Central nervous adaptations following 1 wk of wrist and hand immobilization

Journal of Applied Physiology

Volumn 105, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 139-151

  Lundbye Jensen, Jesper ^a,b   Nielsen, Jens Bo ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN   (Denmark)

^b UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN   (Denmark)

Author keywords

Disuse; Motor control; Plasticity

Indexed keywords

ADAPTATION; ADULT; AMPLITUDE MODULATION; ARTICLE; BRAIN DEPTH STIMULATION; CAST REMOVAL; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; CONTROLLED STUDY; CONVALESCENCE; EVOKED MUSCLE RESPONSE; FEMALE; FLEXOR MUSCLE; HAND JOINT; HOFFMANN REFLEX; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; IMMOBILIZATION; MALE; MUSCLE CONTRACTION; NERVE CELL PLASTICITY; NORMAL HUMAN; PRESYNAPTIC INHIBITION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PYRAMIDAL TRACT; SENSORY NERVE; TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION; WRIST; ALGORITHM; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; BRAIN CORTEX; CYTOLOGY; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; ELECTROMYOGRAPHY; HAND; MOTONEURON; MUSCLE ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION; PHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE; SPINAL CORD; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS;

ADAPTATION, PHYSIOLOGICAL; ADULT; ALGORITHMS; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; CEREBRAL CORTEX; DATA INTERPRETATION, STATISTICAL; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; ELECTROMYOGRAPHY; EVOKED POTENTIALS, MOTOR; FEMALE; H-REFLEX; HAND; HUMANS; IMMOBILIZATION; ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION; MALE; MOTOR NEURONS; PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE; SPINAL CORD; TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION; WRIST;

EID: 50649098899     PISSN: 87507587     EISSN: 15221601     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00687.2007     Document Type: Article

References (98)

1. Adams GR, Hather BM, Dudley GA. Effect of short-term unweighting on human skeletal muscle strength and size. Aviat Space Environ Med 65: 1116-1121, 1994.
2. Anderson J, Almeida-Silveira MI, Perot C. Reflex and muscular adaptations in rat soleus muscle after hindlimb suspension. J Exp Biol 202: 2701-2707, 1999.
3. Baker MR, Baker SN. The effect of diazepam on motor cortical oscillations and corticomuscular coherence studied in man. J Physiol 546: 931-942, 2003.
4. Baker SN, Kilner JM, Pinches EM, Lemon RN. The role of synchrony and oscillations in the motor output. Exp Brain Res 128: 109-117, 1999.
5. Baker SN, Olivier E, Lemon RN. Coherent oscillations in monkey motor cortex and hand muscle EMG show task-dependent modulation. J Physiol 501: 225-241, 1997.
6. Berg HE, Dudley GA, Haggmark T, Ohlsen H, Tesch PA. Effects of lower limb unloading on skeletal muscle mass and function in humans. J Appl Physiol 70: 1882-1885, 1991.
7. Berg HE, Dudley GA, Hather B, Tesch PA. Work capacity and metabolic and morphologic characteristics of the human quadriceps muscle in response to unloading. Clin Physiol 13: 337-347, 1993.
8. Berg HE, Larsson L, Tesch PA. Lower limb skeletal muscle function after 6 wk of bed rest. J Appl Physiol 82: 182-188, 1997.
9. Berg HE, Tesch PA. Changes in muscle function in response to 10 days of lower limb unloading in humans. Acta Physiol Scand 157: 63-70, 1996.
10. Booth FW. Time course of muscular atrophy during immobilization of hindlimbs in rats. J Appl Physiol 43: 656-661, 1977.
11. Brown P, Salenius S, Rothwell JC, Hari R. Cortical correlate of the Piper rhythm in humans. J Neurophysiol 80: 2911-2917, 1998/12.
12. Buonomano DV, Merzenich MM. Cortical plasticity: from synapses to maps. Annu Rev Neurosci 21: 149-186, 1998.
13. Burke D. Spasticity as an adaptation to pyramidal tract injury. Adv Neurol 47: 401-423, 1988.
14. Capaday C, Stein RB. Amplitude modulation of the soleus H-reflex in the human during walking and standing. J Neurosci 6: 1308-1313, 1986.
15. Carroll TJ, Riek S, Carson RG. Reliability of the input-output properties of the cortico-spinal pathway obtained from transcranial magnetic and electrical stimulation. J Neurosci Methods 112: 193-202, 2001.
16. Carroll TJ, Riek S, Carson RG. The sites of neural adaptation induced by resistance training in humans. J Physiol 544: 641-652, 2002.
17. Clark BC, Fernhall B, Ploutz-Snyder LL. Adaptations in human neuromuscular function following prolonged unweighting. I. Skeletal muscle contractile properties and applied ischemia efficacy. J Appl Physiol 101: 256-263, 2006.
18. Clark BC, Manini TM, Bolanowski SJ, Ploutz-Snyder LL. Adaptations in human neuromuscular function following prolonged unweighting. II. Neurological properties and motor imagery efficacy. J Appl Physiol 101: 264-272, 2006.
19. Conway BA, Halliday DM, Farmer SF, Shahani U, Maas P, Weir AI, Rosenberg JR. Synchronization between motor cortex and spinal motoneuronal pool during the performance of a maintained motor task in man. J Physiol 489: 917-924, 1995.
20. Davies CT, Rutherford IC, Thomas DO. Electrically evoked contractions of the triceps surae during and following 21 days of voluntary leg immobilization. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 56: 306-312, 1987.
21. Deschenes MR, Giles JA, McCoy RW, Volek JS, Gomez AL, Kraemer WJ. Neural factors account for strength decrements observed after short-term muscle unloading. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 282: R578-R583, 2002.
22. Devanne H, Lavoie BA, Capaday C. Input-output properties and gain changes in the human corticospinal pathway. Exp Brain Res 114: 329-338, 1997.
23. Duchateau J, Hainaut K. Electrical and mechanical changes in immobilized human muscle. J Appl Physiol 62: 2168-2173, 1987.
24. Dudley GA, Duvoisin MR, Adams GR, Meyer RA, Belew AH, Buchanan P. Adaptations to unilateral lower limb suspension in humans. Aviat Space Environ Med 63: 678-683, 1992.
25. Enoka RM, Christou EA, Hunter SK, Kornatz KW, Semmler JG, Taylor AM, Tracy BL. Mechanisms that contribute to differences in motor performance between young and old adults. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 13: 1-12, 2003.
26. Facchini S, Romani M, Tinazzi M, Aglioti SM. Time-related changes of excitability of the human motor system contingent upon immobilisation of the ring and little fingers. Clin Neurophysiol 113: 367-375, 2002.
27. Farmer SF, Bremner FD, Halliday DM, Rosenberg JR, Stephens JA. The frequency content of common synaptic inputs to motoneurones studied during voluntary isometric contraction in man. J Physiol 470: 127-155, 1993.
28. Farmer SF, Harrison LM, Mayston MJ, Parekh A, James LM, Stephens JA. Abnormal cortex-muscle interactions in subjects with X-linked Kallmann's syndrome and mirror movements. Brain 127: 385-397, 2004.
29. Fischbach GD, Robbins N. Changes in contractile properties of disused soleus muscles. J Physiol 201: 305-320, 1969.
30. Fisher RJ, Galea MP, Brown P, Lemon RN. Digital nerve anaesthesia decreases EMG-EMG coherence in a human precision grip task. Exp Brain Res 145: 207-214, 2002.
31. Funase K, Imanaka K, Nishihira Y. Excitability of the soleus motoneuron pool revealed by the developmental slope of the H-reflex as reflex gain. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol 34: 477-489, 1994.
32. Garland H, Angel RW, Melen RD. A state variable averaging filter for electromyogram processing. Med Biol Eng 10: 559-560, 1972.
33. Gondin J, Guette M, Maffiuletti NA, Martin A. Neural activation of the triceps surae is impaired following 2 weeks of immobilization. Eur J Appl Physiol 93: 359-365, 2004.
34. Gruber M, Taube W, Gollhofer A, Beck S, Amtage F, Schubert M. Training-specific adaptations of H- and stretch reflexes in human soleus muscle. J Mot Behav 39: 68-78, 2007.
35. Halliday DM, Conway BA, Farmer SF, Rosenberg JR. Using electroencephalography to study functional coupling between cortical activity and electromyograms during voluntary contractions in humans. Neurosci Lett 241: 5-8, 1998.
36. Halliday DM, Rosenberg JR, Amjad AM, Breeze P, Conway BA, Farmer SF. A framework for the analysis of mixed time series/point process data - theory and application to the study of physiological tremor, single motor unit discharges and electromyograms. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 64: 237-278, 1995.
37. Hansen NL, Nielsen JB. The effect of transcranial magnetic stimulation and peripheral nerve stimulation on corticomuscular coherence in humans. J Physiol 561: 295-306, 2004.
38. Hansen S, Hansen NL, Christensen LO, Petersen NT, Nielsen JB. Coupling of antagonistic ankle muscles during co-contraction in humans. Exp Brain Res 146: 282-292, 2002.
39. Hather BM, Adams GR, Tesch PA, Dudley GA. Skeletal muscle responses to lower limb suspension in humans. J Appl Physiol 72: 1493-1498, 1992.
40. Hiersemenzel LP, Curt A, Dietz V. From spinal shock to spasticity: neuronal adaptations to a spinal cord injury. Neurology 54: 1574-1582, 2000.
41. Hikida RS, Gollnick PD, Dudley GA, Convertino VA, Buchanan P. Structural and metabolic characteristics of human skeletal muscle following 30 days of simulated microgravity. Aviat Space Environ Med 60: 664-670, 1989.
42. Hortobagyi T, Dempsey L, Fraser D, Zheng D, Hamilton G, Lambert J, Dohm L. Changes in muscle strength, muscle fibre size and myofibrillar gene expression after immobilization and retraining in humans. J Physiol 524: 293-304, 2000.
43. Hultborn H, Illert M, Nielsen J, Paul A, Ballegaard M, Wiese H. On the mechanism of the post-activation depression of the H-reflex in human subjects. Exp Brain Res 108: 450-462, 1996.
44. Hultborn H, Meunier S, Pierrot-Deseilligny E, Shindo M. Changes in presynaptic inhibition of Ia fibres at the onset of voluntary contraction in man. J Physiol 389: 757-772, 1987.
45. Jackson A, Spinks RL, Freeman TC, Wolpert DM, Lemon RN. Rhythm generation in monkey motor cortex explored using pyramidal tract stimulation. J Physiol 541: 685-699, 2002.
46. Jensen JL, Marstrand PC, Nielsen JB. Motor skill training and strength training are associated with different plastic changes in the central nervous system. J Appl Physiol 99: 1558-1568, 2005.
47. Kaneko F, Murakami T, Onari K, Kurumadani H, Kawaguchi K. Decreased cortical excitability during motor imagery after disuse of an upper limb in humans. Clin Neurophysiol 114: 2397-2403, 2003.
48. Kawakami Y, Akima H, Kubo K, Muraoka Y, Hasegawa H, Kouzaki M, Imai M, Suzuki Y, Gunji A, Kanehisa H, Fukunaga T. Changes in muscle size, architecture, and neural activation after 20 days of bed rest with and without resistance exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 84: 7-12, 2001.
49. Kilner JM, Baker SN, Salenius S, Jousmaki V, Hari R, Lemon RN. Task-dependent modulation of 15-30 Hz coherence between rectified EMGs from human hand and forearm muscles. J Physiol 516: 559-570, 1999.
50. Kilner JM, Fisher RJ, Lemon RN. Coupling of oscillatory activity between muscles is strikingly reduced in a deafferented subject compared with normal controls. J Neurophysiol 92: 790-796, 2004.
51. Kilner JM, Salenius S, Baker SN, Jackson A, Hari R, Lemon RN. Task-dependent modulations of cortical oscillatory activity in human subjects during a bimanual precision grip task. Neuroimage 18: 67-73, 2003.
52. Klimstra M, Zehr EP. A sigmoid function is the best fit for the ascending limb of the Hoffmann reflex recruitment curve. Exp Brain Res 186: 93-105, 2008.
53. Lance JW. The control of muscle tone, reflexes, and movement: Robert Wartenberg Lecture. Neurology 30: 1303-1313, 1980.
54. LeBlanc A, Gogia P, Schneider V, Krebs J, Schonfeld E, Evans H. Calf muscle area and strength changes after five weeks of horizontal bed rest. Am J Sports Med 16: 624-629, 1988.
55. Liepert J, Tegenthoff M, Malin JP. Changes of cortical motor area size during immobilization. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 97: 382-386, 1995.
56. Manabe T, Kaneko S, Kuno M. Disuse-induced enhancement of Ia synaptic transmission in spinal motoneurons of the rat. J Neurosci 9: 2455-2461, 1989.
57. Mayer RF, Burke RE, Toop J, Hodgson JA, Kanda K, Walmsley BW. The effect of long-term immobilization on the motor unit population of the cat medial gastrocnemius muscle. Neuroscience 6: 725-739, 1981.
58. Meunier S, Kwon J, Russmann H, Ravindran S, Mazzocchio R, Cohen L. Spinal use-dependent plasticity of synaptic transmission in humans after a single cycling session. J Physiol 579: 375-388, 2007.
59. Miles MP, Clarkson PM, Bean M, Ambach K, Mulroy J, Vincent K. Muscle function at the wrist following 9 d of immobilization and suspension. Med Sci Sports Exerc 26: 615-623, 1994.
60. Mima T, Steger J, Schulman AE, Gerloff C, Hallett M. Electroencephalographic measurement of motor cortex control of muscle activity in humans. Clin Neurophysiol 111: 326-337, 2000.
61. Nielsen J, Crone C, Hultborn H. H-reflexes are smaller in dancers from The Royal Danish Ballet than in well-trained athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 66: 116-121, 1993.
62. Nielsen J, Morita H, Baumgarten J, Petersen N, Christensen LO. On the comparability of H-reflexes and MEPs. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol Suppl 51: 93-101, 1999.
63. Nielsen JB, Crone C, Hultborn H. The spinal pathophysiology of spasticity - from a basic science point of view. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 189: 171-180, 2007.
64. Oldfield RC. The assessment and analysis of handedness: the Edinburgh inventory. Neuropsychologia 9: 97-113, 1971.
65. Parcell AC, Trappe SW, Godard MP, Williamson DL, Fink WJ, Costill DL. An upper arm model for simulated weightlessness. Acta Physiol Scand 169: 47-54, 2000.
66. Pascual-Leone A, Amedi A, Fregni F, Merabet LB. The plastic human brain cortex. Annu Rev Neurosci 28: 377-401, 2005.
67. Pascual-Leone A, Nguyet D, Cohen LG, Brasil-Neto JP, Cammarota A, Hallett M. Modulation of muscle responses evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation during the acquisition of new fine motor skills. J Neurophysiol 74: 1037-1045, 1995.
68. Pascual-Leone A, Tarazona F, Catala MD. Applications of transcranial magnetic stimulation in studies on motor learning. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol Suppl 51: 157-161, 1999.
69. Pascual-Leone A, Torres F. Plasticity of the sensorimotor cortex representation of the reading finger in Braille readers. Brain 116: 39-52, 1993.
70. Perez MA, Lundbye-Jensen J, Nielsen JB. Changes in corticospinal drive to spinal motoneurones following visuo-motor skill learning in humans. J Physiol 573: 843-855, 2006.
71. Perez MA, Lungholt BK, Nielsen JB. Presynaptic control of group Ia afferents in relation to acquisition of a visuo-motor skill in healthy humans. J Physiol 568: 343-354, 2005.
72. Perez MA, Lungholt BK, Nyborg K, Nielsen JB. Motor skill training induces changes in the excitability of the leg cortical area in healthy humans. Exp Brain Res 159: 197-205, 2004.
73. Pierrot-Deseilligny E, Mazevet D. The monosynaptic reflex: a tool to investigate motor control in humans. Interest and limits. Clin Neurophysiol: 67-80, 2000.
74. Ridding MC, Rothwell JC. Stimulus/response curves as a method of measuring motor cortical excitability in man. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 105: 340-344, 1997.
75. Riddle CN, Baker SN. Manipulation of peripheral neural feedback loops alters human corticomuscular coherence. J Physiol 566: 625-639, 2005.
76. Roberts DR, Ricci R, Funke FW, Ramsey P, Kelley W, Carroll JS, Ramsey D, Borckardt JJ, Johnson K, George MS. Lower limb immobilization is associated with increased corticospinal excitability. Exp Brain Res 2007.
77. Robinson GA, Enoka RM, Stuart DG. Immobilization-induced changes in motor unit force and fatigability in the cat. Muscle Nerve 14: 563-573, 1991.
78. Rosenberg JR, Amjad AM, Breeze P, Brillinger DR, Halliday DM. The Fourier approach to the identification of functional coupling between neuronal spike trains. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 53: 1-31, 1989.
79. Rossini PM, Barker AT, Berardelli A, Caramia MD, Caruso G, Cracco RQ, Dimitrijevic MR, Hallett M, Katayama Y, Lucking CH. Non-invasive electrical and magnetic stimulation of the brain, spinal cord and roots: basic principles and procedures for routine clinical application. Report of an IFCN committee. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 91: 79-92, 1994.
80. Salenius S, Hari R. Synchronous cortical oscillatory activity during motor action. Curr Opin Neurobiol 13: 678-684, 2003.
81. Salenius S, Portin K, Kajola M, Salmelin R, Hari R. Cortical control of human motoneuron firing during isometric contraction. J Neurophysiol 77: 3401-3405, 1997.
82. Seki K, Kizuka T, Yamada H. Reduction in maximal firing rate of motoneurons after 1-week immobilization of finger muscle in human subjects. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 17: 113-120, 2007.
83. Seki K, Taniguchi Y, Narusawa M. Alterations in contractile properties of human skeletal muscle induced by joint immobilization. J Physiol 530: 521-532, 2001.
84. Shinohara M, Moritz CT, Pascoe MA, Enoka RM. Prolonged muscle vibration increases stretch reflex amplitude, motor unit discharge rate, and force fluctuations in a hand muscle. J Appl Physiol 99: 1835-1842, 2005.
85. Shinohara M, Yoshitake Y, Kouzaki M, Fukuoka H, Fukunaga T. Strength training counteracts motor performance losses during bed rest. J Appl Physiol 95: 1485-1492, 2003.
86. Tabary JC, Tabary C, Tardieu C, Tardieu G, Goldspink G. Physiological and structural changes in the cat's soleus muscle due to immobilization at different lengths by plaster casts. J Physiol 224: 231-244, 1972.
87. Thom JM, Thompson MW, Ruell PA, Bryant GJ, Fonda JS, Harmer AR, De JX, Hunter SK. Effect of 10-day cast immobilization on sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium regulation in humans. Acta Physiol Scand 172: 141-147, 2001.
88. Tomanek RJ, Lund DD. Degeneration of different types of skeletal muscle fibres. II. Immobilization. J Anat 118: 531-541, 1974.
89. Trimble MH, Koceja DM. Effect of a reduced base of support in standing and balance training on the soleus H-reflex. Int J Neurosci 106: 1-20, 2001.
90. Veldhuizen JW, Verstappen FT, Vroemen JP, Kuipers H, Greep JM. Functional and morphological adaptations following four weeks of knee immobilization. Int J Sports Med 14: 283-287, 1993.
91. White MJ, Davies CT. The effects of immobilization, after lower leg fracture, on the contractile properties of human triceps surae. Clin Sci (Lond) 66: 277-282, 1984.
92. Wolpaw JR. Spinal cord plasticity in acquisition and maintenance of motor skills. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 189: 155-169, 2007.
93. Yamanaka K, Yamamoto S, Nakazawa K, Yano H, Suzuki Y, Fukunaga T. The effects of long-term bed rest on H-reflex and motor evoked potential in the human soleus muscle during standing. Neurosci Lett 266: 101-104, 1999.
94. Yoshitake Y, Kouzaki M, Fukuoka H, Fukunaga T, Shinohara M. Modulation of muscle activity and force fluctuations in the plantarflexors after bedrest depends on knee position. Muscle Nerve 35: 745-755, 2007.
95. Yue GH, Bilodeau M, Hardy PA, Enoka RM. Task-dependent effect of limb immobilization on the fatigability of the elbow flexor muscles in humans. Exp Physiol 82: 567-592, 1997.
96. Zanette G, Manganotti P, Fiaschi A, Tamburin S. Modulation of motor cortex excitability after upper limb immobilization. Clin Neurophysiol 115: 1264-1275, 2004.
97. Zanette G, Tinazzi M, Bonato C, di Summa A, Manganotti P, Polo A, Fiaschi A. Reversible changes of motor cortical outputs following immobilization of the upper limb. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 105: 269-279, 1997.
98. Zehr PE. Considerations for use of the Hoffmann reflex in exercise studies. Eur J Appl Physiol 86: 455-468, 2002.