Pregnancy-associated liver disorders (Digestive Diseases and Sciences DOI: 10.1007/s10620-007-0167-9);Pregnancy-associated liver disorders

Digestive Diseases and Sciences

Volumn 53, Issue 9, 2008, Pages 2334-2358

  Hepburn, Iryna S ^a  

^a MEDICAL COLLEGE OF GEORGIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Acute fatty liver of pregnancy; HELLP syndrome; Hyperemesis gravidarum; Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy; Liver disease; Pregnancy

Indexed keywords

APOPTOSIS INHIBITOR; BETAMETHASONE; CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN BETA SUBUNIT; COLESTYRAMINE; DEXAMETHASONE; ESTRADIOL; HYDROCORTISONE; HYDROXYZINE; INFUSION FLUID; LEPTIN; LEVOMEPROMAZINE; LY 498919; MAGNESIUM SULFATE; METHYLPREDNISOLONE; METOCLOPRAMIDE; MIRTAZAPINE; ONDANSETRON; ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENT; PROCHLORPERAZINE; PROCHLORPERAZINE MALEATE; PROGESTERONE; PROLACTIN; PROMETHAZINE; PYRIDOXINE; S ADENOSYLMETHIONINE; THIAMINE; URSODEOXYCHOLIC ACID;

ABSENCE OF SIDE EFFECTS; ACUPRESSURE; ACUPUNCTURE; AMINOTRANSFERASE BLOOD LEVEL; ANAPHYLAXIS; BONE MARROW SUPPRESSION; BRONCHOSPASM; CHOLECYSTECTOMY; CLINICAL FEATURE; CONGENITAL MALFORMATION; CONSTIPATION; DEPRESSION; DIARRHEA; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE COURSE; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG MECHANISM; EUPHORIA; EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYMPTOM; FATIGUE; FATTY LIVER; FETUS OUTCOME; FLUID RETENTION; HEADACHE; HEALING IMPAIRMENT; HEART ARREST; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HELLP SYNDROME; HUMAN; HYPEREMESIS GRAVIDARUM; HYPERTHYROIDISM; HYPOTENSION; IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE; INCREASED APPETITE; INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS; INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE; JAUNDICE; LABORATORY TEST; LIVER BIOPSY; LIVER METABOLISM; NAUSEA AND VOMITING; NOSE FEEDING; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OSTEOPOROSIS; PARESTHESIA; PATHOGENESIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PEPTIC ULCER; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; PLASMAPHERESIS; PREECLAMPSIA; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY TOXEMIA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PRURITUS; RECOMMENDED DRUG DOSE; RESPIRATION DEPRESSION; RESTLESSNESS; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SEDATION; SEIZURE; SIDE EFFECT; SKIN ATROPHY; THYROID DISEASE; TOTAL PARENTERAL NUTRITION; TREMOR; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; URINE INCONTINENCE; URINE RETENTION; VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION;

EID: 50249156868     PISSN: 01632116     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10620-008-0251-9     Document Type: Erratum

References (184)

1. BM Sibai MK Ramadan RS Chari SA Friedman 1995 Pregnancies complicated by HELLP syndrome (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets): subsequent pregnancy outcome and long-term prognosis Am J Obstet Gynecol 172 125 129
2. BM Sibai MK Ramadan I Usta M Salama BM Mercer SA Friedman 1993 Maternal morbidity and mortality in 442 pregnancies with hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets (HELLP syndrome) Am J Obstet Gynecol 169 1000 1006
3. Riely CA (1996) Liver disease of pregnancy. In: Karlovitz N (ed) Liver and biliary diseases, 2nd edn. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA, pp 483-495
4. CA Sullivan EF Magann KG Perry Jr WE Roberts PG Blake JN Martin Jr 1994 The recurrence risk of the syndrome of hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets (HELLP) in subsequent gestations Am J Obstet Gynecol 171 940 943
5. VanDyke RW (2003) The liver in pregnancy. In: Zakim D, Boyer T (eds) Hepatology: a text book of liver disease, 4th edn. W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, PA, pp 1591-1598
6. K Harish R Nitha R Harikumar K Sunil Kumar T Varghese NS Sreedevi K Bushrath K Sandesh J Tony 2005 Prospective evaluation of abnormal liver function tests in pregnancy Trop Gastroenterol 26 188 193
7. H Reyes L Sandoval A Wainstein J Ribalta S Donoso G Smok H Rosenberg M Meneses 1994 Acute fatty liver of pregnancy: a clinical study of 12 episodes in 11 patients Gut 35 101 106
8. JL Wolf JL Wolf 1996 Liver disease in pregnancy Med Clin North Am 80 1167 1187
9. Y Bacq O Zarka JF Brechot N Mariotte S Vol J Tichet J Weill 1996 Liver function tests in normal pregnancy: a prospective study of 103 pregnant women and 103 matched controls Hepatology 23 1030 1034
10. JM Potter PJ Nestel 1979 The hyperlipidemia of pregnancy in normal and complicated pregnancies Am J Obstet Gynecol 133 165 170
11. GT Everson 1992 Gastrointestinal motility in pregnancy Gastroenterol Clin North Am 21 751 776
12. CL Ch'ng M Morgan I Hainsworth JG Kingham 2002 Prospective study of liver dysfunction in pregnancy in Southwest Wales Gut 51 876 880
13. GT Everson 1998 Liver problems in pregnancy: part 2-managing pre-existing and pregnancy-induced liver disease Medscape Womens Health 3 2
14. B Kallen 1987 Hyperemesis during pregnancy and delivery outcome: a registry study Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 26 291 302
15. PC Tan R Jacob KF Quek SZ Omar 2006 The fetal sex ratio and metabolic, biochemical, haematological and clinical indicators of severity of hyperemesis gravidarum BJOG 113 733 737
16. AH Abdel-Hadi BM Rodriguez-Lafora GA Cantarero 2004 Wernicke's encephalopathy as a complication of hyperemesis gravidarum An Med Interna 21 46 47
17. G Chiossi I Neri M Cavazzuti G Basso F Facchinetti 2006 Hyperemesis gravidarum complicated by Wernicke encephalopathy: background, case report, and review of the literature Obstet Gynecol Surv 61 255 268
18. C Eboue C Carlier-Guerin V de La Sayette JY Grall M Herlicoviez 2006 A rare complication of vomiting in pregnancy: Wernicke's encephalopathy J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris) 35 822 825
19. U Indraccolo G Gentile G Pomili G Luzi C Villani 2005 Thiamine deficiency and beriberi features in a patient with hyperemesis gravidarum Nutrition 21 967 968
20. A Erolu C Kurkcuolu N Karaolanolu C Tekinba M Cesur 2002 Spontaneous esophageal rupture following severe vomiting in pregnancy Dis Esophagus 15 242 243
21. SG Liang F Ooka A Santo M Kaibara 2002 Pneumomediastinum following esophageal rupture associated with hyperemesis gravidarum J Obstet Gynaecol Res 28 172 175
22. R Soman S Gohar 2002 Boerhaave's syndrome in pregnancy J Assoc Physicians India 50 1456 1457
23. JB Hill NP Yost GD Wendel Jr 2002 Acute renal failure in association with severe hyperemesis gravidarum Obstet Gynecol 100 1119 1121
24. MT Weng SC Wei JM Wong TC Chang 2005 Hyperemesis gravidarum presenting as jaundice and transient hyperthyroidism complicated with acute pancreatitis J Formos Med Assoc 104 194 197
25. N Brunetti-Pierri JV Hunter CF Boerkoel 2007 Gray matter heterotopias, brachytelephalangic chondrodysplasia punctata: a complication of hyperemesis gravidarum induced vitamin K deficiency? Am J Med Genet Part A 143 200 204
26. JL Bailit 2005 Hyperemesis gravidarium: epidemiologic findings from a large cohort Am J Obstet Gynecol 193 811 814
27. JD Paauw S Bierling CR Cook AT Davis 2005 Hyperemesis gravidarum and fetal outcome JPEN J Parent Enteral Nutr 29 93 96
28. MM Weigel RM Weigel 1989 Nausea and vomiting of early pregnancy and pregnancy outcome. An epidemiological study Br J Obstet Gynaecol 96 1304 1311
29. TL Abell CA Riely 1992 Hyperemesis gravidarum Gastroenterol Clin North Am 21 835 849
30. A Afifi PH Descamps A Hamoud EA Pariente 1990 Icteric complications related to pregnancy vomiting in the 1st trimester (hyperemesis gravidarum). Review of the literature apropos of a case J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris) 19 455 458
31. P Lagiou R Tamimi LA Mucci D Trichopoulos HO Adami CC Hsieh 2003 Nausea and vomiting in pregnancy in relation to prolactin, estrogens, and progesterone: a prospective study Obstet Gynecol 101 639 644
32. N Aka S Atalay S Sayharman D Kilic G Kose T Kucukozkan 2006 Leptin and leptin receptor levels in pregnant women with hyperemesis gravidarum Aust NZ J Obstet Gynaecol 46 274 277
33. EO Arslan L Cengiz M Arslan 2003 Thyroid function in hyperemesis gravidarum and correlation with serum leptin levels Int J Gynaecol Obstet 83 187 188
34. N Unsel A Benian CT Erel 2004 Leptin levels in women with hyperemesis gravidarum Int J Gynaecol Obstet 84 162 163
35. Y Ustun Y Engin-Ustun F Dokmeci F Soylemez 2004 Serum concentrations of lipids and apolipoproteins in normal and hyperemetic pregnancies J Matern-Fetal Neonatal Med 15 287 290
36. Y Yoneyama S Suzuki R Sawa K Yoneyama D Doi Y Otsubo T Araki 2002 The T-helper 1/T-helper 2 balance in peripheral blood of women with hyperemesis gravidarum Am J Obstet Gynecol 187 1631 1635
37. NK Kuscu Y Yildirim F Koyuncu A Var BS Uyanik 2003 Interleukin-6 levels in hyperemesis gravidarum Arch Gynecol Obstet 269 13 15
38. MF Verberg DJ Gillott N Al-Fardan JG Grudzinskas 2005 Hyperemesis gravidarum, a literature review Hum Reprod Update 11 527 539
39. Y Sugito A Sekizawa A Farina Y Yukimoto H Saito M Iwasaki N Rizzo T Okai 2003 Relationship between severity of hyperemesis gravidarum and fetal DNA concentration in maternal plasma Clin Chem 49 1667 1669
40. L Heinrichs 2002 Linking olfaction with nausea and vomiting of pregnancy, recurrent abortion, hyperemesis gravidarum, and migraine headache Am J Obstet Gynecol 186 S215 219
41. T Hummel R von Mering R Huch N Kolble 2002 Olfactory modulation of nausea during early pregnancy? BJOG 109 1394 1397
42. L Karpel C de Gmeline 2004 Psychological approach to hyperemis gravidarum J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod 33 623 631
43. S Munch 2002 Women's experiences with a pregnancy complication: causal explanations of hyperemesis gravidarum Soc Work Health Care 36 59 76
44. H Hiroi K Kugu H Hoshino S Kozuma Y Taketani 2001 Hyperemesis gravidarum associated with thyrotoxicosis and a past history of an eating disorder Arch Gynecol Obstet 265 228 230
45. GF Jacobson AM Autry TL Somer-Shely KL Pieper 2003 Helicobacter pylori seropositivity and hyperemesis gravidarum J Reprod Med 48 578 582
46. T Kazerooni M Taallom AA Ghaderi 2002 Helicobacter pylori seropositivity in patients with hyperemesis gravidarum Int J Gynaecol Obstet 79 217 220
47. RH Lee VL Pan DA Wing 2005 The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in the hispanic population affected by hyperemesis gravidarum Am J Obstet Gynecol 193 1024 1027
48. H Shirin O Sadan O Shevah R Bruck M Boaz SF Moss S Everon M Glezerman Y Avni 2004 Positive serology for Helicobacter pylori and vomiting in the pregnancy Arch Gynecol Obstet 270 10 14
49. CA Riely 1994 Hepatic disease in pregnancy Am J Med 96 18S 22S
50. WM Outlaw JA Ibdah 2005 Impaired fatty acid oxidation as a cause of liver disease associated with hyperemesis gravidarum Med Hypotheses 65 1150 1153
51. JF Colin P Mathurin F Durand L Bettan S Erlinger JP Benhamou J Bernuau 1994 Hyperthyroidism: a possible factor of cholestasis associated with hyperemesis gravidarum of prolonged evolution Gastroenterol Clin Biol 18 378 380
52. TM Goodwin M Montoro JH Mestman 1992 Transient hyperthyroidism and hyperemesis gravidarum: clinical aspects Am J Obstet Gynecol 167 648 652
53. AJ Krentz H Redman KG Taylor 1994 Hyperthyroidism associated with hyperemesis gravidarum Br J Clin Pract 48 75 76
54. Bacq Y, Riely CA (2003) The liver in nancy. In: Schiff ER, Sorrel MF, Maddrey WC (eds) Diseases of the liver, vol 2, 9th edn. Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA, pp 1435-1453
55. D Larrey B Rueff G Feldmann C Degott G Danan JP Benhamou 1984 Recurrent jaundice caused by recurrent hyperemesis gravidarum Gut 25 1414 1415
56. S Nader J Mastrobattista 1996 Recurrent hyperthyroidism in consecutive pregnancies characterized by hyperemesis Thyroid 6 465 466
57. R Navaneethakrishnan SW Lindow EA Masson B Allan 2004 Recurrent gestational thyrotoxicosis presenting as recurrent hyperemesis gravidarum-report of two cases J Obstet Gynaecol 24 774 775
58. JM Conchillo JM Pijnenborg P Peeters RW Stockbrugger J Fevery GH Koek 2002 Liver enzyme elevation induced by hyperemesis gravidarum: aetiology, diagnosis and treatment Neth J Med 60 374 378
59. I Neri G Allais P Schiapparelli I Blasi C Benedetto F Facchinetti 2005 Acupuncture versus pharmacological approach to reduce hyperemesis gravidarum discomfort Minerva Ginecol 57 471 475
60. JD Quinla DA Hill 2003 Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy Am Fam Physician 68 121 128
61. FA Bsat DE Hoffman DE Seubert 2003 Comparison of three outpatient regimens in the management of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy J Perinatol 23 531 535
62. AE Heazell N Langford JK Judge MA Heazell GP Downey 2005 The use of levomepromazine in hyperemesis gravidarum resistant to drug therapy-a case series Reprod Toxicol 20 569 572
63. S Guclu M Gol E Dogan U Saygili 2005 Mirtazapine use in resistant hyperemesis gravidarum: report of three cases and review of the literature Arch Gynecol Obstet 272 298 300
64. A Rohde J Dembinski C Dorn 2003 Mirtazapine (Remergil) for treatment resistant hyperemesis gravidarum: rescue of a twin pregnancy Arch Gynecol Obstet 268 219 221
65. RS Bondok NM El Sharnouby HE Eid AM Abd Elmaksoud 2006 Pulsed steroid therapy is an effective treatment for intractable hyperemesis gravidarum Crit Care Med 34 2781 2783
66. LY Chan MH Lam TK Lau RK Chin 2003 Successful treatment of recurrent, intractable hyperemesis gravidarum with methylprednisolone. A case report J Reprod Med 48 293 295
67. LY Chan MH Lam TK Lau RK Chin 2003 Successful treatment of recurrent, intractable hyperemesis gravidarum with methylprednisolone. A case report J Reprod Med 48 293 295
68. S Ziaei FS Hosseiney S Faghihzadeh 2004 The efficacy low dose of prednisolone in the treatment of hyperemesis gravidarum Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 83 272 275
69. SS Siu SK Yip CW Cheung TK Lau 2002 Treatment of intractable hyperemesis gravidarum by ondansetron Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 105 73 74
70. A Glantz HU Marschall F Lammert LA Mattsson 2005 Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial comparing dexamethasone and ursodeoxycholic acid Hepatology 42 1399 1405
71. R Zapata L Sandoval J Palma I Hernandez J Ribalta H Reyes M Sedano D Toha JJ Silva 2005 Ursodeoxycholic acid in the treatment of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. A 12-year experience Liver Int 25 548 554
72. W Hempfling K Dilger U Beuers 2003 Systematic review: ursodeoxycholic acid-adverse effects and drug interactions Aliment Pharmacol Ther 18 963 972
73. J Kondrackiene U Beuers L Kupcinskas 2005 Efficacy and safety of ursodeoxycholic acid versus cholestyramine in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy Gastroenterology 129 894 901
74. R Schumann J Hudcova 2004 Cholestasis of pregnancy, pruritus and 5-hydroxytryptamine 3 receptor antagonists Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 83 861 862
75. N Vaisman R Kaidar I Levin JB Lessing 2004 Nasojejunal feeding in hyperemesis gravidarum-a preliminary study Clin Nutr 23 53 57
76. JJ Folk HF Leslie-Brown JT Nosovitch RK Silverman RH Aubry 2004 Hyperemesis gravidarum: outcomes and complications with and without total parenteral nutrition J Reprod Med 49 497 502
77. R Ghani 2003 The use of total parenteral nutrition in protracted hyperemesis gravidarum J Obstet Gynaecol 23 199 201
78. Y Paranyuk G Levine R Figueroa 2006 Candida septicemia in a pregnant woman with hyperemesis receiving parenteral nutrition Obstet Gynecol 107 535 537
79. E Zecca D De Luca M Marras A Caruso T Bernardini C Romagnoli 2006 Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy and neonatal respiratory distress syndrome Pediatrics 117 1669 1672
80. Ahlfeld F (1883) Berichte und Arbeten aus der geburtshilflich- gynaekologischen Klinik zu Giessen Leipzig: Grunow 148:1881-1882
81. Eppinger H (1937) Die Leberkrankhetten: allgemeine und spezielle Pathologie, Therapie der Leber. Springer-Verlag, Vienna
82. L Thorling 1955 Jaundice in pregnancy; a clinical study Acta Med Scand Suppl 302 1 123
83. A Ropponen R Sund S Riikonen O Ylikorkala K Aittomaki 2006 Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy as an indicator of liver and biliary diseases: a population-based study Hepatology 43 723 728
84. CA Riely 1987 Familial intrahepatic cholestatic syndromes Semin Liver Dis 7 119 133
85. CB Leevy B Koneru KM Klein 1997 Recurrent familial prolonged intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy associated with chronic liver disease Gastroenterology 113 966 972
86. ML Eloranta T Hakli M Hiltunen S Helisalmi K Punnonen S Heinonen 2003 Association of single nucleotide polymorphisms of the bile salt export pump gene with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy Scand J Gastroenterol 38 648 652
87. V Keitel C Vogt D Haussinger R Kubitz 2006 Combined mutations of canalicular transporter proteins cause severe intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy Gastroenterology 131 624 629
88. R Mullenbach A Bennett N Tetlow N Patel G Hamilton F Cheng J Chambers R Howard SD Taylor-Robinson C Williamson 2005 ATP8B1 mutations in British cases with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy Gut 54 829 834
89. JM de Vree E Jacquemin E Sturm D Cresteil PJ Bosma J Aten JF Deleuze M Desrochers M Burdelski O Bernard 1998 Mutations in the MDR3 gene cause progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95 282 287
90. JN Painter M Savander A Ropponen N Nupponen S Riikonen O Ylikorkala AE Lehesjoki K Aittomaki 2005 Sequence variation in the ATP8B1 gene and intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy Eur J Human Genet 13 435 439
91. HE Wasmuth A Glantz H Keppeler E Simon C Bartz W Rath LA Mattsson HU Marschall F Lammert 2007 Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: the severe form is associated with common variants of the hepatobiliary phospholipid transporter ABCB4 gene Gut 56 265 270
92. G Schneider TC Paus GA Kullak-Ublick PJ Meier TF Wienker T Lang P van de Vondel T Sauerbruch C Reichel 2007 Linkage between a new splicing site mutation in the MDR3 alias ABCB4 gene and intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy Hepatology 45 150 158
93. C Pauli-Magnus T Lang Y Meier T Zodan-Marin D Jung C Breymann R Zimmermann S Kenngott U Beuers C Reichel 2004 Sequence analysis of bile salt export pump (ABCB11) and multidrug resistance p-glycoprotein 3 (ABCB4, MDR3) in patients with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy Pharmacogenetics 14 91 102
94. PH Dixon N Weerasekera KJ Linton O Donaldson J Chambers E Egginton J Weaver C Nelson-Piercy M de Swiet G Warnes 2000 Heterozygous MDR3 missense mutation associated with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: evidence for a defect in protein trafficking Hum Mol Genet 9 1209 1217
95. A Floreani I Carderi D Paternoster G Soardo F Azzaroli W Esposito A Variola AM Tommasi D Marchesoni C Braghin 2006 Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: three novel MDR3 gene mutations Aliment Pharmacol Ther 23 1649 1653
96. M Savander A Ropponen K Avela N Weerasekera B Cormand ML Hirvioja S Riikonen O Ylikorkala AE Lehesjoki C Williamson K Aittomaki 2003 Genetic evidence of heterogeneity in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy Gut 52 1025 1029
97. M Vallejo O Briz MA Serrano MJ Monte J Marin 2006 Potential role of trans-inhibition of the bile salt export pump by progesterone metabolites in the etiopathogenesis of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy J Hepatol 44 1150 1157
98. H Reyes J Sjovall 2000 Bile acids and progesterone metabolites in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy Ann Med 32 94 106
99. Y Bacq T Sapey MC Brechot F Pierre A Fignon F Dubois 1997 Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: a French prospective study Hepatology 26 358 364
100. H Reyes ME Baez MC Gonzalez I Hernandez J Palma J Ribalta L Sandoval R Zapata 2000 Selenium, zinc and copper plasma levels in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, in normal pregnancies and in healthy individuals, in Chile J Hepatol 32 542 549
101. A Kauppila H Korpela UM Makila E Yrjanheikki 1987 Low serum selenium concentration and glutathione peroxidase activity in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 294 150 152
102. C Tanasescu 2004 Correlation between cholestasis and infection Rom J Gastroenterol 13 23 27
103. Y Bacq 1999 Liver and pregnancy Pathol Biol (Paris) 47 958 965
104. RK Gilroy ME Mailliard JL Gollan 2003 Gastrointestinal disorders of the critically ill. Cholestasis of sepsis Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 17 357 367
105. H Reyes R Zapata I Hernandez M Gotteland L Sandoval MI Jiron J Palma R Almuna JJ Silva 2006 Is a leaky gut involved in the pathogenesis of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy? Hepatology 43 715 722
106. EA Fagan 1999 Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy Clin Liver Dis 3 603 632
107. D Brites 2002 Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: changes in maternal-fetal bile acid balance and improvement by ursodeoxycholic acid Ann Hepatol 1 20 28
108. A Glantz HU Marschall LA Mattsson 2004 Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: relationships between bile acid levels and fetal complication rates Hepatology 40 467 474
109. RS Egerman CA Riely 2004 Predicting fetal outcome in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: is the bile acid level sufficient? Hepatology 40 287 288
110. AT Dann AP Kenyon PT Seed L Poston AH Shennan RM Tribe 2004 Glutathione S-transferase and liver function in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy and pruritus gravidarum Hepatology 40 1406 1414
111. AT Dann AP Kenyon AS Wierzbicki PT Seed AH Shennan RM Tribe 2006 Plasma lipid profiles of women with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy Obstet Gynecol 107 106 114
112. CA Riely 1988 Case studies in jaundice of pregnancy Semin Liver Dis 8 191 199
113. AM Germain JA Carvajal JC Glasinovic CS Kato C Williamson 2002 Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: an intriguing pregnancy-specific disorder J Soc Gynecol Invest 9 10 14
114. Romano TJ, Riely CA (1989) Pregnancy and the liver. In: Baker S (ed) Hepatology for the clinician: a problem-oriented approach. Alan R. Liss, Inc., Caracas, Venezuela, p 283
115. T Binder P Salaj T Zima L Vitek 2006 Randomized prospective comparative study of ursodeoxycholic acid and S-adenosyl-l-methionine in the treatment of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy J Perinat Med 34 383 391
116. N Roncaglia A Locatelli A Arreghini F Assi I Cameroni JC Pezzullo A Ghidini 2004 A randomised controlled trial of ursodeoxycholic acid and S-adenosyl-l-methionine in the treatment of gestational cholestasis BJOG 111 17 21
117. JE Warren RC Blaylock RM Silver 2005 Plasmapheresis for the treatment of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy refractory to medical treatment Am J Obstet Gynecol 192 2088 2089
118. DG Palmer J Eads 2000 Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: a critical review J Perinat Neonat Nurs 14 39 51
119. JF Lucena JI Herrero J Quiroga B Sangro J Garcia-Foncillas N Zabalegui J Sola M Herraiz JF Medina J Prieto 2003 A multidrug resistance 3 gene mutation causing cholelithiasis, cholestasis of pregnancy, and adulthood biliary cirrhosis Gastroenterology 124 1037 1042
120. BM Sibai 2005 Diagnosis, prevention, and management of eclampsia Obstet Gynecol 105 402 410
121. HAJ Villegas M Maqueo 1970 Spontaneous rupture of liver in toxemia of pregnancy Int J Gynaecol Obstet 8 836
122. L Weinstein 1982 Syndrome of hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count: a severe consequence of hypertension in pregnancy Am J Obstet Gynecol 142 159 167
123. AC Araujo MD Leao MH Nobrega PF Bezerra FV Pereira EM Dantas GD Azevedo SM Jeronimo 2006 Characteristics and treatment of hepatic rupture caused by HELLP syndrome Am J Obstet Gynecol 195 129 133
124. M Debette D Samuel P Ichai M Sebagh F Saliba H Bismuth 1999 Labor complications of the HELLP syndrome without any predictive factors Gastroenterol Clin Biol 23 264 267
125. JF Romero Arauz AL Lara Gonzalez JC Ramos Leon JC Izquierdo Puente 2001 Maternal morbidity and mortality in HELLP Syndrome Ginecol Obstet Mex 69 189 193
126. SK Kathula SR Bolla EF Magann 2002 HELLP syndrome leading to a diagnosis of pregnancy South Med J 95 934 935
127. I Kawabata A Nakai T Takeshita 2006 Prediction of HELLP syndrome with assessment of maternal dual hepatic blood supply by using Doppler ultrasound Arch Gynecol Obstet 274 303 309
128. S Strand D Strand R Seufert A Mann J Lotz M Blessing M Lahn A Wunsch DC Broering U Hahn 2004 Placenta-derived CD95 ligand causes liver damage in hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count syndrome Gastroenterology 126 849 858
129. DA Terrone BK Rinehart WL May A Moore EF Magann JN Martin Jr 2000 Leukocytosis is proportional to HELLP syndrome severity: evidence for an inflammatory form of preeclampsia South Med J 93 768 771
130. BM Sibai 1990 The HELLP syndrome (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets): much ado about nothing? Am J Obstet Gynecol 162 311 316
131. BM Sibai 2004 Diagnosis, controversies, and management of the syndrome of hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count Obstet Gynecol 103 981 991
132. JN Martin Jr PG Blake SL Lowry KG Perry Jr JC Files JC Morrison 1990 Pregnancy complicated by preeclampsia-eclampsia with the syndrome of hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count: how rapid is postpartum recovery? Obstet Gynecol 76 737 741
133. SP Pereira J O'Donohue J Wendon R Williams 1997 Maternal and perinatal outcome in severe pregnancy-related liver disease Hepatology 26 1258 1262
134. PJ Pockros RL Peters TB Reynolds 1984 Idiopathic fatty liver of pregnancy: findings in ten cases Medicine (Baltimore) 63 1 11
135. RS Egerman AG Witlin SA Friedman BM Sibai 1996 Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and hemolytic uremic syndrome in pregnancy: review of 11 cases Am J Obstet Gynecol 175 950 956
136. BM Sibai MK Ramadan 1993 Acute renal failure in pregnancies complicated by hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets Am J Obstet Gynecol 168 1682 1687 discussion 1687-1690
137. JN Martin Jr PG Blake KG Perry Jr JF McCaul LW Hess RW Martin 1991 The natural history of HELLP syndrome: patterns of disease progression and regression Am J Obstet Gynecol 164 1500 1509 discussion 1509-1513
138. JS Dashe SM Ramin FG Cunningham 1998 The long-term consequences of thrombotic microangiopathy (thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and hemolytic uremic syndrome) in pregnancy Obstet Gynecol 91 662 668
139. Marder V, Martin SE, Francis CW, Colman RW (1987) Consumptive thrombo-hemorrhagic disorders. In: Colman R, Hirsh J, Marder VJ, Salzman EW (eds) Hemostasis, thrombosis: basic principles and clinical practice, 2nd edn. Lippincott, Philadelphia, pp 975-1015
140. BE Reubinoff JG Schenker 1991 HELLP syndrome-a syndrome of hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelet count-complicating preeclampsia- eclampsia Int J Gynaecol Obstet 36 95 102
141. BM Sibai JR Barton 2005 Dexamethasone to improve maternal outcome in women with hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets syndrome Am J Obstet Gynecol 193 1587 1590
142. JD O'Boyle EF Magann E Waxman JN Martin Jr 1999 Dexamethasone-facilitated postponement of delivery of an extremely preterm pregnancy complicated by the syndrome of hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets Mil Med 164 316 318
143. EF Magann KG Perry Jr SP Chauhan GR Graves PG Blake JN Martin Jr 1994 Neonatal salvage by week's gestation in pregnancies complicated by HELLP syndrome J Soc Gynecol Invest 1 206 209
144. MJ Tompkins S Thiagarajah 1999 HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count) syndrome: the benefit of corticosteroids Am J Obstet Gynecol 181 304 309
145. EF Magann KG Perry Jr EF Meydrech RL Harris SP Chauhan JN Martin Jr 1994 Postpartum corticosteroids: accelerated recovery from the syndrome of hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets (HELLP) Am J Obstet Gynecol 171 1154 1158
146. EF Magann D Bass SP Chauhan DL Sullivan RW Martin JN Martin Jr 1994 Antepartum corticosteroids: disease stabilization in patients with the syndrome of hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets (HELLP) Am J Obstet Gynecol 171 1148 1153
147. JN Martin Jr CH Rose CM Briery 2006 Understanding and managing HELLP syndrome: the integral role of aggressive glucocorticoids for mother and child Am J Obstet Gynecol 195 914 934
148. JM O'Brien DA Milligan JR Barton 2000 Impact of high-dose corticosteroid therapy for patients with HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count) syndrome Am J Obstet Gynecol 183 921 924
149. JE Fonseca F Mendez C Catano F Arias 2005 Dexamethasone treatment does not improve the outcome of women with HELLP syndrome: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial Am J Obstet Gynecol 193 1591 1598
150. F Mattar BM Sibai 2000 Eclampsia. VIII. Risk factors for maternal morbidity Am J Obstet Gynecol 182 307 312
151. CM Isler BK Rinehart DA Terrone RW Martin EF Magann JN Martin Jr 1999 Maternal mortality associated with HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets) syndrome Am J Obstet Gynecol 181 924 928
152. Haddad 2000 Risk factors for adverse maternal outcomes among women with HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count) syndrome Am J Obstet Gynecol 183 444 448
153. Abercrombie J (1877) Case of hemorrhage of the Liver. London Medical Gazzette 34
154. BA Ekele LR Airede JN Legbo A Yakubu DC Nnadi MA Gana 2006 Spontaneous liver rupture in pre-eclampsia Afr J Med Med Sci 35 103 105
155. G Gonzalez-Martinez J Aguirre-Suarez A Alarcon-Sandoval A Pulgar-Lehr O Valbuena-Adrianza 2004 Hepatic and splenic rupture associated with severe preeclampsia: a case report Invest Clin 45 63 68
156. AD Chan EO Gerscovich 1999 Imaging of subcapsular hepatic and renal hematomas in pregnancy complicated by preeclampsia and the HELLP syndrome J Clin Ultrasound 27 35 40
157. ML Schwartz JM Lien 1997 Spontaneous liver hematoma in pregnancy not clearly associated with preeclampsia: a case presentation and literature review Am J Obstet Gynecol 176 1328 1332 discussion 1332-1323
158. SY Khong M James P Smith 2005 Diagnosis of liver infarction postpartum Obstet Gynecol 105 1271 1273
159. KJ Krueger BJ Hoffman WM Lee 1990 Hepatic infarction associated with eclampsia Am J Gastroenterol 85 588 592
160. JR Barton BM Sibai 1996 Hepatic imaging in HELLP syndrome (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count) Am J Obstet Gynecol 174 1820 1825 discussion 1825-1827
161. P Soyer B This F De Broucker M Levesque 1989 Spontaneous intrahepatic hemorrhage: a severe complication of the Hellp syndrome. Value of early radiologic diagnosis. Apropos of a case J Radiol 70 641 644
162. MA Bettmann 2004 Frequently asked questions: iodinated contrast agents Radiographics 24 Suppl 1 S3 10
163. JR Barton CA Riely TA Adamec DR Shanklin AD Khoury BM Sibai 1992 Hepatic histopathologic condition does not correlate with laboratory abnormalities in HELLP syndrome (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count) Am J Obstet Gynecol 167 1538 1543
164. P Pilco L McCormack D Perez PA Clavien 2006 Ruptured subcapsular hepatic hematoma associated with HELLP syndrome Rev Gastroenterol Peru 26 207 210
165. SH Merchant P Mathew TJ Vanderjagt TR Howdieshell KP Crookston 2004 Recombinant factor VIIa in management of spontaneous subcapsular liver hematoma associated with pregnancy Obstet Gynecol 103 1055 1058
166. IM Usta JR Barton EA Amon A Gonzalez BM Sibai 1994 Acute fatty liver of pregnancy: an experience in the diagnosis and management of fourteen cases Am J Obstet Gynecol 171 1342 1347
167. HJCJ Stander 1934 Acute yellow atrophy of the liver in pregnancy Am J Obstet Gynecol 28 61 69
168. H Sheehan 1940 The pathology of the acute yellow atrophy and delayed chlorophorm poisoning J Obstet Gyneco Br Emp 47 49 62
169. JA Ibdah 2006 Acute fatty liver of pregnancy: an update on pathogenesis and clinical implications World J Gastroenterol 12 7397 7404
170. Riely C (1987) Acute fatty liver of pregnancy. Semin Liver Dis 7(47)
171. K Mjahed B Charra D Hamoudi M Noun L Barrou 2006 Acute fatty liver of pregnancy Arch Gynecol Obstet 274 349 353
172. S Kennedy PM Hall AE Seymour WM Hague 1994 Transient diabetes insipidus and acute fatty liver of pregnancy Br J Obstet Gynaecol 101 387 391
173. Y Bacq CA Riely 1993 Acute fatty liver of pregnancy: the hepatologist's view Gastroenterologist 1 257 264
174. MA Castro JG Ouzounian PM Colletti KJ Shaw SM Stein TM Goodwin 1996 Radiologic studies in acute fatty liver of pregnancy. A review of the literature and 19 new cases J Reprod Med 41 839 843
175. L Van Le A Podrasky 1990 Computed tomographic and ultrasonographic findings in women with acute fatty liver of pregnancy J Reprod Med 35 815 817
176. H Ko EM Yoshida 2006 Acute fatty liver of pregnancy Can J Gastroenterol 20 25 30
177. MA Castro MJ Fassett TB Reynolds KJ Shaw TM Goodwin 1999 Reversible peripartum liver failure: a new perspective on the diagnosis, treatment, and cause of acute fatty liver of pregnancy, based on 28 consecutive cases Am J Obstet Gynecol 181 389 395
178. SA Ockner EM Brunt SM Cohn ES Krul DW Hanto MG Peters 1990 Fulminant hepatic failure caused by acute fatty liver of pregnancy treated by orthotopic liver transplantation Hepatology 11 59 64
179. MF Browning HL Levy LE Wilkins-Haug C Larson VE Shih 2006 Fetal fatty acid oxidation defects and maternal liver disease in pregnancy Obstet Gynecol 107 115 120
180. Z Yang Y Zhao MJ Bennett AW Strauss JA Ibdah 2002 Fetal genotypes and pregnancy outcomes in 35 families with mitochondrial trifunctional protein mutations Am J Obstet Gynecol 187 715 720
181. Z Yang J Yamada Y Zhao AW Strauss JA Ibdah 2002 Prospective screening for pediatric mitochondrial trifunctional protein defects in pregnancies complicated by liver disease JAMA 288 2163 2166
182. L Santos A Patterson SM Moreea CM Lippiatt J Walter M Henderson 2007 Acute liver failure in pregnancy associated with maternal MCAD deficiency J Inherit Metab Dis 30 103
183. AM Innes LE Seargeant K Balachandra CR Roe RJ Wanders JP Ruiter O Casiro DA Grewar CR Greenberg 2000 Hepatic carnitine palmitoyltransferase I deficiency presenting as maternal illness in pregnancy Pediatr Res 47 43 45
184. S Mutze I Ahillen S Rudnik-Schoeneborn T Eggermann B Leeners PM Neumaier-Wagner S Kuse W Rath K Zerres 2007 Neither maternal nor fetal mutation (E474Q) in the alpha-subunit of the trifunctional protein is frequent in pregnancies complicated by HELLP syndrome J Perinat Med 35 76 78