When is a change not a change? A case study on the dialect origins of New Zealand English

Language Variation and Change

Volumn 20, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 187-223

  Britain, David ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ESSEX   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 49949119746     PISSN: 09543945     EISSN: 14698021     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0954394508000082     Document Type: Article

References (102)

1. Albrecht, Thomas. (1916). Der Sprachgebrauch des Dialektdichters Charles Benham zu Colchester in Essex. Berlin: Mayer & Müller.
2. Anderson, Peter. (1987). A structural atlas of the English dialects London: Croom Helm.
3. Arnold, Rollo. (1981). The farthest promised land: English villagers, New Zealand immigrants of the 1870s. Wellington: Victoria University Press.
4. Arnold, Rollo. (1994). New Zealand's burning - the settler's world in the mid 1880s. Wellington: Victoria University Press.
5. Baker, Sidney. (1945). The Australian language. London: Angus & Robertson.
6. Bartlett, Chris. (1992). Regional variation in New Zealand English: The case of Southland. New Zealand English Newsletter 6:5-15.
7. Bauer, Laurie. (1986). Notes on New Zealand English phonetics and phonology. English World-Wide 7:225-258.
8. Bauer, Laurie. (1994). English in New Zealand. In R. Burchfield (ed.), The Cambridge history of the English language: Volume V. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 382-429.
9. Bauer, Laurie. (1999). On the origins of the New Zealand English accent. English World-Wide 20:287-308.
10. Bayard, Donn. (1987). Class and change in New Zealand English: A summary report. Te Reo 30:3-36.
11. Bell, Allan. (1984). Language style as audience design. Language in Society 13:145-204.
12. Bennett, John. (1970). English as it is spoken in New Zealand. In W. Ramson (ed.), English transported. Canberra: The Australian National University Press. 69-83.
13. Bernard, John. (1989). Quantitative aspects of variation in Australian English. In P. Collins & D. Blair (eds.), Australian English: The language ofa new society. St. Lucia: University of Queensland Press. 187-204.
14. Bird, Barbara. (1997). Past and present studies of Hebridean English phonology. In H. Tristram (ed.), The Celtic Englishes. Heidelberg: Winter. 287-300.
15. Britain, David. (1997a). Dialect contact and phonological reallocation: "Canadian Raising" in the English Fens. Language in Society 26:15-46.
16. Britain, David. (1997b). Dialect contact, focusing and phonological rule complexity: The koineisation of Fenland English. In C. Boberg, M. Meyerhoff, & S. Strassel (eds.), A selection of papers from NWAVE 25. Special issue of University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics 4:141-170.
17. Britain, David. (1998). The founder principle and the origins of new dialects: The case of/au/in New Zealand English. Paper presented at first International Dialect Relationships Seminar, Stout Centre, Victoria University of Wellington, March 13, 1998.
18. Britain, David. (2001a). Where did it all start? Dialect contact, the "Founder Principle" and the so-called (-own) split in New Zealand English. Transactions of the Philological Society 99:1-27.
19. Britain, David. (2001b). If A changes to B, make sure A exists: A case study on the dialect origins of New Zealand English. Essex Research Reports in LinHuistics 38:39-79. Available at: http://www.essex.ac.uk/linguistics/errl/errl_38b.pdf.
20. Britain, David. (2002a). Space and spatial diffusion. In Jack Chambers, Peter Trudgill, & Natalie Schilling-Estes (eds.), The handbook of language variation and change. Oxford: Blackwell. 603-637.
21. Britain, David. (2002b). The British history of New Zealand English? Essex ResHarch Reports in Linguistics 41:1-41 Available at: http://www.essex.ac.uk/linguistics/errl/errl_41a.pdf.
22. Britain, David. (2003). Exploring the importance of the outlier in sociolinguistic dialectology. In David Britain & Jenny Cheshire (eds.), Social Dialectology: In honour of Peter Trudgill. Amsterdam: Benjamins. 191-208.
23. Britain, David. (2004). Geolinguistics - diffusion of language. In Ulrich Ammon, Norbert Dittmar, Klaus Mattheier, & Peter Trudgill (eds.), Sociolinguistics: International handbook of the science of language and society. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter. 34-48.
24. Britain, David. (2005a). Where did New Zealand English come from? In Allan Bell, Ray Harlow, & Donna Starks (eds.), The languages of New Zealand. Wellington: Victoria University Press. 156-193.
25. Britain, David. (2005b). Innovation diffusion, "Estuary English" and local dialect differentiation: The survival of Fenland Englishes. Linguistics 43(5):995-1022.
26. Britain, David. (2008). On the wrong track?: A non-standard history of non-standard /au/ in English. Essex Research Reports in Linguistics 57:33-77. AvaiHable at: http://www.essex.ac.uk/linguistics/errl/On_the_wrong_track_ERRiL.pdf
27. Carmichael, Gordon. (1993). A history of population movement between New Zealand and Australia. International Migration 31:513-560.
28. Clark, John. (1989). Some proposals for a revised phonetic transcription of Australian English. In P. Collins & D. Blair (eds.), Australian English: The language of a new society. St. Lucia: University of Queensland Press. 205-213.
29. Cochrane, G. (1989). Origins and development of the Australian accent. In P. Collins & D. Blair (eds.), Australian English: The language of a new society. St. Lucia: University of Queensland Press. 176-186.
30. Collins, Henry. (1964). A phonology of the dialect of South Warwickshire. Ph.D. dissertation, Yale University.
31. Eckert, Penelope. (1997). Age as a sociolinguistic variable. In F. Coulmas (ed.), The handbook of sociolinguistics. Oxford: Blackwell. 151-167.
32. Eckert, Penelope, & McConnell-Ginet, Sally. (1992). Think practically and look locally: Language and gender as community-based practice. Annual Review of Anthropology 21:461-490.
33. Ellis, Alexander. (1874). On early English pronunciation: Part IV. London: Truebner and Co.
34. Ellis, Alexander. (1889). On early English pronunciation: Part V. London: Truebner & Co.
35. Eustace, Seton. (1969). The meaning of the palaeotype in A. J. Ellis's "On early English pronunciation." Transactions of the Philological Society 67:31-79.
36. Foulkes, Paul, & Docherty, Gerard. (2000). Another chapter in the story of /r/: "labiodental" variants in British English. Journal of Sociolinguistics 4:30-59.
37. Fridland, Valerie. (1999). The southern shift in Memphis, Tennessee. Language Variation and Change 11:267-286.
38. Gordon, Elizabeth. (1983). New Zealand English pronunciation: An investigation into some early written records. Te Reo 26:29-42.
39. Gordon, Elizabeth. (1994). Reconstructing the past: Written and spoken evidence of early New Zealand English. New Zealand English Newsletter 8:5-10.
40. Gordon, Elizabeth. (1998). The origins of New Zealand speech: The limits of recovering historical information from written records. English World-Wide 19:61-86.
41. Gordon, Elizabeth, & Sudbury, Andrea. (2002). The history of Southern Hemisphere Englishes. In Richard Watts & Peter Trudgill (eds.), Alternative histories of English. London: Routledge. 67-86.
42. Gordon, Elizabeth, & Trudgill, Peter. (1999). Shades of things to come: Embryonic variants in New Zealand English sound changes. English World-Wide 20:111-124.
43. Gordon, Elizabeth, Campbell, Lyle, Hay, Jennifer, Maclagan, Margaret, Sudbury, Andrea & Trudgill, Peter. (2004). New Zealand English: Its origins and evolution. Cambridge University Press.
44. Gunn, John. (1975). A possible source of some Australian sounds and their relationship with received English. Talanya 2:5-15.
45. Hammarström, Göran. (1980). Australian English: Its origin and status. Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag.
46. Harrington, Jonathan, Cox, Felicity, & Evans,Zoe. (1997). An acoustic phonetic study of broad, general and cultivated Australian English vowels. Australian Journal of Linguistics 17:155-184.
47. Hickey, Raymond. (1999). Developments and change in Dublin English. In E. Jahr (ed.), Language change: Advances in historical sociolinguistics. Berlin: Mouton.
48. Holmes, Janet, Bell, Allan, & Boyce, Mary. (1991). Variation and change in New Zealand English: A social dialect investigation. Project report to the Social Sciences Committee of the Foundation for Research, Science and Technology. Wellington: Department of Linguistics, Victoria University of Wellington.
49. Jones, Mark. (2002). The origin of Definite Article Reduction in northern English dialects: Evidence from dialect allomorphy. English Language and Linguistics 6:325-345.
50. Kerswill, Paul, & Williams, Anne. (2000). Creating a new town koine: Children and language change in Milton Keynes. Language in Society 29:65-115.
51. Kökeritz, Helge. (1932). The phonology of the Suffolk dialect. Uppsala, Sweden: Aktibolag.
52. Kuo, Yun-Hsuan. (2005). New dialect formation: The case of Taiwanese Mandarin. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Essex.
53. Kurath, Hans, & Lowman, Guy. (1970). The dialectal structure of southern England. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
54. Laberge, Suzanne, & Sankoff, D. (1978). The linguistic market and the statistical explanation of variability. In David Sankoff (ed.), Linguistic variation: Models and methods. New York: Academic Press. 239-249.
55. Labov, William. (1989). The exact description of the speech community. In R. Fasold & D. Schiffrin (eds.), Language change and variation. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 1-57.
56. Labov, William. (1994). Principles of linguistic change. Oxford: Blackwell.
57. Labov, William, & Ash, Sharon. (1997). Understanding Birmingham. In C. Bernstein, T. Nunnally, & R. Sabino (eds.), Language variety in the south revisited. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. 508-573.
58. Lass, Roger. (1987). The shape of English. London: Dent & Sons.
59. Lee, David. (1989). Sociolinguistic variation in the speech of Brisbane adolescents. Australian Journal of Linguistics 9: 51-72.
60. Maclagan, Margaret. (1982). An acoustic study of New Zealand vowels. The New England Speech Therapists' Journal 37:20-26.
61. Maclagan, Margaret, & Gordon, Elizabeth. (1996). Women's role in sound change: The case of the two New Zealand closing diphthongs. New Zealand English Journal 10:5-9.
62. Maclagan, Margaret, Gordon, Elizabeth, & Lewis, Gillian. (1999). Women and sound change: Conservative and innovative behaviour by the same speakers. Language Variation and Change 11:19-41.
63. Matthews, William. (1938). Cockney past and present. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
64. McCaskill, Murray. (1982). The Tasman connection: Aspects of Australian-New Zealand relations. Australian Geographical Studies 20:3-23.
65. McKinnon, Malcolm, with Bradley, Barry, & Kirkpatrick, Russell. (1997). New Zealand historical atlas/Ko papatuanuku e takoto nei. Auckland: David Bateman.
66. Meuter, Anne. (2002). L-Vocalisation and labiodental variants of /r/ in the speech of Colchester primary school children - the acquisition of a sound change? M.A. dissertation. Essex University.
67. Milroy, James. (1992). Linguistic Variation and Change. Oxford: Blackwell.
68. Mitchell, A. G., & Delbridge, Arthur. (1965). The pronunciation of English in Australia. Sydney: Angus & Robertson.
69. Montgomery, Michael. (1989). Exploring the roots of Appalachian English. English World-Wide 10:227-278.
70. Mufwene, Salikoko. (1996). The founder principle in creole genesis. Diachronica 8:83-134.
71. Mufwene, Salikoko. (1999). The founder principle revisited: Rethinking feature selection into new vernaculars. Paper presented at the 10th Conference on Methods in Dialectology, St. Johns, Newfoundland, Canada, August 1-6, 1999.
72. Mufwene, Salikoko. (2001). The ecology of language evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
73. Orsman, Harry. (1966). The Southland dialect. In A. McLintock (ed.), An encyclopedia of New Zealand: Volume 2. Wellington: Government Printer. 680-681.
74. Pickens, Keith. (1977). The origins of the population of nineteenth century Canterbury. New Zealand Geographer 33:69-75.
75. Siegel, Jeff. (1985). Koines and koineization. Language in Society 14: 357-378.
76. Siegel, Jeff. (1993). Dialect contact and koineisation. Internation Journal of the Sociology of Language 99:105-121.
77. Sinclair, Keith. (1959). A history of New Zealand. London: Penguin.
78. Sivertsen, Eva. (1960). Cockney phonology. Oslo, Norway: Oslo University Press.
79. Stockwell, Robert. (1975). Problems in the interpretation of the Great English Vowel Shift. In D. Goyvaerts & G. Pullum (eds.), Essays on the Sound Pattern of English. Ghent, Belgium: E Story - Scientia PVBA. 331-354.
80. Stockwell, Robert, & Minkova, Donka. (1988). The English vowel shift: Problems of coherence and explanation. In D. Kastovsky & G. Bauer (eds.), Luick revisited. Tübingen, Germany: Gunter Narr Verlag. 355-394.
81. Sudbury, Andrea. (2001). Is Falkland Island English a southern hemisphere variety? English World-Wide 22:55-80.
82. Trudgill, Peter. (1974). The social differentiation of English in Norwich. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
83. Trudgill, Peter. (1986). Dialects in contact. Oxford: Blackwell.
84. Trudgill, Peter. (1988). Norwich revisited: Recent linguistic changes in an English urban dialect. English World-Wide 9:33-49.
85. Trudgill, Peter. (2004). New dialect formation: The inevitability of colonial Englishes. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
86. Trudgill, Peter, Gordon, Elizabeth, & Lewis, Gillian. (1998). New-dialect formation and southern hemisphere English: The New Zealand front short vowels. Journal of Sociolinguistics 2:35-52.
87. Trudgill, Peter, Gordon, Elizabeth, Lewis, Gillian, & Maclagan, Margaret. (2000a). Determinism in new-dialect formation and the genesis of New Zealand English. Journal of Linguistics 32:299-318.
88. Trudgill, Peter, Gordon, Elizabeth, Lewis, Gillian, & Maclagan, Margaret. (2000b). The role of drift in the formation of Southern Hemisphere Englishes: Some New Zealand evidence. Diachronica 17:111-138.
89. Trudgill, Peter, & Britain, David. (forthcoming). Dialects in contact Oxford: Blackwell.
90. Turner, George. (1966). The English language in Australia and New Zealand. London: Longman.
91. Turner, George. (1970). New Zealand English today. In W. Ramson (ed.), English transported. Canberra: Australian National University Press. 84-101.
92. Vaggioli, Dom Felice. ([1896] 2000). History of New Zealand and its inhabitants. Translated by J. Crockett. Dunedin, New Zealand: University of Otago Press.
93. Wakelin, Martyn. (1986). The south-west of England. Amsterdam: Benjamin.
94. Watson, Catherine, Harrington, Jonathan, & Evans, Zoe. (1998). An acoustic comparison between New Zealand and Australian English vowels. Australian Journal of Linguistics 18:185-207.
95. Weinreich, Uriel, Labov, William, & Herzog, Marvin. (1968). Empirical foundations for a theory of language change. In W. Lehmann & Y. Malkiel (eds.), Directions for historical linguistics. Austin: University of Texas Press. 97-195.
96. Wells, John. (1982). Accents of English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
97. Woods, Nicola. (1997). The formation and development of New Zealand English: Interaction of gender-related variation and linguistic change. Journal of Sociolinguistics 1:95-126.
98. Woods, Nicola. (1999). New Zealand English across the generations: An analysis of selected vowel and consonant variables. In A. Bell & K. Kuiper (eds.), New Zealand English. Amsterdam: Benjamins. 84-110.
99. Woods, Nicola. (2000). Archaism and innovation in New Zealand English. English World-Wide 21:109-150.
100. Wright, Joseph. (1905). English dialect grammar. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
101. Wyld, Henry. (1907). The historical study of the mother tongue. London: Murray.
102. Wyld, Henry. (1953). A history of modern colloquial English. 3rd ed. Oxford: Blackwell.