Chronic bronchitis and acute infections as new risk factors for ischemic stroke and the lack of protection offered by the influenza vaccination

Cerebrovascular Diseases

Volumn 26, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 339-347

  Pinol Ripoll G ^a,c   De La Puerta, I ^a   Santos, S ^a   Purroy, F ^b   Mostacero, E ^a  

^a HOSPITAL CLÍNICO UNIVERSITARIO LOZANO BLESA   (Spain)

^b HOSPITAL ARNAU DE VILANOVA   (Spain)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ZARAGOZA   (Spain)

Author keywords

Chronic bronchitis; Infection; Influenza; Stroke; Vaccination

Indexed keywords

INFLUENZA VACCINE;

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CHRONIC BRONCHITIS; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; FEMALE; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; INFLUENZA; INFLUENZA VACCINATION; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION; RISK FACTOR; STRUCTURED INTERVIEW;

ACUTE DISEASE; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; BRONCHITIS, CHRONIC; CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; FEMALE; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; INFLUENZA VACCINES; INFLUENZA, HUMAN; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PREVALENCE; RISK FACTORS; SEASONS; STROKE;

EID: 49949098619     PISSN: 10159770     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000151636     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. Whisnant JP: Modelling of risk factors for ischemic stroke: the Willis Lecture. Stroke 1997;28:1840-1844.
2. Kurth T, Gaziano JM, Cook NR, Logroscino G, Diener HC, Buring JE: Migraine and risk of cardiovascular disease in women. JAMA 2006;296:283-291.
3. Muñoz R, Duran-Cantolla J, Martínez-Vila E, Gallego J, Rubio R, Aizpuru F, De La Torre G: Severe sleep apnea and risk of ischemic stroke in the elderly. Stroke 2006;37:2317-2321.
4. Kurl S, Laukkanen JA, Niskanen L, Laaksonen D, Sivenius J, Nyyssonen K, Salonen JT: Metabolic syndrome and the risk of stroke in middle-aged men. Stroke 2006;37:806-811.
5. Ross R: Atherosclerosis: an inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med 1999;340:115-126.
6. Blanco M, Rodríguez-Yáñez M, Sobrino T, Leira M, Castillo J: Platelets, inflammation, and atherothrombotic neurovascular disease: the role of endothelial dysfunction. Cerebrovasc Dis 2005;20(suppl 2):32-39.
7. Lindsberg P, Grau AJ: Inflammation and infections as risk factors for ischemic stroke. Stroke 2003;34:2518-2532.
8. Marie S: Hémiplégie cerebrale infantile et maladies infectieuses. Progr Med (Paris) 1885;13:167-169.
9. Bickerstaff ER: Aetiology of acute hemiplejia in chilhood. Br Med J 1964;2:82-87.
10. Heuschmann PU, Neureiter D, Gesslein M, Craiovan B, Maass M, Faller G, Beck G, Neundörfer B, Kolominsky-Rabas PL: Association between infection with Helicobacter pylori and Chlamydia pneumoniae and risk of ischemic stroke subtypes: results from a population-based case-control study. Stroke 2001;32:2253-2258.
11. Beck J, Garcia R, Heiss G, Vokonas PS, Offenbacher S: Periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease. J Periodontal 1996;67:1123-1137.
12. Nieto FJ, Adam E, Sorlie P, Farzadegan H, Melnick JL, Comstock GW, Szklo M: Cohort study of cytomegalovirus infection as a risk factor for carotid intimal-medial thickening, a measure of subclinical atherosclerosis. Circulation 1996;94:922-927.
13. Nicholson KG, Wood JM, Zambon M: Influenza. N Engl J Med 2003;362:1733-1745.
14. Housworth J, Langmuir AD: Excess mortality from epidemic influenza, 1957-1966. Am J Epidemiol 1974;100:40-48.
15. Alling DW, Blackwelder WC, Stuart-Harris CH: A study of excess mortality during influenza epidemics in the United States 1968-1976. Am J Epidemiol 1981;113:30-43.
16. Meier CR, Derby LE, Jick SS, Vasilakis C, Jick H: Antibiotics and risk of subsequent first-time acute myocardial infarction. JAMA 1999;281:427-431.
17. Anderson JL, Muhlestein JB, Carlquist J, Allen A, Trehan S, Nielson C, Hall S, Brady J, Egger M, Horne B, Lim T: Randomized secondary prevention trial of azithromycin in patients with coronary artery disease and serological evidence for Chlamydia pneumoniae infection. Circulation 1999;99:1540-1547.
18. Grau AJ, Fischer B, Barth C, Ling P, Lichy C, Buggle F: Influenza vaccination is associated with a reduced risk of stroke. Stroke 2005;36:1501-1506.
19. Lavallée P, Perchaud V, Gautier-Bertrand M, Grabli D, Amarenco P: Association between influenza vaccination and reduced risk of brain infarction. Stroke 2002;33:513-518.
20. Nichol KL, Nordin J, Mullooly J, Lask R, Fillbrandt K, Iwane M: Influenza vaccination and reduction in hospitalizations for cardiac disease and stroke among the elderly. N Engl J Med 2003;348:1322-1332.
21. Smeeth L, Thomas S, Hall A, Hubbard R, Farrington P, Vallance P: Risk of myocardial infarction and stroke after acute infection or vaccination. New Engl J Med 2004;351:2611-2618.
22. Masdeu JC, Irimia P, Asenbaum S, Bogousslavsky J, Brainin M, Chabriat H, Herholz K, Markus HS, Martinez-Vila E, Niederkom K, Schellinger PD, Seitz RJ, EFNS: EFNS guideline on neuroimaging in acute stroke. Report of an EFNS task force. Eur J Neurol 2006;13:1271-1283.
23. Adams HP Jr, Bendizen BH, Kappelle LJ, Biller J, Love BB, Gordon DL, Marsh EE: Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke: definitions for use in a multicenter clinical trial. Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment. Stroke 1993;24:35-41.
24. Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: The sixth report of the Joint National Committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure. Arch Intern Med 1997;157:2413-2446.
25. American Diabetes Association: Standards of medical care for patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2003;26(suppl 1):33-50.
26. National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP): Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Publication No. 01-367). Bethesda, National Institutes of Health, 1-40.
27. Feuerlein W, Ringer C, Küfner H, Antons K: Diagnosis of alcoholism: The Munich Alcoholism Test (MALT). Curr Alcohol 1979;7:137-147.
28. Luepker RV, Apple FS, Christenson RH, Crow RS, Fortmann SP, Goff D, Goldberg RJ, Hand MM, Jaffe AS, Julian DG, Levy D, Manolio T, Mendis S, Mensah G, Pajak A, Prineas RJ, Reddy KS, Roger VL, Rosamond WD, Shahar E, Sharrett AR, Sorlie P, Tunstall-Pedoe H: Case definitions for acute coronary heart disease in epidemiology and clinical research studies: a statement from the AHA Council on Epidemiology and Prevention; AHA Statistics Committee; World Heart Federation Council on Epidemiology and Prevention; European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Epidemiology and Prevention; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Circulation 2003;108:2543-2549.
29. Leng GC, Fowkes FG: The Edinburgh Claudication Questionnaire: an improved version of the WHO/Rose Questionnaire for use in epidemiological surveys. J Clin Epidemiol 1992;45:1101-1109.
30. Medical Research Council: Definition and classification of chronic bronchitis for clinical and epidemiological purposes. Lancet 1965;1:775-779.
31. Cannon CP, Braunwald E, McCabe CH, Grayston JT, Muhlestein B, Giugliano RP, Cairos R, Skene AM: Antibiotic treatment of Chlamydia pneumoniae after acute coronary syndrome. N Engl J Med 2005;352:1646-1654.
32. Grayston JT, Kronmal RA, Jackson LA, Parisi AF, Muhlestein JB, Cohen JD, Rogers WJ, Crouse JR, Borrowdale SL, Schron E, Knirsch C: Azithromycin for the secondary prevention of coronary events. N Engl J Med 2005;352:1637-1645.
33. Brassard P, Bourgault C, Brophy J, Kezouth A: Antibiotics in primary prevention of stroke in the elderly. Stroke 2003;34:163-166.
34. Luchsinger JA, Pablos-Mendez A, Knirsch C, Rabinowitz D, Shea S: Antibiotic use and risk of ischemic stroke in the elderly. Am J Med 2001;111:361-366.
35. Feigin VL, Nikitin YP: Seasonal variation in the occurrence of ischemic stroke and subarachnoid hemorrhage in Siberia, Russia: a population-based study. Eur J Neurol 1998;5:23-27.
36. Biller J, Jones MP, Bruno A, Adams HP, Bawart K: Seasonal variation of stroke: does it exist? Neuroepidemiology 1988;7:89-98.
37. Oberg AL, Ferguson JA, McIntyre L, Horner RD: Incidence of stroke and season of the year: evidence of an association. Am J Epidemiol 2000;152:558-564.
38. Chang CJ, Shipley M, Marmot M, Poulter N: Lower ambient temperature was associated with an increased risk of hospitalization for stroke and acute myocardial infarction in young women. J Clin Epidemiol 2004;57:749-757.
39. Woodhouse PR, Khaw KT, Plummer M: Seasonal variation of blood pressure and its relationship to ambient temperature in an elderly population. J Hypertension 1993;11:1267-1274.
40. Woodhouse PR, Khaw KT, Plummer M, Foley A, Meade TW: Seasonal variations of plasma fibrinogen and factor VII activity in the elderly: winter infections and death from cardiovascular disease. Lancet 1994;343:435-439.
41. Woodhouse PR, Khaw KT, Plummer M: Seasonal variation of serum lipids in an elderly population. Age Ageing 1993;22:273-278.
42. Syrjänen J, Valtonen VV, Livanainen M, Kaste M, Huttunen JK: Preceding infection as an important risk factor for ischaemic brain infarction in young and middle aged patients. BMJ 1988;296:156-160.
43. Grau AJ, Buggle F, Heindl S, Steichen-Weihn C, Banerjee T, Maiwald M, Rohlfs M, Sur H, Feihn W, Becher H, Hacke W: Recent infection as a risk factor for cerebrovascular ischemia. Stroke 1995;26:373-379.
44. Bova IY, Bornstein NM, Korczyn AD: Acute infection as a risk factor for ischemic stroke. Stroke 1996;27:2204-2206.
45. Grau AJ, Buggle F, Becher H, Zimmermann E, Spiel M, Fent T, Maiwald M, Werle E, Zorn M, Hengel H, Hacke W: Recent bacterial and viral infection is a risk factor for cerebral ischemia: clinical and biochemical studies. Neurology 1998;50:196-203.
46. Ameriso SF, Wong V, Quismorio F, Fisher M: Imunohematologic characteristics of infection-associated cerebral infarction. Stroke 1991;22:1004-1009.
47. Macko RF, Ameriso SF, Barndt R, Clough W, Weiner JM, Fisher M: Precipitants of brain infarction: roles of preceding infection/inflammation and recent psychological stress. Stroke 1996;27:1999-2004.
48. Jousilahti P, Vartiainen E, Tuomilehto J, Puska P: Symptoms of chronic bronchitis and the risk of coronary disease. Lancet 1996;348:567-572.
49. Grau AJ, Buggle F, Ziegler C, Schwarz W, Meuser J, Tasman A, Bühler A, Benesch C, Becher H, Hacke W: Association between acute cerebrovascular ischemia and chronic and recurrent infection. Stroke 1997;28:1724-1729.
50. Elliot FA, Buckell M: Fibrinogen changes in relation to cerebrovascular accidents. Neurology 1961;11:120-124.
51. Grotta J, Ackerman R, Correia J, Fallick G, Chang J: Whole blood viscosity parameters and cerebral blood flow. Stroke 1982;13:296-301.
52. Ameriso SF, Hill AP, Meiselman HJ, Fischer M: Correlates of middle cerebral artery blood viscosity parameters and cerebral blood flow. Stroke 1990;21:1579-1583.
53. Ringelstein EB, Mauckner A, Schenider R, Sturm W, Doering W, Wolf S, Maurin N, Willmes K, Schlenker M, Bruckman H, Eschendelfer V: Effects of enzymatic blood defibrination in subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1988;51:1051-1057.
54. Meade TW, Chakrabarti R, Haines AP, North WRS, Stirling Y: Characteristics affecting fibrinolytic activity and plasma fibrinogen concentration. Br Med J 1979;1:153-156.
55. Busto R, Dietrich WD, Globus MYT, Valdes I, Scheinberg P, Ginsberg MD: Small differences in intraischemic brain temperature critically determine the extent of ischemic neuronal injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1987;7:729-738.
56. Poole PJ, Chacko E, Wood-Baker RW, Gates CJ: Influenza vaccine for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000;4:CD002733.
57. Bridges CB, Fukuda K, Cox NJ, Singleton JA; Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices: Prevention and control of influenza: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep 2001;50:1-44.
58. Nichol KL, Margolis KL, Wuorenma J, Von Sternberg T: The efficacy and cost effectiveness of vaccination against influenza among elderly persons living in the community. N Engl J Med 1994;331:778-784.