메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 19, Issue 8, 2008, Pages 1397-1415

Emerging issues and challenges in global staffing: A North American perspective

Author keywords

Global staffing; Receptivity to international careers; Staffing trends in North America

Indexed keywords


EID: 50349096381     PISSN: 09585192     EISSN: 14664399     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09585190802200157     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (39)

References (76)
  • 4
    • 2842573597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship Between the Big Five Personality Factors and Conflict Management Styles
    • Antonioni, D. (1998) Relationship Between the Big Five Personality Factors and Conflict Management Styles. International Journal of Conflict Management, 9, pp. 336-355.
    • (1998) International Journal of Conflict Management , vol.9 , pp. 336-355
    • Antonioni, D.1
  • 5
    • 85017206264 scopus 로고
    • The Big Five Personality Dimensions and Job Performance: A Meta-analysis
    • Barrick, M. and Mount, M. (1991) The Big Five Personality Dimensions and Job Performance: A Meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology, 44, pp. 1-26.
    • (1991) Personnel Psychology , vol.44 , pp. 1-26
    • Barrick, M.1    Mount, M.2
  • 6
    • 33645420241 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Longitudinal Study of the Moderating Role of Extraversion: Leader-member Exchange, Performance, and Turnover During New Executive Development
    • Bauer, T., Erdogan, B., Liden, R. and Wayne, S. (2006) A Longitudinal Study of the Moderating Role of Extraversion: Leader-member Exchange, Performance, and Turnover During New Executive Development. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, pp. 298-310.
    • (2006) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.91 , pp. 298-310
    • Bauer, T.1    Erdogan, B.2    Liden, R.3    Wayne, S.4
  • 11
    • 0002991180 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing Expatriate Success: Beyond Just Being There
    • JAI Press, Greenwich, CT
    • Caligiuri, P. (1997) Assessing Expatriate Success: Beyond Just Being There. New Approaches to Employee Management, pp. 117-140. JAI Press, Greenwich, CT
    • (1997) New Approaches to Employee Management , pp. 117-140
    • Caligiuri, P.1
  • 12
    • 0034346206 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Big Five Personality Characteristics as Predictors of Expatriate Success
    • Caligiuri, P. (2000) The Big Five Personality Characteristics as Predictors of Expatriate Success. Personnel Psychology, 53, pp. 67-88.
    • (2000) Personnel Psychology , vol.53 , pp. 67-88
    • Caligiuri, P.1
  • 13
    • 0002696935 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selecting Expatriates for Personality Characteristics: A Moderating Effect of Personality on the Relationship between Host National Contact and Cross-cultural Adjustment
    • Caligiuri, P. (2000) Selecting Expatriates for Personality Characteristics: A Moderating Effect of Personality on the Relationship between Host National Contact and Cross-cultural Adjustment. Management International Review, 40, pp. 61-80.
    • (2000) Management International Review , vol.40 , pp. 61-80
    • Caligiuri, P.1
  • 14
    • 84891030952 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • International Assignee Selection and Cross-cultural Training and Development
    • Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham
    • Caligiuri, P. and Tarique, I. (2006) International Assignee Selection and Cross-cultural Training and Development. Handbook of Research in International Human Resource Management, pp. 302-322. Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham
    • (2006) Handbook of Research in International Human Resource Management , pp. 302-322
    • Caligiuri, P.1    Tarique, I.2
  • 15
    • 0035373515 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bundling Human Capital with Organizational Context: The Impact of International Assignment Experience on Multinational Firm Performance and CEO Pay
    • Carpenter, M., Sanders, W. and Gregersen, H. (2001) Bundling Human Capital with Organizational Context: The Impact of International Assignment Experience on Multinational Firm Performance and CEO Pay. Academy of Management Journal, 44, pp. 493-512.
    • (2001) Academy of Management Journal , vol.44 , pp. 493-512
    • Carpenter, M.1    Sanders, W.2    Gregersen, H.3
  • 17
    • 42049087195 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Composing the Top Management Team in the International Subsidiary: Qualitative Evidence on International Staffing in U.S. MNCs in the Republic of Ireland
    • Collings, D., Morley, M. and Gunnigle, P. (2007) Composing the Top Management Team in the International Subsidiary: Qualitative Evidence on International Staffing in U.S. MNCs in the Republic of Ireland. Journal World Business, 43:2, pp. 197-212.
    • (2007) Journal World Business , vol.43 , Issue.2 , pp. 197-212
    • Collings, D.1    Morley, M.2    Gunnigle, P.3
  • 18
    • 34147208213 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changing Patterns of Global Staffing in the Multinational Enterprise: Challenges to the Conventional Expatriate Assignment and Emerging Alternatives
    • Collings, D., Scullion, H. and Morley, M. (2007) Changing Patterns of Global Staffing in the Multinational Enterprise: Challenges to the Conventional Expatriate Assignment and Emerging Alternatives. Journal of World Business, 42, pp. 198-213.
    • (2007) Journal of World Business , vol.42 , pp. 198-213
    • Collings, D.1    Scullion, H.2    Morley, M.3
  • 19
    • 11944254274 scopus 로고
    • Personality Structure: Emergence of the Five-factor Model
    • Digman, J. (1990) Personality Structure: Emergence of the Five-factor Model. Annual Review of Psychology, 41, pp. 417-440.
    • (1990) Annual Review of Psychology , vol.41 , pp. 417-440
    • Digman, J.1
  • 20
    • 14544306716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Redefining Interactions Across Cultures and Organizations: Moving Forward with Cultural Intelligence
    • Earley, P. (2002) Redefining Interactions Across Cultures and Organizations: Moving Forward with Cultural Intelligence. Research in Organizational Behavior, 24, pp. 271-299.
    • (2002) Research in Organizational Behavior , vol.24 , pp. 271-299
    • Earley, P.1
  • 23
    • 34447644268 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Institutional Environments, Staffing Strategies, and Subsidiary Performance
    • Gaur, A., Delios, A. and Singh, K. (2007) Institutional Environments, Staffing Strategies, and Subsidiary Performance. Journal of Management, 33, pp. 611-639.
    • (2007) Journal of Management , vol.33 , pp. 611-639
    • Gaur, A.1    Delios, A.2    Singh, K.3
  • 24
    • 85055300553 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expatriate Managers in International Joint Ventures
    • Geng, L. (2003) Expatriate Managers in International Joint Ventures. Journal of International and Area Studies, 10, pp. 63-77.
    • (2003) Journal of International and Area Studies , vol.10 , pp. 63-77
    • Geng, L.1
  • 25
    • 58149208119 scopus 로고
    • Development of Markers for the Big Five Factor Structure
    • Goldberg, L. (1992) Development of Markers for the Big Five Factor Structure. Psychological Assessment, 4, pp. 26-42.
    • (1992) Psychological Assessment , vol.4 , pp. 26-42
    • Goldberg, L.1
  • 27
    • 0742286719 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Subsidiary Staffing in Multinational Enterprises: Agency, Resources and Performance
    • Gong, Y. (2003) Subsidiary Staffing in Multinational Enterprises: Agency, Resources and Performance. Academy of Management Journal, 46, pp. 728-740.
    • (2003) Academy of Management Journal , vol.46 , pp. 728-740
    • Gong, Y.1
  • 28
    • 0041034158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Who's in Charge? An Empirical Study of Executive Staffing Practices in Foreign Subsidiaries
    • Harzing, A-W. (2001) Who's in Charge? An Empirical Study of Executive Staffing Practices in Foreign Subsidiaries. Human Resource Management, 40, pp. 139-158.
    • (2001) Human Resource Management , vol.40 , pp. 139-158
    • Harzing, A.-W.1
  • 29
    • 84986170621 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An Analysis of the Functions of International Transfers of Managers in MNCs
    • Harzing, A-W. (2001) An Analysis of the Functions of International Transfers of Managers in MNCs. Employee Relations, 23, pp. 581-598.
    • (2001) Employee Relations , vol.23 , pp. 581-598
    • Harzing, A.-W.1
  • 30
    • 0142027888 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are Our Referencing Errors Undermining Our Scholarship and Credibility?: The Case of Expatriate Failure Rates
    • Harzing, A-W. (2002) Are Our Referencing Errors Undermining Our Scholarship and Credibility?: The Case of Expatriate Failure Rates. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23, pp. 45-78.
    • (2002) Journal of Organizational Behavior , vol.23 , pp. 45-78
    • Harzing, A.-W.1
  • 31
    • 0030102750 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Relationship Between Cross-cultural Adjustment and the Personality Variables of Self-efficacy and Self-monitoring
    • Harrison, J., Chadwick, M. and Scales, M. (1996) The Relationship Between Cross-cultural Adjustment and the Personality Variables of Self-efficacy and Self-monitoring. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 20, pp. 167-188.
    • (1996) International Journal of Intercultural Relations , vol.20 , pp. 167-188
    • Harrison, J.1    Chadwick, M.2    Scales, M.3
  • 32
    • 0036929249 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dispositional Influences on Transfer of Learning in Multistate Training Programs
    • Herold, D., Davis, W., Fedor, D. and Parsons, C. (2002) Dispositional Influences on Transfer of Learning in Multistate Training Programs. Personnel Psychology, 55, pp. 851-870.
    • (2002) Personnel Psychology , vol.55 , pp. 851-870
    • Herold, D.1    Davis, W.2    Fedor, D.3    Parsons, C.4
  • 33
    • 0041921237 scopus 로고
    • What do Male/Female Perceptions of an International Business Career Suggest about Recruitment Policies?
    • Hill, C. J. and Tillery, K. R. (1992) What do Male/Female Perceptions of an International Business Career Suggest about Recruitment Policies?. SAM Advanced Management Journal, pp. 10-14.
    • (1992) SAM Advanced Management Journal , pp. 10-14
    • Hill, C.J.1    Tillery, K.R.2
  • 34
    • 27744538392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Relationship between Expatriates Personality Traits and their Adjustment to International Assignments
    • Huang, T., Chi, S. and Lawler, J. (2005) The Relationship between Expatriates Personality Traits and their Adjustment to International Assignments. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 16, pp. 1656-1670.
    • (2005) International Journal of Human Resource Management , vol.16 , pp. 1656-1670
    • Huang, T.1    Chi, S.2    Lawler, J.3
  • 35
    • 0141873407 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Divergence or Convergence: A Cross National Comparison of Personnel Selection Practices
    • Huo, P., Huang, H. and Napier, N. (2002) Divergence or Convergence: A Cross National Comparison of Personnel Selection Practices. Human Resource Management, 4, pp. 31-44.
    • (2002) Human Resource Management , vol.4 , pp. 31-44
    • Huo, P.1    Huang, H.2    Napier, N.3
  • 36
    • 0033239201 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Big Five Personality Traits, General Mental Ability, and Career Success Across the Life Span
    • Judge, T., Higgins, C., Thoresen, C. and Barrick, M. (1999) The Big Five Personality Traits, General Mental Ability, and Career Success Across the Life Span. Personnel Psychology, 52, pp. 621-652.
    • (1999) Personnel Psychology , vol.52 , pp. 621-652
    • Judge, T.1    Higgins, C.2    Thoresen, C.3    Barrick, M.4
  • 38
    • 0030102611 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Person-organization Fit: An Integrative Review of its Conceptualizations, Measurement and Implications
    • Kristoff, A. L. (1996) Person-organization Fit: An Integrative Review of its Conceptualizations, Measurement and Implications. Personnel Psychology, 49, pp. 1-49.
    • (1996) Personnel Psychology , vol.49 , pp. 1-49
    • Kristoff, A.L.1
  • 39
    • 43949159942 scopus 로고
    • Toward a Unifying Social Cognitive Theory of Career and Academic Interest, Choice, and Performance
    • Lent, R. W., Browns, S. D. and Hackett, G. (1994) Toward a Unifying Social Cognitive Theory of Career and Academic Interest, Choice, and Performance. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 45, pp. 79-122.
    • (1994) Journal of Vocational Behavior , vol.45 , pp. 79-122
    • Lent, R.W.1    Browns, S.D.2    Hackett, G.3
  • 40
    • 34248182754 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What We Talk About When We Talk About "Global Mindset": Managerial Cognition in Multinational Corporations
    • Levy, O., Beechler, S., Taylor, S. and Boyacigiller, N. (2007) What We Talk About When We Talk About "Global Mindset": Managerial Cognition in Multinational Corporations. Journal of International Business Studies, 38, pp. 231-258.
    • (2007) Journal of International Business Studies , vol.38 , pp. 231-258
    • Levy, O.1    Beechler, S.2    Taylor, S.3    Boyacigiller, N.4
  • 41
    • 0037780820 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predicting Cross-cultural Training Performance: The Validity of Personality, Cognitive Ability, and Dimensions Measured by an Assessment Center and a Behavior Description Interview
    • Lievens, F., Harris, M., Van Keer, E. and Bisqueret, C. (2003) Predicting Cross-cultural Training Performance: The Validity of Personality, Cognitive Ability, and Dimensions Measured by an Assessment Center and a Behavior Description Interview. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, pp. 476-490.
    • (2003) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.88 , pp. 476-490
    • Lievens, F.1    Harris, M.2    Van Keer, E.3    Bisqueret, C.4
  • 45
    • 36749100669 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Globally Mobile Children: The Sense of Belonging
    • Nette, J. and Hayden, M. (2007) Globally Mobile Children: The Sense of Belonging. Educational Studies, 33, pp. 435-444.
    • (2007) Educational Studies , vol.33 , pp. 435-444
    • Nette, J.1    Hayden, M.2
  • 46
    • 0033459791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relative Importance of Personality Dimensions for Expatriate Selection: A Policy Capturing Study
    • Ones, D. and Viswesvaran, C. (1999) Relative Importance of Personality Dimensions for Expatriate Selection: A Policy Capturing Study. Human Performance, 12, pp. 275-294.
    • (1999) Human Performance , vol.12 , pp. 275-294
    • Ones, D.1    Viswesvaran, C.2
  • 48
    • 85047694355 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Big Five Factors of Personality and Replicated Predictions of Behavior
    • Paunonen, S. (2003) Big Five Factors of Personality and Replicated Predictions of Behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, pp. 411-424.
    • (2003) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.84 , pp. 411-424
    • Paunonen, S.1
  • 49
    • 84986131928 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Strategic Staffing of International Joint Ventures (IJVs): An Integrative Perspective for Future Research
    • Petrovic, J. and Kakabadse, N. (2003) Strategic Staffing of International Joint Ventures (IJVs): An Integrative Perspective for Future Research. Management Decision, 41:1, pp. 394-406.
    • (2003) Management Decision , vol.41 , Issue.1 , pp. 394-406
    • Petrovic, J.1    Kakabadse, N.2
  • 50
    • 0141907688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Common Method Biases in Behavioral Research: A Critical Review of the Literature and Recommended remedies
    • Podsakoff, P., MacKenzie, S., Lee, J. and Podsakoff, N. (2003) Common Method Biases in Behavioral Research: A Critical Review of the Literature and Recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, pp. 879-903.
    • (2003) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.88 , pp. 879-903
    • Podsakoff, P.1    MacKenzie, S.2    Lee, J.3    Podsakoff, N.4
  • 51
    • 0002496009 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Strategic Employment of Third Country Nationals
    • Reynolds, C. (1997) Strategic Employment of Third Country Nationals. Human Resource Planning, 20, pp. 33-43.
    • (1997) Human Resource Planning , vol.20 , pp. 33-43
    • Reynolds, C.1
  • 53
    • 0031068718 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Five Factor Model of Personality and Job Performance in the European Community
    • Salgado, J. (1997) The Five Factor Model of Personality and Job Performance in the European Community. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, pp. 30-43.
    • (1997) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.82 , pp. 30-43
    • Salgado, J.1
  • 54
    • 0028726219 scopus 로고
    • Mini-markers: A Brief Version of Goldberg's Unipolar Big-Five Markers
    • Saucier, G. (1994) Mini-markers: A Brief Version of Goldberg's Unipolar Big-Five Markers. Journal of Personality Assessment, 63, pp. 506-516.
    • (1994) Journal of Personality Assessment , vol.63 , pp. 506-516
    • Saucier, G.1
  • 57
    • 30844442796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Quarter-century Review of Human Resource Management in the US. The Growth in Importance of the International Perspective
    • Schuler, R. and Jackson, S. (2005) A Quarter-century Review of Human Resource Management in the US. The Growth in Importance of the International Perspective. Management Revue, 16, pp. 11-35.
    • (2005) Management Revue , vol.16 , pp. 11-35
    • Schuler, R.1    Jackson, S.2
  • 58
    • 84891011920 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • International Joint Venture System Complexity and Human Resource Management
    • Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham
    • Schuler, R. and Tarique, I. (2006) International Joint Venture System Complexity and Human Resource Management. Handbook of Research in IHRM, pp. 385-406. Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham
    • (2006) Handbook of Research in IHRM , pp. 385-406
    • Schuler, R.1    Tarique, I.2
  • 59
    • 34249653529 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • International Human Resource Management: A North American Perspective, a Thematic update and Suggestions for Future Research
    • Schuler, R. and Tarique, I. (2007) International Human Resource Management: A North American Perspective, a Thematic update and Suggestions for Future Research. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 18, pp. 717-744.
    • (2007) International Journal of Human Resource Management , vol.18 , pp. 717-744
    • Schuler, R.1    Tarique, I.2
  • 60
    • 0035624561 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Management of Expatriates: Messages from Europe
    • Scullion, H. and Brewster, C. (2001) The Management of Expatriates: Messages from Europe. Journal of World Business, 36, pp. 78-93.
    • (2001) Journal of World Business , vol.36 , pp. 78-93
    • Scullion, H.1    Brewster, C.2
  • 62
    • 35649010417 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • International Human Resource Management in the 21st Century: Emerging Themes and Contemporary Debates
    • Scullion, H., Collings, D. and Gunnigle, P. (2007) International Human Resource Management in the 21st Century: Emerging Themes and Contemporary Debates. Human Resource Management Journal, 17, pp. 309-319.
    • (2007) Human Resource Management Journal , vol.17 , pp. 309-319
    • Scullion, H.1    Collings, D.2    Gunnigle, P.3
  • 63
    • 3042857716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Third-culture Kids": Future Business Expatriates?
    • Selmer, J. and Lam, H. (2004) "Third-culture Kids": Future Business Expatriates?. Personnel Review, 33, pp. 430-446.
    • (2004) Personnel Review , vol.33 , pp. 430-446
    • Selmer, J.1    Lam, H.2
  • 64
    • 0032017849 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expatriates' Psychological Withdrawal from International Assignments: Work, Non-work, and Family Influences
    • Shaffer, M. and Harrison, D. (1998) Expatriates' Psychological Withdrawal from International Assignments: Work, Non-work, and Family Influences. Personnel Psychology, 51, pp. 87-118.
    • (1998) Personnel Psychology , vol.51 , pp. 87-118
    • Shaffer, M.1    Harrison, D.2
  • 67
    • 34249677796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Globalizing HRM: The Growing Revolution in Managing Employees Internationally
    • Elsevier, London
    • Sparrow, P. and Brewster, C. (2006) Globalizing HRM: The Growing Revolution in Managing Employees Internationally. The Human Resources Revolution: Research and Practice, pp. 99-122. Elsevier, London
    • (2006) The Human Resources Revolution: Research and Practice , pp. 99-122
    • Sparrow, P.1    Brewster, C.2
  • 68
    • 50349086640 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of International Experiences in the Development of Cultural Intelligence
    • ICFAI University Press, Hyderabad, India
    • Takeuchi, R., Tesluk, P. E. and Marinova, S. V. (2006) Role of International Experiences in the Development of Cultural Intelligence. Cultural Intelligence: An Introduction, pp. 56-91. ICFAI University Press, Hyderabad, India
    • (2006) Cultural Intelligence: An Introduction , pp. 56-91
    • Takeuchi, R.1    Tesluk, P.E.2    Marinova, S.V.3
  • 70
    • 50349099185 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • International Executive Development: The Influence of International Development Activities, Personality, and Early International Experience on Success in Global Work Activities
    • Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
    • Tarique, I. (2005) International Executive Development: The Influence of International Development Activities, Personality, and Early International Experience on Success in Global Work Activities. Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
    • (2005)
    • Tarique, I.1
  • 71
    • 84920682934 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Staffing and Developing the Multinational Workforce
    • Routledge, London
    • Tarique, I. and Schuler, R. (2007) Staffing and Developing the Multinational Workforce. Managing Human Resources in North America, pp. 11-25. Routledge, London
    • (2007) Managing Human Resources in North America , pp. 11-25
    • Tarique, I.1    Schuler, R.2
  • 73
    • 2942512117 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Receptivity to Careers in International Work - Abroad and at Home
    • Tharenou, P. (2002) Receptivity to Careers in International Work - Abroad and at Home. Australian Journal of Management, 27, pp. 129-136.
    • (2002) Australian Journal of Management , vol.27 , pp. 129-136
    • Tharenou, P.1
  • 74
    • 2942557373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Initial Development of Receptivity to Working Abroad: Self-initiated International Work Opportunities in Young Graduate Employees
    • Tharenou, P. (2003) The Initial Development of Receptivity to Working Abroad: Self-initiated International Work Opportunities in Young Graduate Employees. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 76, pp. 489-515.
    • (2003) Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology , vol.76 , pp. 489-515
    • Tharenou, P.1
  • 75
    • 84986065096 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Attitudes Toward International Careers Among Male and Female Canadian Business Students after 9/11
    • Wang, B. and Bu, N. (2004) Attitudes Toward International Careers Among Male and Female Canadian Business Students after 9/11. Career Development International, 9, pp. 647-672.
    • (2004) Career Development International , vol.9 , pp. 647-672
    • Wang, B.1    Bu, N.2
  • 76
    • 19944399160 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Study on Staff Management Practice of Multinational Company Affiliates in China
    • Zhou, Y., Lei, L. and Jiang, B. (2005) Study on Staff Management Practice of Multinational Company Affiliates in China. Management Decision, 43, pp. 516-522.
    • (2005) Management Decision , vol.43 , pp. 516-522
    • Zhou, Y.1    Lei, L.2    Jiang, B.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.