Insight into bisphosphonate-associated osteomyelitis of the jaw: Pathophysiology, mechanisms and clinical management

Expert Opinion on Drug Safety

Volumn 7, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 491-512

  Wimalawansa, Sunil J ^a  

^a ROBERT WOOD JOHNSON MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

BAON; Bisphosphonates; BON; Dental and oral surgery; Imaging; ONJ; Osteonecrosis of the jaw; Osteopenia; Osteoporosis; Paget's disease

Indexed keywords

ALENDRONIC ACID; ALENDRONIC ACID PLUS COLECALCIFEROL; AMOXICILLIN; ANALGESIC AGENT; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; BISPHOSPHONIC ACID DERIVATIVE; CHLORHEXIDINE GLUCONATE; CLODRONIC ACID; ETIDRONIC ACID; IBANDRONIC ACID; INCADRONIC ACID; INDUCIBLE NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; INTERLEUKIN 2; PAMIDRONIC ACID; PARACETAMOL; PENICILLIN V; RECLAST; RISEDRONIC ACID; TILUDRONIC ACID; ZOLEDRONIC ACID;

ANTIANGIOGENIC ACTIVITY; ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; BISPHOSPHONATE ASSOCIATED OSTEOMYELITIS OF THE JAW; BONE DENSITY; BONE NECROSIS; BONE TURNOVER; BREAST CANCER; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL PRACTICE; CLINICAL TRIAL; DIABETES MELLITUS; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG CONTRAINDICATION; DRUG FEVER; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG POTENTIATION; DRUG SUBSTITUTION; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; FLU LIKE SYNDROME; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; JAW SURGERY; MOUTH HYGIENE; MULTIPLE MYELOMA; NEOPLASM; NONHUMAN; ORTHOPEDIC SURGERY; OSTEOLYSIS; OSTEOMYELITIS; OSTEOPOROSIS; PAIN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PERIODONTITIS; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PROSTATE CARCINOMA; QUALITY OF LIFE; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; RISK REDUCTION; TOOTH EXTRACTION; TOOTH RADIOGRAPHY; TREATMENT DURATION;

BONE DISEASES; DIPHOSPHONATES; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, DRUG; HUMANS; JAW DISEASES; NEOPLASMS; OSTEOMYELITIS; OSTEONECROSIS; OSTEOPOROSIS; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 48749104807     PISSN: 14740338     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1517/14740338.7.4.491     Document Type: Review

References (256)

1. Fleisch H. Bisphosphonates in bone disease: from the laboratory to the patient. 4th edition. San Diego: Academic Press; 2000
2. Russell G, Mueller G, Shipman C, Croucher P. Clinical disorders of bone resorption. Novartis Found Symp 2001;232:251-67; discussion 67-71
3. Migliorati CA, Casiglia J, Epstein J, et al. Managing the care of patients with bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis: an American Academy of Oral Medicine position paper. J Am Dent Assoc 2005;136(12):1658-68
4. Novak KK, editor. Drug facts and comparisons. St. Louis, MO: Wolters Kluwer Health; 2006
5. Licata AA. Discovery, clinical development, and therapeutic uses of bisphosphonates. Ann Pharmacother 2005;39(4):668-77
6. Lipton A. New therapeutic agents for the treatment of bone diseases. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2005;5(6):817-32
7. Body JJ. Effectiveness and cost of bisphosphonate therapy in tumor bone disease. Cancer 2003;97(3 Suppl):859-65
8. Berenson JR, Hillner BE, Kyle RA, et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guidelines: the role of bisphosphonates in multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol 2002;20(17):3719-36
9. Wimalawansa SJ. Hypercalcemia of malignancy: etiology, pathogenesis and clinical management. Austin, Texas: RG Landes Company; 1995
10. Davis JP, Archer DJ, Fisher C, et al. Multiple recurrent giant cell lesions associated with high circulating levels of parathyroid hormone-related peptide in a young adult. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1991;29(2):102-5
11. Wimalawansa SJ. Long- and short-term side effects and safety of calcitonin in man: a prospective study. Calcif Tissue Int 1993;52(2):90-3
12. Bilezikian JP. Osteonecrosis of the jaw - do bisphosphonates pose a risk? N Engl J Med 2006;355(22):2278-81
13. Bone HG, Hosking D, Devogelaer JP, et al. Ten years' experience with alendronate for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med 2004;350(12):1189-99
14. Cheng A, Mavrokokki A, Carter G, et al. The dental implications of bisphosphonates and bone disease. Aust Dent J 2005;50(4 Suppl 2):S4-13
15. Dannemann C, Zwahlen R, Gratz KW. Clinical experiences with bisphopsphonate induced osteochemonecrosis of the jaws. Swiss Med Wkly 2006;136(31-32):504-9
16. Errante D, Mannucci N, Bernardi D, et al. Comment on 'Jaw avascular bone necrosis associated with long-term use of biphosphonates'. Ann Oncol 2006;17(2):350-2
17. Felsenberg D. Osteonecrosis of the jaw - a potential adverse effect of bisphosphonate treatment. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 2006;2(12):662-3
18. Whyte MP, Wenkert D, Clements KL, et al. Bisphosphonate-induced osteopetrosis. N Engl J Med 2003;349(5):457-63
19. Khosla S, Burr D, Cauley J, et al. ASBMR task force on bisphosphonate-associated ONJ: report of a task force of the American society for bone and mineral research. JBMR 2007;22(10):1479-45
20. Hillner BE, Ingle JN, Chlebowski RT, et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology 2003 update on the role of bisphosphonates and bone health issues in women with breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2003;21(21):4042-57
21. Marx RE, Sawatari Y, Fortin M, Broumand V. Bisphosphonate-induced exposed bone (osteonecrosis/osteopetrosis) of the jaws: risk factors, recognition, prevention, and treatment. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2005;63(11):1567-75
22. Hoff AO, Toth B, Altundag K. Osteonecrosis of the jaw in patients receiving intravenous bisphosphonate therapy. J Bone Miner Res 2005;20(Suppl 1):1218
23. Hoff AO, Toth BB, Altundag K, et al. Osteonecrosis of the jaw in patients receiving intravenous bisphosphonate therapy. ASCO Meeting Abstracts. J Clin Oncol 2006;8528
24. Lugassy G, Shaham R, Nemets A, et al. Severe osteomyelitis of the jaw in long-term survivors of multiple myeloma: a new clinical entity. Am J Med 2004;117(6):440-1
25. Tosi P, Zamagni E, Cangini D, et al. Osteonecrosis of the jaws in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients treated with zoledronic acid and thalidomide-dexamethasone. Blood 2006;108(12):3951-2
26. Tosi P, Zamagni E, Cangini D, et al. Bisphosphonates and osteonecrosis of the jaws: incidence in a homogeneous series of patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma treated with zoledronic acid. ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts. Blood 2005;106:3461
27. Olson KB, Hellie CM, Pienta KJ. Osteonecrosis of jaw in patient with hormone-refractory prostate cancer treated with zoledronic acid. Urology 2005;66(3):658
28. Saad F. Bone-directed treatments for prostate cancer. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2006;20(4):947-63
29. Pastor-Zuazaga D, Garatea-Crelgo J, Martino-Gorbea R, et al. Osteonecrosis of the jaws and bisphosphonates. Report of three cases. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2006;11(1):E76-9
30. Weitzman R, Sauter N, Eriksen EF, et al. Critical review: updated recommendations list the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of osteonecrosis of the jaw in cancer patients - May 2006. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2007;62(2):148-52
31. Thakkar SG, Isada C, Smith J, et al. Jaw complications associated with bisphosphonate use in patients with plasma cell dyscrasias. Med Oncol 2006;23(1):51-6
32. Wang J, Goodger NM, Pogrel MA. Osteonecrosis of the jaws associated with cancer chemotherapy. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2003;61(9):1104-7
33. Badros A, Weikel D, Salama A, et al. Osteonecrosis of the jaw in multiple myeloma patients: clinical features and risk factors. J Clin Oncol 2006;24(6):945-52
34. Bamias A, Kastritis E, Bamia C, et al. Osteonecrosis of the jaw in cancer after treatment with bisphosphonates: incidence and risk factors. J Clin Oncol 2005;23(34):8580-7
35. Leite AF, Figueiredo PT, Melo NS, et al. Bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaws. Report of a case and literature review. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2006;102(1):14-21
36. Berenson JR, Lichtenstein A, Porter L, et al. Efficacy of pamidronate in reducing skeletal events in patients with advanced multiple myeloma. Myeloma Aredia Study Group. N Engl J Med 1996;334(8):488-93
37. Greenberg MS. Intravenous bisphosphonates and osteonecrosis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2004;98(3):259-60
38. Lacy MQ, Dispenzieri A, Gertz MA, et al. Mayo clinic consensus statement for the use of bisphosphonates in multiple myeloma. Mayo Clin Proc 2006;81(8):1047-53
39. Hellstein JW, Marek CL. Bisphosphonate osteochemonecrosis (bis-phossy jaw): is this phossy jaw of the 21st century? J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2005;63(5):682-9
40. Melo MD, Obeid G. Osteonecrosis of the maxilla in a patient with a history of bisphosphonate therapy. J Can Dent Assoc 2005;71(2):111-3
41. Carter G, Goss AN, Doecke C. Bisphosphonates and avascular necrosis of the jaw: a possible association. Med J Aust 2005;182(8):413-5
42. Carter GD, Goss AN. Bisphosphonates and avascular necrosis of the jaws. Aust Dent J 2003;48(4):268
43. Marx RE. Pamidronate (Aredia) and zoledronate (Zometa) induced avascular necrosis of the jaws: a growing epidemic. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2003;61(9):1115-7
44. Migliorati CA. Bisphosphanates and oral cavity avascular bone necrosis. J Clin Oncol 2003;21(22):4253-4
45. Hellstein JW, Marek CL. Bis-phossy jaw, phossy jaw, and the 21st century: bisphosphonate-associated complications of the jaws. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2004;62(12):1563-5
46. Durie BG, Katz M, Crowley J. Osteonecrosis of the jaw and bisphosphonates. N Engl J Med 2005;353(1):99-102; discussion 99
47. Katz H. Endodontic implications of bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaws: a report of three cases. J Endod 2005;31(11):831-4
48. AREDIA product information: Novartis Pharmaceuticals Australia; 2004
49. Purcell PM, Boyd IW. Bisphosphonates and osteonecrosis of the jaw. Med J Aust 2005;182(8):417-8
50. Sarathy AP, Bourgeois SL Jr, Goodell GG. Bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaws and endodontic treatment: two case reports. J Endod 2005;31(10):759-63
51. Wooltorton E. Patients receiving intravenous bisphosphonates should avoid invasive dental procedures. CMAJ 2005;172(13):1684
52. Zarychanski R, Elphee E, Walton P, Johnston J. Osteonecrosis of the jaw associated with pamidronate therapy. Am J Hematol 2006;81(1):73-5
53. Santini D, Vincenzi B, Dicuonzo G, et al. Zoledronic acid induces significant and long-lasting modifications of circulating angiogenic factors in cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res 2003;9(8):2893-7
54. Roelofs AJ, Thompson K, Gordon S, Rogers MJ. Molecular mechanisms of action of bisphosphonates: current status. Clin Cancer Res 2006;12(20 Pt 2):6222s-6230s
55. Pogrel MA. Bisphosphonates and bone necrosis. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2004;62(3):391-2
56. Schwartz HC. Osteonecrosis and bisphosphonates: correlation versus causation. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2004;62(6):763-4
57. Dental management of patients receiving oral bisphosphonate therapy: expert panel recommendations. J Am Dent Assoc 2006;137(8):1144-50
58. Medwatch 2004 Safety Alert: ZOMETA (zoledronic acid) injection. 2004 [cited 1 March 2005]. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/medwatch/SAFETY/ 2004/safety04.htm#zometa
59. Expert panel recommendations for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of osteonecrosis of the jaws. LDA J 2005;64(3):21-4
60. Woo SB, Hellstein JW, Kalmar JR. Narrative [corrected] review: bisphosphonates and osteonecrosis of the jaws. Ann Intern Med 2006;144(10):753-61
61. Woo SB, Hande K, Richardson PG. Osteonecrosis of the jaw and bisphosphonates. N Engl J Med 2005;353(1):99-102; discussion 99
62. Mashiba T, Mori S, Burr DB, et al. The effects of suppressed bone remodeling by bisphosphonates on microdamage accumulation and degree of mineralization in the cortical bone of dog rib. J Bone Miner Metab 2005;23(Suppl):36-42
63. Mashiba T, Turner CH, Hirano T, et al. Effects of suppressed bone turnover by bisphosphonates on microdamage accumulation and biomechanical properties in clinically relevant skeletal sites in beagles. Bone 2001;28(5):524-31
64. Barker K, Lowe D, Olujohungbe A, et al. Survey of members of myeloma UK on biphosphonates-associated jaw osteonecrosis. Br J Haematol 2007;139(4):626-8
65. Lobato JV, Mauricio AC, Rodrigues JM, et al. Jaw avascular osteonecrosis after treatment of multiple myeloma with zoledronate. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2008;61(1):99-106
66. Kraj M, Poglod R, Maj S, Owczarska K. The incidence of jaw osteonecrosis in multiple myeloma patients treated with bisphosphonates. Acta Pol Pharm 2006;63(5):450-2
67. Nastro E, Musolino C, Allegra A, et al. Bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw in patients with multiple myeloma and breast cancer. Acta Haematol 2007;117(3):181-7
68. Calvo-Villas JM, Tapia Torres M, Govantes Rodriguez J, et al. Osteonecrosis of the jaw in patients with multiple myeloma during and after treatment with zoledronic acid. Med Clin (Barc) 2006;127(15):576-9
69. Shimura K, Shimazaki C, Taniguchi K, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen in addition to antibiotic therapy is effective for bisphosphonate-induced osteonecrosis of the jaw in a patient with multiple myeloma. Int J Hematol 2006;84(4):343-5
70. Zervas K, Verrou E, Teleioudis Z, et al. Incidence, risk factors and management of osteonecrosis of the jaw in patients with multiple myeloma: a single-centre experience in 303 patients. Br J Haematol 2006;134(6):620-3
71. Dimopoulos MA, Kastritis E, Anagnostopoulos A, et al. Osteonecrosis of the jaw in patients with multiple myeloma treated with bisphosphonates: evidence of increased risk after treatment with zoledronic acid. Haematologica 2006;91(7):968-71
72. Delibasi T, Altundag K, Kanlioglu Y. Why osteonecrosis of the jaw after bisphosphonates treatment is more frequent in multiple myeloma than in solid tumors. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2006;64(6):995-6
73. Adam Z, Kozumplikova M, Pour L, Machalka M. Osteonecrosis of the jaw in the course of multiple myeloma treatment and bisphosphonate administration. Vnitr Lek 2006;52(2):176-80
74. Corso A, Varettoni M, Zappasodi P, et al. A different schedule of zoledronic acid can reduce the risk of the osteonecrosis of the jaw in patients with multiple myeloma. Leukemia 2007;21(7):1545-8
75. Pozzi S, Marcheselli R, Sacchi S, et al. Bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw: a review of 35 cases and an evaluation of its frequency in multiple myeloma patients. Leuk Lymphoma 2007;48(1):56-64
76. Wang EP, Kaban LB, Strewler GJ, et al. Incidence of osteonecrosis of the jaw in patients with multiple myeloma and breast or prostate cancer on intravenous bisphosphonate therapy. Oral Maxillofac Surg 2007;65(7):1328-31
77. Van Poznak C. The phenomenon of osteonecrosis of the jaw in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Cancer Invest 2006;24(1):110-2
78. Ardine M, Generali D, Donadio M, et al. Could the long-term persistence of low serum calcium levels and high serum parathyroid hormone levels during bisphosphonate treatment predispose metastatic breast cancer patients to undergo osteonecrosis of the jaw? Ann Oncol 2006;17(8):1336-7
79. Sanna G, Preda L, Bruschini R, et al. Bisphosphonates and jaw osteonecrosis in patients with advanced breast cancer. Ann Oncol 2006;17(10):1512-6
80. Salesi N, Pistilli R, Marcelli V, et al. Bisphosphonates and oral cavity avascular bone necrosis: a review of twelve cases. Anticancer Res 2006;26(4B):3111-5
81. Liberman UA. Long-term safety of bisphosphonate therapy for osteoporosis: a review of the evidence. Drugs Aging 2006;23(4):289-98
82. Krueger CD, West PM, Sargent M, et al. Bisphosphonate-induced osteonecrosis of the jaw. Ann Pharmacother 2007;41(2):276-84
83. Glass DA II, Patel MS, Karsenty G. A new insight into the formation of osteolytic lesions in multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med 2003;349(26):2479-80
84. Assouline-Dayan Y, Chang C, Greenspan A, et al. Pathogenesis and natural history of osteonecrosis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2002;32(2):94-124
85. Merck Product Description of Fosamax. 2005 [cited 2005 4 January 2006]. Available from: http://www.fosamax.com/fosamax/shared/documents/english/ pi.pdf
86. AAOMS Position Paper on Bisphosphonate-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaws. 2006 [cited 6 December 2006]. Available from: http://www.aaoms.org/ docs/position_papers/osteonecrosis.pdf
87. The History of Maxillofacial Osteonecrosis. 2005 [cited 1 February 2005]. Available from: http://maxillofacialcenter.com/ NICOhistory.html#History
88. Black DM, Delmas PD, Eastell R, et al. Once-yearly zoledronic acid for treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 2007;356(18):1809-22
89. Vannucchi AM, Ficarra G, Antonioli E, Bosi A. Osteonecrosis of the jaw associated with zoledronate therapy in a patient with multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol 2005;128(6):738
90. Mehrotra B, Ruggiero SL. Bisphosphonate related osteonecrosis (BRON) of the jaw: single institutional update. ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts. Blood 2005;106:291
91. ODAC. Oncologic Drugs Advisory Committee Meeting (ODAC): questions to the committee. In: (FDA) USFDA; 2005
92. Wimalawansa S. Bisphosphonate-associated osteomyelitis of the jaw (BAOMJ): guidelines for practicing clinicians. Endocr Pract 2008
93. American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons position paper on bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2007;65(3):369-76
94. Mavrokokki T, Cheng A, Stein B, Goss A. Nature and frequency of bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaws in Australia. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2007;65(3):415-23
95. Felsenberg D, Hoffmeister B, Amling M. Bisphosphonattherapie assoziierte. Kiefernekrosen Deutsches Arzteblatt 2006;46:A3078-80
96. Bagan JV, Jimenez Y, Murillo J, et al. Jaw osteonecrosis associated with bisphosphonates: multiple exposed areas and its relationship to teeth extractions. Study of 20 cases. Oral Oncol 2006;42(3):327-9
97. Dimitrakopoulos I, Magopoulos C, Karakasis D. Bisphosphonate-induced avascular osteonecrosis of the jaws: a clinical report of 11 cases. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2006;35(7):588-93
98. Ficarra G, Beninati F, Rubino I, et al. Osteonecrosis of the jaws in periodontal patients with a history of bisphosphonates treatment. J Clin Periodontol 2005;32(11):1123-8
99. Davenport A, Goel S, Mackenzie JC. Treatment of hypercalcaemia with pamidronate in patients with end stage renal failure. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1993;27(4):447-51
100. Chang JT, Green L, Beitz J. Renal failure with the use of zoledronic acid. N Engl J Med 2003;349(17):1676-9; discussion 1679
101. Banerjee D, Asif A, Striker L, et al. Short-term, high-dose pamidronate-induced acute tubular necrosis: the postulated mechanisms of bisphosphonate nephrotoxicity. Am J Kidney Dis 2003;41(5):E18
102. Machado CE, Flombaum CD. Safety of pamidronate in patients with renal failure and hypercalcemia. Clin Nephrol 1996;45(3):175-9
103. Markowitz GS, Appel GB, Fine PL, et al. Collapsing focal segmental glomerulosclerosis following treatment with high-dose pamidronate. J Am Soc Nephrol 2001;12(6):1164-72
104. Markowitz GS, Fine PL, Stack JI, et al. Toxic acute tubular necrosis following treatment with zoledronate (Zometa). Kidney Int 2003;64(1):281-9
105. Munier A, Gras V, Andrejak M, et al. Zoledronic acid and renal toxicity: data from French adverse effect reporting database. Ann Pharmacother 2005;39(7-8):1194-7
106. Pozzi S, Marcheselli R, Sacchi S. Analysis of frequency and risk factors for developing bisphosphonate associated osteonecrosis of the jaw. Blood 2005;106:5057a
107. McMahon RE, Bouquot JE, Glueck CJ, Griep J. Beyond bisphosphonates: thrombophilia, hypofibrinolysis, and jaw osteonecrosis. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2006;64(11):1704-5
108. Odvina CV, Zerwekh JE, Rao DS, et al. Severely suppressed bone turnover: a potential complication of alendronate therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90(3):1294-301
109. Weinstein RS. True strength. J Bone Miner Res 2000;15(4):621-5
110. Black DM, Schwartz AV, Ensrud KE, et al. Effects of continuing or stopping alendronate after 5 years of treatment: the Fracture Intervention Trial Long-term Extension (FLEX): a randomized trial. JAMA 2006;296(24):2927-38
111. Ruggiero SL, Mehrotra B, Rosenberg TJ, Engroff SL. Osteonecrosis of the jaws associated with the use of bisphosphonates: a review of 63 cases. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2004;62(5):527-34
112. Farrugia MC, Summerlin DJ, Krowiak E, et al. Osteonecrosis of the mandible or maxilla associated with the use of new generation bisphosphonates. Laryngoscope 2006;116(1):115-20
113. Maerevoet M, Martin C, Duck L. Osteonecrosis of the jaw and bisphosphonates. N Engl J Med 2005;353(1):99-102; discussion 99
114. Markiewicz MR, Margarone JE III, Campbell JH, Aguirre A. Bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaws: a review of current knowledge. J Am Dent Assoc 2005;136(12):1669-74
115. Lipton A. Bisphosphonate therapy in the oncology setting. Expert Opin Emerging Drugs 2003;8(2):469-88
116. Wimalawansa SJ. Long term administration of bisphosphonates and increase fracture incidences. ASBMR, 29th Annual Meeting. Honolulu, Hawaii; 2007
117. Wimalawansa SJ. Optimal frequency of administration of pamidronate in patients with hypercalcaemia of malignancy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1994;41(5):591-5
118. Wimalawansa SJ. Hypercalcemia of malignancy: etiology, pathogenesis, and clinical management. Austin: RG Landes; 1995
119. Pickett FA. Bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw: a literature review and clinical practice guidelines. J Dent Hyg 2006;80(3):10
120. Wimalawansa SJ. Hypercalcemia of malignancy: etiology, pathophysiology, and management. Rev Endocr Relat Cancer 1993;45:5-24
121. Migliorati CA, Siegel MA, Elting LS. Bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis: a long-term complication of bisphosphonate treatment. Lancet Oncol 2006;7(6):508-14
122. Lindsay R, Cosman F. Osteoporosis. In: Braunwald E, Facui A, editors, Harrison's principles of internal medicine. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2001. p. 2226-37
123. Merigo E, Manfredi M, Meleti M, et al. Jaw bone necrosis without previous dental extractions associated with the use of bisphosphonates (pamidronate and zoledronate): a four-case report. J Oral Pathol Med 2005;34(10):613-7
124. Manolagas SC. Birth and death of bone cells: basic regulatory mechanisms and implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of osteoporosis. Endocr Rev 2000;21(2):115-37
125. Russell RG, Xia Z, Dunford JE, et al. Bisphosphonates: an update on mechanisms of action and how these relate to clinical efficacy. Ann NY Acad Sci 2007;1117:209-57
126. Wood J, Bonjean K, Ruetz S, et al. Novel antiangiogenic effects of the bisphosphonate compound zoledronic acid. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002;302(3):1055-61
127. Hansen T, Kunkel M, Weber A, James Kirkpatrick C. Osteonecrosis of the jaws in patients treated with bisphosphonates - histomorphologic analysis in comparison with infected osteoradionecrosis. J Oral Pathol Med 2006;35(3):155-60
128. Sato K, Kimura S, Segawa H, et al. Cytotoxic effects of gammadelta T cells expanded ex vivo by a third generation bisphosphonate for cancer immunotherapy. Int J Cancer 2005;116(1):94-9
129. Melani C, Sangaletti S, Barazzetta FM, et al. Amino-biphosphonate-mediated MMP-9 inhibition breaks the tumor-bone marrow axis responsible for myeloid-derived suppressor cell expansion and macrophage infiltration in tumor stroma. Cancer Res 2007;67(23):11438-46
130. Marten A, Lilienfeld-Toal M, Buchler MW, Schmidt J. Zoledronic acid has direct antiproliferative and antimetastatic effect on pancreatic carcinoma cells and acts as an antigen for delta2 gamma/delta T cells. J Immunother 2007;30(4):370-7
131. Wolf AM, Rumpold H, Tilg H, et al. The effect of zoledronic acid on the function and differentiation of myeloid cells. Haematologica 2006;91(9):1165-71
132. Dieli F, Vermijlen D, Fulfaro F, et al. Targeting human {gamma}{delta} T cells with zoledronate and interleukin-2 for immunotherapy of hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2007;67(15):7450-7
133. Fiore F, Castella B, Nuschak B, et al. Enhanced ability of dendritic cells to stimulate innate and adaptive immunity on short-term incubation with zoledronic acid. Blood 2007;110(3):921-7
134. Armour KE, Van THRJ, Grabowski PS, et al. Evidence for a pathogenic role of nitric oxide in inflammation-induced osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 1999;14(12):2137-42
135. Armour KJ, Armour KE, van't Hof RJ, et al. Activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase pathway contributes to inflammation-induced osteoporosis by suppressing bone formation and causing osteoblast apoptosis. Arthritis Rheum 2001;44(12):2790-6
136. Wimalawansa SJ. Rationale for using nitric oxide donor therapy for prevention of bone loss and treatment of osteoporosis in humans. Ann NY Acad Sci 2007;1117:283-97
137. Wimalawansa SJ. Nitric oxide: new evidence for novel therapeutic indications. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2008; In Press
138. Calder J, Buttery LDK, Pearse M, et al. Elevated nitric oxide levels in osteonecrotic bone. J Pathol 2001a;190:1A-69A
139. Bagan J, Blade J, Cozar JM, et al. Recommendations for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) in cancer patients treated with bisphosphonates. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2007;12(4):E336-40
140. Chang JS. ODS Postmarketing Safety Review. 2004 [cited 4 January 4 2006]. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/05/briefing/ 2005-4095B2_03_04-FDA-TAB3.pdf
141. Melo MD, Obeid G. Osteonecrosis of the jaws in patients with a history of receiving bisphosphonate therapy: strategies for prevention and early recognition. J Am Dent Assoc 2005;136(12):1675-81
142. Mehrotra B, Ruggiero S. Bisphosphonate complications including osteonecrosis of the jaw. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2006;356-60, 515
143. Landis BN, Richter M, Dojcinovic I, Hugentobler M. Osteonecrosis of the jaw after treatment with bisphosphonates: is irreversible, so the focus must be on prevention. BMJ 2006;333(7576):982-3
144. Capsoni F, Longhi M, Weinstein R. Bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw: the rheumatologist's role. Arthritis Res Ther 2006;8(5):219
145. Doogue M. Bisphosphonates, osteonecrosis of the jaw, and pharmacovigilance. N Z Med J 2006;119(1246):U2334
146. Bolland M, Hay D, Grey A, et al. Osteonecrosis of the jaw and bisphosphonates - putting the risk in perspective. N Z Med J 2006;119(1246):U2339
147. Leon SP. Bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw: questioning the proposed protocols [author reply]. Dent Today 2006;25(11):16
148. Waclawski ER. Osteonecrosis of the jaw and bisphosphonates: historical lesson from occupational medicine. BMJ 2006;333(7578):1123
149. Lenz JH, Steiner-Krammer B, Schmidt W, et al. Does avascular necrosis of the jaws in cancer patients only occur following treatment with bisphosphonates? J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2005;33(6):395-403
150. Migliorati CA, Schubert MM, Peterson DE, Seneda LM. Bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of mandibular and maxillary bone: an emerging oral complication of supportive cancer therapy. Cancer 2005;104(1):83-93
151. Walter C, Grotz KA, Kunkel M, Al-Nawas B. Prevalence of bisphosphonate associated osteonecrosis of the jaw within the field of osteonecrosis. Support Care Cancer 2007;15(2):197-202
152. Tauchmanova L, De Rosa G, Serio B, et al. Avascular necrosis in long-term survivors after allogeneic or autologous stem cell transplantation: a single center experience and a review. Cancer 2003;97(10):2453-61
153. Treister N, Woo SB. Images in clinical medicine. Bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw. N Engl J Med 2006;355(22):2348
154. Rizzoli R, Burlet N, Cahall D, et al. Osteonecrosis of the jaw and bisphosphonate treatment for osteoporosis. Bone 2008;42(5):841-7
155. Zavras AI, Zhu S. Bisphosphonates are associated with increased risk for jaw surgery in medical claims data: is it osteonecrosis? J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2006;64(6):917-23
156. Cafro A, Barbarano LA, Andriani A, et al. Osteonecrosis of the jaw associated with chronic bisphosphonates therapy: an Italian experience. ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts. Blood 2005;106:5152
157. Nase JB, Suzuki JB. Osteonecrosis of the jaw and oral bisphosphonate treatment. J Am Dent Assoc 2006;137(8):1115-9; quiz 69-70
158. Van den Wyngaert T, Huizing MT, Vermorken JB. Bisphosphonates and osteonecrosis of the jaw: cause and effect or a post hoc fallacy? Ann Oncol 2006;17(8):1197-204
159. Kim HK. Introduction to osteonecrosis of the femoral head (OFH) and osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ). J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 2007b;7(4):350-3
160. Ruggiero SL, Fantasia J, Carlson E. Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw: background and guidelines for diagnosis, staging and management. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2006;102(4):433-41
161. Starck WJ, Epker BN. Failure of osseointegrated dental implants after diphosphonate therapy for osteoporosis: a case report. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1995;10(1):74-8
162. Alvarez-Busto I, Martinez-Moya L, Lastra R, et al. Medical image. Osteolytic jaw lesion in metastatic breast cancer: not always metastases. Osteonecrosis of the jaw. N Z Med J 2007;120(1262):U2726
163. Bianchi SD, Scoletta M, Cassione FB, et al. Computerized tomographic findings in bisphosphonate associated osteonecrosis of the jaw in patients with cancer. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2007;104(2):249-58
164. Catalano L, Del Vecchio S, Petruzziello F, et al. Sestamibi and FDG-PET scans to support diagnosis of jaw osteonecrosis. Ann Hematol 2007;86(6):415-23
165. Wutzl A, Eisenmenger G, Hoffmann M, et al. Osteonecrosis of the jaws and bisphosphonate treatment in cancer patients. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2006;118(15-16):473-8
166. Borregaard N, Herlin T. Energy metabolism of human neutrophils during phagocytosis. J Clin Invest 1982;70(3):550-7
167. Palmer WE, Rosenthal DI, Schoenberg OI, et al. Quantification of inflammation in the wrist with gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging and PET with 2-[F-18]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose. Radiology 1995;196(3):647-55
168. Sukovic P. Cone beam computed tomography in craniofacial imaging. Orthod Craniofac Res 2003;6(Suppl 1):31-6; discussion 179-82
169. Hashimoto K, Arai Y, Iwai K, et al. A comparison of a new limited cone beam computed tomography machine for dental use with a multidetector row helical CT machine. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2003;95(3):371-7
170. Schulze D, Blessmann M, Pohlenz P, et al. Diagnostic criteria for the detection of mandibular osteomyelitis using cone-beam computed tomography. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2006;35(4):232-5
171. Marx RE. Oral & intravenous bisphosphonates - induced osteonecrosis of the jaws: history, etiology, prevention, and treatment. Hanover Park, IL, Quintessence; 2006
172. Marx RE, Cillo JE Jr, Ulloa JJ. Oral bisphosphonate-induced osteonecrosis: risk factors, prediction of risk using serum CTX testing, prevention, and treatment. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2007;65(12):2397-410
173. McMahon RE, Bouquot JE, Glueck CJ, et al. Staging bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw should include early stages of disease. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2007;65(9):1899-900
174. Chaudhry AN, Ruggiero SL. Osteonecrosis and bisphosphonates in oral and maxillofacial surgery. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 2007;19(2):199-206
175. Ruggiero SL, Drew SJ. Osteonecrosis of the jaws and bisphosphonate therapy. J Dent Res 2007;86(11):1013-21
176. Koka S, Clarke BL, Amin S, et al. Oral bisphosphonate therapy and osteonecrosis of the jaw: what to tell the concerned patient. Int J Prosthodont 2007;20(2):115-22
177. Battley J, Jayathissa S, Seneviratne E. Jaw osteonecrosis associated with bisphosphonates. N Z Med J 2006;119(1246):U2341
178. Grey A, Cundy T. Bisphosphonates and osteonecrosis of the jaw [author reply 2]. Ann Intern Med 2006;145(10):791
179. Sambrook P, Olver I, Goss A. Bisphosphonates and osteonecrosis of the jaw. Aust Pam Physician 2006;35(10):801-3
180. Mortensen M, Lawson W, Montazem A. Osteonecrosis of the jaw associated with bisphosphonate use: presentation of seven cases and literature review. Laryngoscope 2007;117(1):30-4
181. Van den Wyngaert T, Huizing MT, Vermorken JB. Osteonecrosis of the jaw related to the use of bisphosphonates. Curr Opin Oncol 2007;19(4):315-22
182. Basu N, Reid DM. Bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw. Menopause Int 2007;13(2):56-9
183. Shenker NG, Jawad AS. Bisphosphonates and osteonecrosis of the jaw. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2007;46(7):1049-51
184. Gering A, Grange L, Villier C, et al. Bisphosphonates-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw: review on reported cases. Therapie 2007;62(1):49-54
185. Clarke BM, Boyette J, Vural E, et al. Bisphosphonates and jaw osteonecrosis: the UAMS experience. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2007;136(3):396-400
186. Van Poznak C, Estilo C. Osteonecrosis of the jaw in cancer patients receiving IV bisphosphonates. Oncology (Williston Park) 2006;20(9):1053-62; discussion 65-6
187. Landesberg R, Wilson T, Grbic JT. Bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw: conclusions based on an analysis of case series. Dent Today 2006;25(8):52, 4-7
188. Capalbo S, Delia M, Diomede D, et al. Jaw osteonecrosis associated with use of bisphosphonates and chemotherapy: paradoxical complication of treatment of bone lesions in multiple myeloma patients. Int J Hematol 2006;83(5):439-42
189. Broglia C, Merlati G, Valentino F, et al. Avascular jaw osteonecrosis associated with bisphophonate therapy. Recenti Prog Med 2006;97(3):140-4
190. Naveau A, Naveau B. Osteonecrosis of the jaw in patients taking bisphosphonates. Joint Bone Spine 2006;73(1):7-9
191. Kim HK. Osteonecrosis and osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ). J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 2007a;7(4):348-9
192. Vieillard MH, Maes JM, Penel G, et al. Thirteen cases of jaw osteonecrosis in patients on bisphosphonate therapy. Joint Bone Spine 2008;75(1):34-40
193. Statz TA, Guthmiller JM, Humbert LA, Johnson GK. Intravenous bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw. J Periodontol 2007;78(11):2203-8
194. Garcia Saenz JA, Lopez Tarruella S, Garcia Paredes B, et al. Osteonecrosis of the jaw as an adverse bisphosphonate event: three cases of bone metastatic prostate cancer patients treated with zoledronic acid. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2007;12(5):E351-6
195. Murad OM, Arora S, Farag AF, Guber HA. Bisphosphonates and osteonecrosis of the jaw: a retrospective study. Endocr Pract 2007;13(3):232-8
196. Montazeri AH, Erskine JG, McQuaker IG. Oral sodium clodronate induced osteonecrosis of the jaw in a patient with myeloma. Eur J Haematol 2007;79(1):69-71
197. Reilly MM. Osteonecrosis of the jaw in a patient receiving bisphosphonate therapy. Oncol Nurs Forum 2007;34(2):301-5
198. Milillo P, Garribba AP, Favia G, Ettorre GC. Jaw osteonecrosis in patients treated with bisphosphonates: MDCT evaluation. Radiol Med (Torino) 2007;112(4):603-11
199. BONIVA (ibandronate injection) package insert: GlaxoSmithKline; 2006
200. Agarwala S, Sule A, Pai BU, Joshi VR. Alendronate in the treatment of avascular necrosis of the hip. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2002;41(3):346-7
201. Reid IR, Bolland MJ, Grey AB. Is bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw caused by soft tissue toxicity? Bone 2007;41(3):318-20
202. Vaidya S, Saika S, Sirohi B, et al. Avascular necrosis of bone - a complication of aggressive therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Acta Oncol 1998;37(2):175-7
203. Vincenzi B, Santini D, Dicuonzo G, et al. Zoledronic acid-related angiogenesis modifications and survival in advanced breast cancer patients. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2005;25(3):144-51
204. Manolagas SC. Cell number versus cell vigor - what really matters to a regenerating skeleton? Endocrinology 1999;140(10):4377-81
205. Hohneker JA, Bess AL. Important drug precaution for dental health professionals with patients being treated for cancer [letter]. 2004 [cited 24 August 2007]. Available from: www.fda.gov/medwatch/SAFETY/2004/ ZometaHCP.pdf
206. Damata K, Gralow J, Hoff A. Recommendations for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of osteonecrosis of the jaws. (Expert Panel). Novartis Pharmaceuticals; 2004
207. Guarino MJ, Hill CE, Patel K. Bisphosphonates, cancer, and osteonecrosis - a single practice experience. Del Med J 2005;77(5):181-7
208. Papagni S, Mongelli N, Cozzelino M, et al. Avascular jaw osteonecrosis in a hemodialysis patient treated with bisphosphonates. G Ital Nefrol 2007;24(3):230-4
209. Mellstrom DD, Sorensen OH, Goemaere S, et al. Seven years of treatment with risedronate in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Calcif Tissue Int 2004;75(6):462-8
210. Hortobagyi GN, Theriault RL, Porter L, et al. Efficacy of pamidronate in reducing skeletal complications in patients with breast cancer and lytic bone metastases. Protocol 19 Aredia Breast Cancer Study Group. N Engl J Med 1996;335(24):1785-91
211. Pazianas M, Miller P, Blumentals WA, et al. A review of the literature on osteonecrosis of the jaw in patients with osteoporosis treated with oral bisphosphonates: prevalence, risk factors, and clinical characteristics. Clin Ther 2007a;29(8):1548-58
212. Migliorati CA, Hujoel P. Osteonecrosis of the jaw may not be a common acute side-effect of oral bisphosphonates. J Evid Based Dent Pract 2007;7(2):77-8
213. Pazianas M, Blumentals WA, Miller PD. Lack of association between oral bisphosphonates and osteonecrosis using jaw surgery as a surrogate marker. Osteoporos Int 2007 Nov 13 [Epub ahead of print]
214. Yarom N, Yahalom R, Shoshani Y, et al. Osteonecrosis of the jaw induced by orally administered bisphosphonates: incidence, clinical features, predisposing factors and treatment outcome. Osteoporos Int 2007;18(10):1363-70
215. Wynn RL. Oral bisphosphonates and osteonecrosis of the jaw. Gen Dent 2007;55(1):8-10
216. Kanat O, Ozet A, Ataergin S, et al. Bisphosphonate treatment as a cause of jaw osteonecrosis. Oral Dis 2007;13(3):346-7
217. Bagan JV, Murillo J, Jimenez Y, et al. Avascular jaw osteonecrosis in association with cancer chemotherapy: series of 10 cases. J Oral Pathol Med 2005;34(2):120-3
218. Diel IJ, Fogelman I, Al-Nawas B, et al. Pathophysiology, risk factors and management of bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw: is there a diverse relationship of amino- and non-aminobisphosphonates? Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2007;64(3):198-207
219. Vance MA. Osteonecrosis of the jaw and bisphosphonates: a comparison with white phosphorus, radium, and osteopetrosis. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2007;45(7):753-62
220. Alonci A, Allegra A, Bellomo G, et al. Patients with bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw have unmodified levels of soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1. Leuk Lymphoma 2007;48(9):1852-4
221. Migliorati CA. Bisphosphonate-associated oral osteonecrosis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2005;99(2):135
222. Merigo E, Manfredi M, Meleti M, et al. Bone necrosis of the jaws associated with bisphosphonate treatment: a report of twenty-nine cases. Acta Biomed 2006;77(2):109-17
223. Pires FR, Miranda A, Cardoso ES, et al. Oral avascular bone necrosis associated with chemotherapy and biphosphonate therapy. Oral Dis 2005;11(6):365-9
224. Wimalawansa SJ. Intermittent, intravenous pamidronate therapy: highly effective treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis. ASBMR 23rd Annual Meeting. SU400. J Bone Miner Res 2001;16(Suppl 1):405
225. Shane E, Goldring S, Christakos S, et al. Osteonecrosis of the jaw: more research needed. J Bone Miner Res 2006;21(10):1503-5
226. Rosen LS, Gordon D, Kaminski M, et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of zoledronic acid compared with pamidronate disodium in the treatment of skeletal complications in patients with advanced multiple myeloma or breast carcinoma: a randomized, double-blind, multicenter, comparative trial. Cancer 2003;98(8):1735-44
227. Soileau KM. Oral post-surgical complications following the administration of bisphosphonates given for osteopenia related to malignancy. J Periodontal 2006;77(4):738-43
228. Oral Complications of Chemotherapy and Head/Neck Radiation (PDQ) [government website]. 2006 [cited 18 November 2006]. Available from: http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/supportivecare/oralcomplications/ HealthProfessional
229. Kyle RA, Yee GC, Somerfield MR, et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology 2007 clinical practice guideline update on the role of bisphosphonates in multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol 2007;25(17):2464-72
230. Chapurlat RD, Arlot M, Burt-Pichat B, et al. Microcrack frequency and bone remodeling in postmenopausal osteoporotic women on long-term bisphosphonates: a bone biopsy study. J Bone Miner Res 2007;22(10):1502-9
231. Recker RR, Delmas PD, Halse J, et al. Effects of intravenous zoledronic acid once yearly on bone remodeling and bone structure. J Bone Miner Res 2008;23(1):6-16
232. Mignogna MD, Fedele S, Lo Russo L, et al. Case 2. Osteonecrosis of the jaws associated with bisphosphonate therapy. J Clin Oncol 2006;24(9):1475-7
233. Freiberger JJ, Padilla-Burgos R, Chhoeu AH, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen treatment and bisphosphonate-induced osteonecrosis of the jaw: a case series. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2007;65(7):1321-7
234. Agrillo A, Ungari C, Filiaci F, et al. Ozone therapy in the treatment of avascular bisphosphonate-related jaw osteonecrosis. J Craniofac Surg 2007;18(5):1071-5
235. Compston J. Oral bisphosphonates and osteonecrosis of the jaw: are the MHRA recommendations appropriate? Menopause Int 2007;13(2):54-5
236. Borras-Blasco J, Rosique-Robles D, Giner-Marco V, et al. Possible delayed onset of osteonecrosis of the jaw in association with zoledronic acid. J Clin Pharm Ther 2007;32(6):651-4
237. Timuragaoglu A, Ozkaynak C, Tuzuner S, et al. Improvement of zoledronic acid-induced jaw osteonecrosis with bortezomib. Acta Haematol 2007;118(4):203-4
238. Hillner BE, Ingle JN, Berenson JR, et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology guideline on the role of bisphosphonates in breast cancer. American Society of Clinical Oncology Bisphosphonates Expert Panel. J Clin Oncol 2000;18(6):1378-91
239. Van den Wyngaert T. Osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) might explain the increased oral surgery risk in cancer patients treated with bisphosphonates. J Evid Based Dent Pract 2007;7(3):132-5
240. Kademani D, Koka S, Lacy MQ, Rajkumar SM. Primary surgical therapy for osteonecrosis of the jaw secondary to bisphosphonate therapy. Mayo Clin Proc 2006;81(8):1100-3
241. Campisi G, Di Fede O, Musciotto A, et al. Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ): run dental management designs and issues in diagnosis. Ann Oncol 2007;18(Suppl 6):vi168-72
242. Madrid C, Jaques B, Bouferrache K, Broome M. Management of complications of bisphosphonates in oncology patients: jaw osteonecrosis. Rev Med Suisse 2007;3(112):1322, 4-6, 9-31
243. AAE special committee on bisphosphonates: endodontic implications of bisphosphonates-associated osteonecrosis of the jaws. Chicago, IL; 2006
244. Dannemann C, Gratz KW, Riener MO, Zwahlen RA. Jaw osteonecrosis related to bisphosphonate therapy: a severe secondary disorder. Bone 2007;40(4):828-34
245. American College of Rhaumatology: bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw. Atlanta, GA: American College of Rheumatologists; 2006
246. Allen MR. Animal models of osteonecrosis of the jaw. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 2007;7(4):358-60
247. [cited 2008]. Available from: www.fda.gov/opacom/backgrounders/ problem.html
248. [cited 2008]. Available from: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/ medwatch/
249. Rizzoli R, Buriet N, Canall D et al. Osteonecrosis of the jaw and bisphosphonate treatment for osteoporosis. Bone 2008;42(5):841-7
250. US Department of Health and Human Services - Bone Health and Osteoporosis: A report of the Surgeon General. 2004. Available from: http://www.surgeongeneralgov/library/bonehealth/contenthtml [Last accessed 27 March 2006]
251. Nelson MV. Special precautions. Br Dent J 2005;198(10):628
252. Tsai WS, Haghighi K, Placa SJ. Bisphosphonate-induced osteonecrosis of the jaws: a case report and literature review. Gen Dent 2006;54(3):215-9; quiz 20-2
253. Hardin MD, University of Iowa. Available from: http://www.lib.uiowa.edu/ hardin/md/
254. Siwamogstham P, Kuansuwan C, Reichart PA. Herpes zoster in HIV infection with osteonecrosis of the jaw and tooth exfoliation. Oral Dis 2006;12(5):500-5
255. Khamaisi M, Regev E, Yarom N, et al. Possible association between diabetes and bisphosphonate-related jaw osteonecrosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92(3):1172-5
256. Favus MJ. Diabetes and the risk of osteonecrosis of the jaw. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92(3):817-8