Against the odds: Deviant cases of democratization

Democratization

Volumn 15, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 697-713

  Doorenspleet, Renske ^a   Kopecký, Petr ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

Consolidation; Deviant cases; Diffusion; Economic development; Nested mixed method; Transition

Indexed keywords

EID: 48349120887     PISSN: 13510347     EISSN: 1743890X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13510340802191045     Document Type: Editorial

References (109)

1. Cf. Renske Doorenspleet, Democratic Transitions: Exploring the Structural Sources During the Fourth Wave (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2005).
2. Renske Doorenspleet, 'Reassessing the Three Waves of Democratization', World Politics, Vol. 52, No. 3 (2000), pp. 384-406. On the exact meaning of the Fourth Wave see below.
3. Doorenspleet, Democratic Transitions (note 1), Chapter 2. 4.
4. See Seymour M. Lipset, 'Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy', American Political Science Review, Vol. 53, No. 1 (1959), pp. 69-105
5. Robert A. Dahl, Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1971). For an overview of modernization approach and studies of democratization done in this tradition
6. see Doorenspleet, Democratic Transitions (note 1), Chapters 4 and 5.
7. Thomas S. Eliot, The Idea of a Christian Society (London: Faber and Faber, 1939), pp. 11-12.
8. David Collier and Steven Levitsky, 'Democracy with Adjectives: Conceptual Innovation in Comparative Research', World Politics, Vol. 49, No. 3 (1997), pp. 403-51.
9. Joseph A. Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (London: Unwin, 1943).
10. Dahl (note 4), pp. 2, 4.
11. See Doorenspleet, Democratic Transitions (note 1), for a classification of minimal democracies and a list with countries who have met this criteria since 1800.
12. Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (New York: Free Press, 1992).
13. E.g. Fareed Zakaria, 'The Rise of Illiberal Democracy', Foreign Affairs, Vol. 76, No. 6 (1997), pp. 22-43
14. Andreas Schedler, 'What is Democratic Consolidation?', Journal of Democracy, Vol. 9, No. 2 (1998), pp. 91-107
15. Larry Diamond, Developing Democracy. Toward Consolidation (Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999).
16. Guillermo O'Donnell, 'Illusions about Consolidation', Journal of Democracy, Vol. 7, No. 2 (1996), pp. 34-51.
17. Juan J. Linz and Alfred Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe (Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996).
18. E.g. Diamond, Developing Democracy (note 11).
19. Dankwart A. Rustow, 'Transitions to Democracy: Towards a Dynamic Model', Comparative Politics, Vol. 2, No. 3 (1970), pp. 337-65
20. Guillermo O'Donnell and Philippe C. Schmitter, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies (Baltimore, MD: The John Hopkins University, 1986).
21. E.g. Gerardo L. Munck, 'Democratic Transitions in Comparative Perspective', Comparative Politics, Vol. 26, No. 3, (1994), pp. 355-75
22. Fritz Plasser, Peter A. Ulram, and Harald Waldrauch, Democratic Consolidation in East-Central Europe (Houndmills: Macmillan, 1998); Schedler.
23. O'Donnell and Schmitter (note 15).
24. E.g. Guillermo O'Donnell, 'Transitions, Continuities, and Paradoxes', in Scott Mainwaring, Guillermo O'Donnell, and Julio Valenzuela (eds), Issues in Democratic Consolidation: The New South American Democracies in Comparative Perspective (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1992), pp. 17-56
25. Plasser, Ulram and Waldrauch (note 16).
26. Giuseppe Di Palma, To Craft Democracies: An Essay on Democratic Transitions (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1990).
27. Gerardo Munck and Carol S. Leff, 'Modes of Transition and Democratization: South America and Eastern Europe in Comparative Perspective', Comparative Politics, Vol. 29, No. 3 (1997), pp. 343-62.
28. Di Palma (note 19).
29. E.g. Philippe C. Schmitter, 'Dangers and Dilemmas ofDemocracy', Journal of Democracy, Vol. 5 (1994), pp. 57-74
30. Juan J. Linz, 'Transitions to Democracy', The Washington Quarterly Vol. 13 (1990), pp. 143-64
31. Julio Valenzuela, 'Democratic Consolidation in Post-Transitional Settings: Notion, Process, and Facilitating Conditions', in Scott Mainwaring, Guillermo O'Donnell, and Julio Valenzuela (eds), Issues in Democratic Consolidation: The New South American Democracies in Comparative Perspective (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1992), pp. 57-104
32. Richard Gunther, P. Nikiforos Diamandouros, and Hans-Jürgen Puhle (eds), The Politics of Democratic Consolidation: SouthernEurope in Comparative Perspective (Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995).
33. For example Gunther, Diamandouros and Puhle (note 22).
34. Diamond, Developing Democracy (note 11).
35. See Linz and Stepan (note 13).
36. Schedler (note 11).
37. See Samuel P. Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991)
38. Doorenspleet, 'Reassessing' (note 2).
39. See Doorenspleet, 'Reassessing' (note 2).
40. See Doorenspleet, 'Reassessing' (note 2),
41. and Doorenspleet, Democratic Transitions (note 1).
42. See Doorenspleet, 'Reassessing' (note 2)
43. Doorenspleet, Democratic Transitions (note 1)
44. Diamond, Developing Democracy (note 11)
45. Adrian Karatnycky, 'The Decline of Illiberal Democracy', Journal of Democracy, Vol. 10, No. 1, (1999), pp. 112-25.
46. See Doorenspleet, 'Reassessing' (note 2).
47. Lipset (note 4).
48. See Chapter 5 in Doorenspleet, Democratic Transitions (note 1), for a long list of replication studies since 1959.
49. Dietrich Rueschemeyer, Evelyne H. Stephens, and John D. Stephens, Capitalist Development and Democracy (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1992).
50. Ronald Inglehart, Modernization and Postmodernization: Culture, Economic, and Political Change in 43 Societies (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997). Our italics.
51. Larry Diamond, 'Economic Development and Democracy Reconsidered', in Gary Marks and Larry Diamond (eds), Reexamining Democracy. Essays in Honor of Seymour Martin Lipset (Sage Publications: London, 1992), pp. 93-140. Our italics.
52. Inglehart (note 35)
53. Diamond, 'Economic Development' (note 36).
54. Huntington (note 27), p. 60.
55. Mark J. Gasiorowski, 'Economic Crisis and Political Regime Change: An Event History Analysis', American Political Science Review, Vol. 89, No. 4, (1995), pp. 882-97.
56. Adam Przeworski and Fernando Limongi, 'Modernization: Theories and Facts', World Politics, Vol. 49, No. 2 (1997), pp. 155-83
57. Adam Przeworski, Michael Alvarez, José A. Cheibub, and Fernando Limongi, Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World 1950-1990 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
58. E.g. Bronislaw A. Misztal, 'Must Eastern Europe Follow the Latin American Way?', Archives Européenes de Sociologie, Vol. 33, No. 1 (1992), pp. 151-79
59. Paul G. Lewis, 'Theories of Democratization and Patterns of Regime Change in Eastern Europe', Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, Vol. 13 (1997), pp. 4-26
60. Michael D. Kennedy, 'Contingencies and the Alternatives of 1989: Toward a Theory and Practice of Negotiating Revolution', East European Politics and Societies, Vol. 13, No. 2 (1999), pp. 293-302.
61. Carles Boix and Susan C. Stokes, 'Endogenous Democratization', World Politics, Vol. 55, No. 4 (2003), pp. 517-49.
62. Huntington (note 27), p. 104.
63. Cf. Huntington (note 27)
64. Seymour M. Lipset, 'The Social Requisites of Democracy Revisited', American Sociological Review, Vol. 59 (1994), pp. 1-22
65. Geoffrey Pridham and Tatu Vanhanen (eds), Democratization in Eastern Europe: Domestic and International Perspective (London: Routledge, 1994)
66. Linz and Stepan (note 13).
67. Linz and Stepan (note 13), p. 76.
68. Lipset, 'Social Requisites Revisited' (note 44), p. 16.
69. Harvey Starr, 'Democratic Dominoes: Diffusion Approaches to the Spread of Democracy in the International System', Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 35, No. 2. (1991), pp. 356-81
70. Gasiorowski (note 39)
71. John O'Loughlin, Michael D. Ward, Corey L. Lofdahl, Jordin S. Cohen, David S. Brown, David Reilly, Kristian S. Gleditsch, and Michael Shin, 'The Diffusion of Democracy, 1946-1994', Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. 88, No. 4 (1998), pp. 545-74
72. Kristian S. Gleditsch, All International Politics is Local; The Diffusion of Conflict, Integration, and Democratization (Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Press, 2002)
73. Doorenspleet, Democratic Transitions (note 1).
74. Gasiorowski (note 39).
75. O'Loughlin et al. (note 47).
76. Jeffrey S. Kopstein and David A. Reilly, 'Geographic Diffusion and the Transformation of the Postcommunist World', World Politics, Vol. 53, No. 1, (2000), pp. 1-37.
77. Ibid., p. 24.
78. Doorenspleet, Democratic Transitions (note 1), chapter 8.
79. Zachary Elkins and Beth Simmons, 'On Waves, Clusters, and Diffusion: A Conceptual Framework', The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 598, No. 1, (2005), pp. 33-51.
80. Laurence Whitehead (ed.), The International Dimensions of Democratization: Europe and the Americas (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996).
81. Elkins and Simmons (note 53), p. 35.
82. See e.g. Gasiorowski (note 39).
83. Rustow (note 15)
84. O'Donnell and Schmitter (note 15).
85. For an example of the former, see Adam Przeworski, Democracy and the Market. Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991)
86. an example of the latter is John Higley and Richard Gunther (eds), Elites and Democratic Consolidation in Latin America and Southern Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
87. O'Donnell and Schmitter (note 15)
88. Munck and Leff (note 20).
89. E.g. Linz and Stepan (note 13).
90. E.g. David C. Stark and László Bruszt, Postsocialist Pathways: Transforming Politics and Property in East Central Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998)
91. Belinda Crawford and Arend Lijphart (eds), Liberalization and Leninist Legacies: Comparative Perspectives on Democratic Transitions (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1997).
92. E.g. Arend Lijphart (ed.), Parliamentary versus Presidential Government (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992)
93. Juan J. Linz, 'Presidential or Parliamentary Democracy: Does it Make a Difference?', in Juan J. Linz and Arturo Valenzuela (eds), The Failure of Presidential Democracy: Comparative Perspectives, Volume 1 (Baltimore, MD: The John Hopkins University Press, 1994), pp. 3-90
94. Adam Przeworski, Michael Alvarez, José A. Cheibub, and Fernando Limongi, 'What Makes Democracies Endure?', Journal of Democracy, Vol. 7, No. 1 (1996), pp. 39-55.
95. See e.g. Jon Elster, Claus Offe, Ulrich K. Preuss, Frank Bönker, Ulrike Götting, Friedbert W. Rueb, Institutional Design in Post-Communist Democracies: Rebuilding the Ship at Sea (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).
96. For an overview of this methodological developments, and for description of strengths and weaknesses of applying mixed methods, see Ellen Mastenbroek and Renske Doorenspleet, 'Mind the Gap! On the Possibilities and Pitfalls of Mixed Methods Research', Paper presented at the 4th ECPR General Conference, Pisa, Italy, 6-8 September 2007.
97. Evan S. Lieberman, 'Nested Analysis as a Mixed-Method Strategy for Comparative Research', American Political Science Review, Vol. 99, No. 3, (2005), pp. 435-52
98. Henry E. Brady, David Collier, and Jason Seawright, 'Toward a Pluralistic Vision of Methodology', Political Analysis, Vol. 14, No. 4, (2006), pp. 353-68.
99. Lieberman (note 65).
100. Ibid., p. 436.
101. See for exceptions the description of studies in Lieberman (note 65)
102. Mastenbroek and Doorenspleet (note 64).
103. Rueschemeyer, Stephens, and Stephens (note 34). 7
104. See for overview of other factors and theories: Doorenspleet, Democratic Transitions (note 1), chapter 4
105. see also Mark J. Gasiorowski and Tomothy J. Power, 'Institutional Design and Democratic Consolidation in the Third World', in Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 30, No. 2, (1997), pp. 123-55
106. Gasiorowski (note 39)
107. See for strength of development and diffusion effects on democracy: Doorenspleet, Democratic Transitions (note 1), chapter 5, 8, and 9
108. Boix and Stokes (note 42),
109. and O'Loughlin et al. (note 47).