Randomized secondary prevention trial of azithromycin in patients with coronary artery disease and serological evidence for Chlamydia pneumoniae infection: The azithromycin in coronary artery disease: Elimination of myocardial infection with Chlamydia (ACADEMIC) study

Circulation

Volumn 99, Issue 12, 1999, Pages 1540-1547

  Anderson, Jeffrey L ^a   Muhlestein, Joseph B ^a   Carlquist, John ^a   Allen, Ann ^a   Trehan, Sanjeev ^a   Nielson, Cindy ^a   Hall, Staci ^a   Brady, John ^a   Egger, Marlene ^a   Home, Benjamin ^a   Tobin, Lim ^a  

^a LDS HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

Antibiotics; Chlamydia pneumoniae; Coronary disease

Indexed keywords

AZITHROMYCIN; C REACTIVE PROTEIN; INTERLEUKIN 1; INTERLEUKIN 6; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

ADULT; AGED; ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY; ANTIBODY TITER; ARTICLE; BACTERIUM DETECTION; BLOOD PRESSURE; CHLAMYDIASIS; CHLAMYDOPHILA PNEUMONIAE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG TOLERABILITY; FEMALE; GASTROINTESTINAL TOXICITY; HEART RATE; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; LEUKOCYTE COUNT; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; ORAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL;

EID: 0033616862     PISSN: 00097322     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1161/01.CIR.99.12.1540     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Fact Book: Fiscal Year 1995. Bethesda, Md: US Dept of Health and Human Services. March 1996; 30-52. Monograph.
2. Farmer JA, Gotto AM Jr. Dyslipidemia and other risk factors for coronary artery disease. In: Braunwald E, ed. Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders Co; 1997: 1126-1160.
3. van der Wal AC, Becker AE, van der Loos CM, Das PK. Site of intimal rupture or erosion of thrombosed coronary atherosclerotic plaques is characterized by an inflammatory process irrespective of the dominant plaque morphology. Circulation. 1994;89:36-44.
4. Ross R. Atherosclerosis - an inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med. 1999; 340:115-126.
5. Shah PK, Falk E, Badimon JJ, Fernandez, Ortiz A, Mailhac A, Villareal Levy G, Fallon JT, Regnstrom J, Fuster V. Human monocyte-derived macrophages induce collagen breakdown in fibrous caps of atherosclerotic plaques: potential role of matrix-degrading metalloproteinases and implications for plaque rupture. Circulation. 1995;92:1565-1569.
6. Shah PK. New insights into the pathogenesis and prevention of acute coronary syndromes. Am J Cardiol. 1997;79(12B):17-23.
7. Ridker PM, Cushman M, Stampfer MJ, Tracy RP, Hennekens CH. Inflammation, aspirin, and the risk of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy men. N Engl J Med. 1997;336:973-979.
8. Libby P, Egan D, Skarlatos S. Roles of infectious agents in atherosclerosis and restenosis. Circulation. 1997;96:4095-4103.
9. Walsh JH, Peterson WL. The treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection in the management of peptic ulcer disease. N Engl J Med. 1995;333: 984-991.
10. Grayston JT, Duo CC, Wang SP, Altman J. A new Chlamydia psittaci strain, TWAR, isolated in acute respiratory tract infections. N Engl J Med. 1986;315:161-168.
11. Grayston JT. Infections caused by Chlamydia pneumoniae strain TWAR. Clin Infect Dis. 1992;165:757-761.
12. Aldous MB, Grayston JT, Wang SP, Foy HM. Seroepidemiology of Chlamydia pneumoniae TWAR infection in Seattle families, 1966-79. J Infect Dis. 1992;166:646-649.
13. Saikku P, Leinonen M, Mattila K, Ekman MR, Nieminen MS, Makela PH, Huttunen JK, Valtonen V. Serologic evidence of an association of a novel Chlamydia, TWAR, with chronic coronary heart disease in acute myocardial infarction. Lancet. 1988;2:983-986.
14. Saikku P, Leinonen M, Tenkanen L, Linnanmaki E, Ekman MR, Manniven V, Mantarri M, Frick MH, Huttenen JK. Chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection as a risk factor for coronary heart disease in the Helsinki Heart Study. Ann Intern Med. 1992;116:273-278.
15. Linnanmaki E, Leinonen M, Mattila K, Nieminen MS, Valtonen V, Saikku P. Chlamydia pneumoniae specific circulating immune complexes in patients with chronic coronary heart disease. Circulation. 1993;87: 1130-1134.
16. Thom DH, Grayston JT, Siscovick DS, Wang S-P, Weiss NS, Daling JR. Association of prior infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae and angiographically demonstrated coronary heart disease. JAMA. 1992;268: 68-72.
17. Grayston JT, Kuo CC, Campbell LA, Benditt EP. Chlamydia pneumoniae, strain TWAR, and atherosclerosis. Eur Heart J. 1993;14:66-71.
18. Anderson JL, Carlquist JF, King GJ, Muhlestein JB, Horne BD, Elmer SP. Evaluation of C-reactive protein, an inflammatory marker, and infectious serology as risk factors for coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;32:35-41.
19. Shor A, Kuo C-C, Patent DL. Detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae in coronary arterial fatty streaks in atheromatous plaques. S Afr Med J. 1992;82:158-161.
20. Kuo C-C, Shor A, Campbell LA, Fukushi H, Patton DL, Grayston JT. Demonstration of Chlamydia pneumoniae in atherosclerotic lesions of coronary arteries. J Infect Dis. 1993;167:841-849.
21. Muhlestein JB, Hammond EH, Carlquist JF, Radicke E, Thomson MJ, Karagounis LA, Woods ML, Anderson JL. Increased incidence of Chlamydia species within the coronary arteries of patients with symptomatic atherosclerotic versus other forms of cardiovascular disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996;27:1555-1561.
22. Grayston JT, Kuo C-C, Coulson AS, Campbell LA, Lawrence RD, Lee MJ, Strandness ED, Wang SP. Chlamydia pneumoniae (TWAR) in atherosclerosis of the carotid artery. Circulation. 1995;95:3397-3400.
23. Ramirez JA. Isolation of Chlamydia pneumoniae from the coronary artery of a patient with coronary atherosclerosis: the Chlamydia pneumoniae/ Atherosclerosis Study Group. Ann Intern Med. 1996;125:979-982.
24. Weiss SM, Roblin PM, Gaydos CA, Cummings P, Patton KL, Schulhoff N, Shani J, Frankel R, Penney K, Quinn TC, Hammerschlag MR, Schachter J. Failure to detect Chlamydia pneumoniae in coronary atheromas of patients undergoing atherectomy. J Infect Dis. 1996;173: 957-962.
25. Fong IW, Chiu B, Vira E, Fong MW, Jang D, Mahoney J. Rabbit model for Chlamydia pneumoniae infection. J Clin Microbiol. 1997;35:48-52.
26. Muhlestein JB, Anderson JL, Hammond EH, Zau L, Trehan S, Schwobe EP, Carlquist JF. Infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae accelerates the development of atherosclerosis and treatment with azithromycin prevents it in a rabbit model. Circulation. 1998;1998:97:633-636.
27. Havlir DV, Dube MP, Sattler FR, Forthal DN, Kemper CA, Dunne MW, Parenti DM, Lavelle JP, White AC Jr, Witt MD, Bozzette SA, McCutchan JA. Prophylaxis against disseminated mycobacterium avium complex with weekly azithromycin, daily rifabutin, or both: California Collaborative Treatment Group. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:392-398.
28. Gupta S, Leatham EW, Carrington M, Mendall MA, Ireson N, Tooze J, Bevan D, Camm AJ, Kaski JC. The effect of azithromycin in postmyocardial infarction (MI) patients with elevated Chlamydia pneumoniae antibody titres. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997;29:209A. Abstract.
29. Gupta S, Leatham EW, Carrington M, Mendall MA, Kaski JC, Camm AJ. Elevated Chlamydia pneumoniae antibodies, cardiovascular events, and azithromycin in male survivors of myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1997;96:404-407.
30. O'Brien PC. Procedures for comparing samples with multiple endpoints. Biometrics. 1984;40:1079-1089.
31. D'Agostino RB Sr, Russell HK. Multiple endpoints, multivariate global tests. In: Armitage P, Colton T, eds. Encyclopedia of Biostatistics. Oxford, UK: John Wiley & Sons; 1998;4:2749-2762.
32. Gurfinkel E, Bozovich G, Daroca A, Beck E, Mautner B, for the ROXIS study group. Randomised trial of roxithromycin in non-Q-wave coronary syndromes: ROXIS pilot study. Lancet. 1997;350:404-407.
33. Gaydos CA, Summersgill JT, Sahney NN, Ramirez JA, Quinn TC. Replication of Chlamydia pneumoniae in vitro in human macrophages, endothelial cells, and aortic artery smooth muscle cells. Infect Immun. 1996;64:1614-1620.
34. Beatty WL, Morrison RP, Byrne GI. Persistent chlamydiae: from cell culture to a paradigm for chlamydial pathogenesis. Microbiol Rev. 1994; 58:686-699.
35. Pue CA, Mortensen RF, Marsh CB, Pope HA, Wewers MD. Acute phase levels of C-reactive protein enhance IL-1b and IL-1ra production by human blood monocytes but inhibit IL-1b and IL-1ra production by alveolar macrophages. J Immunol. 1996;156:1594-1600.
36. Ganapathi MK, Rzewnicki D, Samols D, Jiang SL, Kushner I. Effect of combinations cytokines and hormones on synthesis of serum amyloid A and C-reactive protein in Hep 3B cells. J Immunol. 1991;147:1261-1265.
37. Cermak J, Key NS, Back RR, Balla J, Jacob HS, Vercellotti GM. C-reactive protein induces human peripheral blood monocytes to synthesize tissue factor. Blood. 1993;82:513-520.
38. Tilley BC, Alarcon GS, Heyse SP, Trentham DE, Neuner R, Kaplan DA, Clegg DO, Leisen JCC, Buckley L, Cooper SM, Duncan H, Pillemer SR, Tuttleman M, Fowler SE. Minocycline in rheumatoid arthritis: a 48-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1995;122:81-89.