K, Constans JI, Allain AN, Jr., Sutker PB. Attention, learning, and memory performances and intellectual resources in Vietnam veterans: PTSD and no disorder comparisons. Neuropsychology 2002;16(1):5-14.
161. Vimal RLP. Orientation tuning of the spatial-frequency-tuned mechanisms of the Red-Green channel. J Opt Soc Am A 1997;14:12622-2632; Errata, J Opt Soc Am A 15, 758.
162. Vimal RLP. Color-luminance interaction: data produced by oblique cross masking. J Opt Soc Am A 1998a;15:1756-66; Errata, J Opt Soc Am A 15, 2931.
163. Vimal RLP. Spatial-frequency tuning of sustained nonoriented units of the Red-Green channel. J Opt Soc Am A 1998b;15:1-15.
164. Vimal RLP. Spatial color contrast matching: broad-bandpass functions and the flattening effect. Vis Res 2000;40(23):3231-43.
165. Vimal RLP. Spatial frequency tuned mechanisms of the Red-Green channel estimated by oblique masking. J Opt Soc Am A 2002a;19(2):276-88.
166. Vimal RLP. Spatial frequency discrimination: a comparison of achromatic and chromatic conditions. Vis Res 2002b;42(5):599-611.
167. Vimal RLP. Proto-experiences and Subjective Experiences. In: Berrnroider G, Hameroff S, editors. Quantum Mind 2007; 2007 July 16-20; The University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria. Consciousness Research Abstracts: a service from the Journal of consciousness Studies; pages 110-111 (abstract number 111).
168. Vimal RLP. Proto-experiences and Subjective Experiences: Classical and Quantum Concepts. J Integrat Neurosci 2008;7(1):49-73.
169. Vimal RLP, Davia CJ. How Long is a Piece of Time? - Phenomenal Time and Quantum Coherence - Toward a Solution. Quantum Biosystems 2008;2:102-51. Available at http://www.quantumbionet.org/admin/files/QBS2%20102-151.pdf.
170. Vimal RLP, Pandey-Vimal M-UC. Ancient Historical Scripture and Color Vision. Color Research and Application [http://wwwgeocitiescom/das00m/ AncientHistScriptColVispdf] 2007;32(4):332-3.
171. Vuilleumier P. How brains beware: neural mechanisms of emotional attention. Trends Cognit Sci 2005;9(12):585-94.
172. Vuilleumier P, Armony JL, Driver J, Dolan RJ. Effects of attention and emotion on face processing in the human brain: an event-related fMRI study. Neuron 2001;30(3):829-41.
173. Vuilleumier P, Driver J. Modulation of visual processing by attention and emotion: windows on causal interactions between human brain regions. Phil Trans Roy Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2007;362(1481):837-55.
174. Wager TD, Jonides J, Reading S. Neuroimaging studies of shifting attention: a meta-analysis. NeuroImage 2004;22(4):1679-93.
175. Wandell BA. Computational neuroimaging of human visual cortex. Annu Rev Neurosci 1999;22:145-73.
176. Whitehead AN. Process and Reality. An Essay in Cosmology. New York-London: The Free Press. A division of Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc.-Collier Macmillan Publishers, 1929. Corrected edition [1978]
177. Wilson HR, McFarlane DK, Phillips GC. Spatial frequency tuning of orientation selective units estimated by oblique masking. Vision Research 1983;23(9):873-82.
178. Wojciulik E, Kanwisher N, Driver J. Covert visual attention modulates face-specific activity in the human fusiform gyrus: fMRI study. J Neurophysiol 1998;79:1574-8.
179. Wylie GR, Javitt DC, Foxe JJ. Task switching: a high-density electrical mapping study. NeuroImage 2003;20(4):2322-42.
180. Wyvell CL, Berridge KC. Intra-accumbens amphetamine increases the conditioned incentive salience of sucrose reward: enhancement of reward "wanting" without enhanced "liking" or response reinforcement. J Neurosci 2000;20:8122-30.
181. Yim CY, Mogenson GJ. Response of nucleus accumbens neurons to amygdala stimulation and its modification by dopamine. Brain Res 1982;239:401-15.
182. Yingling CD, Skinner JE. Gating of thalamic input to cerebral cortex by nucleus reticularis thalami. Attention, voluntary contraction and event-related potentials. Progr Clin Neurophysiol 1977;1:70-96.
183. Young AW. Face recognition impairments. Phil Trans Roy Soc London 1992;B335:47-54.
184. Young AW. Face and mind. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.
185. Young AW, Bruce V. Perceptual categories and the computation of grandmother. Eur J Cognit Psychol 1991;3:5-49.
186. Young AW, McWeeny KH, Hay DC, Ellis HD. Matching familiar and unfamiliar faces on identity and expression. Psychol Res 1986;48:63-8.