Upping the odds: Deviant democracies and theories of democratization

Democratization

Volumn 15, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 815-832

  Doorenspleet, Renske ^a   Mudde, Cas ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

Consolidation; Democracy; Democratization; Diffusion; Transition

Indexed keywords

EID: 48349087886     PISSN: 13510347     EISSN: 1743890X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13510340802191102     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. Arend Lijphart, 'Comparative Politics and the Comparative Method', American Political Science Review, Vol. 65, No. 3 (1971), p. 686.
2. Renske Doorenspleet and Petr Kopecký, 'Against the Odds: Deviant Cases of Democratization', Democratization, Vol. 15, No. 4 (2008).
3. See, for example, Victor Bulmer-Thomas, John H Coatsworth, and Roberto Cortés Conde (eds), The Cambridge Economic History of Latin America (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006)
4. Pablo Astorga, Ame R. Berges, and Valpy Fitzgerald, 'The Standard of Living in Latin America During the Twentieth Century', The Economic History Review, Vol. 58, No. 4, 2005, pp. 765-96
5. Tatu Vanhanen, Prospects of Democracy; A Study of 172 Countries (London: Routledge, 1997), especially Appendix 5.
6. In constant 1970 dollars. See Statistical Abstract of Latin America Vol. 22 (1983), pp. 282-3.
7. Dankwart A. Rustow, 'Transitions to Democracy; Toward a Dynamic Model', Comparative Politics Vol. 2, No. 3 (1970), pp. 337-63.
8. See, for example, Guillermo A. O'Donnell and Phillippe C. Schmitter, 'Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies', in Guillermo A. O'Donnell and Phillippe C. Schmitter (eds), Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Prospects for Democracy (Baltimore, MD: The John Hopkins University Press, 1986)
9. Giuseppe Di Palma, To Craft Democracies. An Essay on Democratic Transitions (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1990)
10. Terry L. Karl, 'Dilemmas of Democratization in Latin America', in Dankwart A. Rustow and K. P. Erickson (eds), Comparative Political Dynamics: Global Research Perspectives (New York: Harper Collins, 1990), pp. 163-91.
11. See, for example, Zoltan Barany, 'Democratic Consolidation and the Military: The East European Experience', Comparative Politics, Vol. 30, No. 1 (1997), pp. 21-43.
12. Philip C. Aka, 'The Military and Democratization in Africa', Journal of Third World Studies, Vol. 16, No. 1 (1999), pp. 71-86.
13. Jennifer Seeley, 'Transitions to Democracy in Comparative Perspective: The National Conferences in Benin and Togo', PhD Thesis, University of Washington, Seattle, 2001.
14. See, among many others, Bronislav Geremek, 'Problems of Postcommunism: Civil Society Then and Now', Journal of Democracy, Vol. 3, No. 2 (1992), pp. 3-12
15. Andrew Arato, 'Interpreting 1989', Social Research, Vol. 60, No. 3 (1993), pp. 610-46.
16. See, for example, Cas Mudde, 'Civil Society', in Stephen White, Judy Batt, and Paul G. Lewis (eds), Developments in Central and Eastern European Politics (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2007), pp. 223-5
17. Petr Kopecký and Cas Mudde (eds), Uncivil Society? Contentious Politics in Post-Communist Europe (London: Routledge, 2003).
18. The idea that ethnic fragmentation is problematic for democracy can be found in classic works in comparative politics in the 1950s, such as that by Gabriel Almond, 'Comparative Political Systems', Journal of Politics, Vol. 18, No. 3 (1956), pp. 391-409.
19. For one of the first rational choice arguments, see Alvin Rabushka and Kenneth A. Shepsle, Politics in Plural Societies: A Theory of Democratic Instability (Columbus, OH: Merrill, 1972).
20. For a detailed description of the difference between consolidation and deepening of democracy, see Andreas Schedler, 'What is Democratic Consolidation?', Journal of Democracy, Vol. 9, No. 2 (1998), pp. 91-107
21. and Doorenspleet and Kopecký (note 2).
22. Rustow (note 5).
23. See Renske Doorenspleet, Democratic Transitions: Exploring the Structural Sources during the Fourth Wave (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2005).
24. See also Renske Doorenspleet, 'The Structural Context of Recent Transitions to Democracy', European Journal of Political Research, Vol. 43, No. 3 (2004), pp. 309-35.
25. Edward N. Muller, 'Income Inequality and Democratization: Reply to Bollen and Jackman', American Sociological Review, Vol. 60, No. 6 (1995), p. 995.
26. Thomas Carothers, 'The End of the Transition Paradigm', Journal of Democracy, Vol. 13, No. 1 (2002), pp. 5-21.
27. See Giovanni Sartori, 'Guidelines for Concept Analysis,' in Giovanni Sartori (ed.), Social Science Concepts: A Systematic Analysis (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1984), p. 50.
28. Schedler (note 13).
29. For classic studies on democratic breakdowns, see the book series The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes, edited by Juan J. Linz and Alfred Stepan for The Johns Hopkins University Press in the 1970s and 1980s.
30. Juan J. Linz and Alfred Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South Africa and Post-Communist Europe (Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996).
31. See, among others, Sheri Berman, 'Islamism, Revolution, and Civil Society', Perspectives on Politics, Vol. 1, No. 2 (2003), pp. 257-73
32. Sheri Berman, 'Civil Society and the Collapse of the Weimar Republic', World Politics, Vol. 49, No. 3 (1997), pp. 401-29
33. Kopecký and Mudde (note 11).
34. Samuel P. Huntington, The Third Wave; Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991), p. 15.
35. See John O'Loughlin, Michael D. Ward, Corey L. Lofdahl, Jordin S. Cohen, David S. Brown, David Reilly, Kristian S. Gleditsch, and Michael Shin, 'The Diffusion of Democracy, 1946-1994', Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. 88, No. 4 (1998), pp. 545-74
36. Luc Anselin, Spatial Econometrics: Methods and Models (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 1988)
37. Kristian S. Gleditsch and Michael D. Ward, 'Diffusion and the International Context of Democratization', International Organization Vol. 60, No. 4 (2006), pp. 911-33.
38. Doorenspleet and Kopecký (note 2).
39. Gary King, Robert O. Keohane, and Sidney Verba, Designing Social Inquiry: Scientific Inference in Qualitative Research (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994), pp. 222-3.
40. Zachary Elkins and Beth Simmons, 'On Waves, Clusters, and Diffusion: A Conceptual Framework', The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 598, No. 1 (2005), pp. 33-51.
41. Ibid.
42. Mamoudou Gazibo, 'Foreign Aid and Democratization: Benin and Niger Compared', African Studies Review, Vol. 48, No. 3 (2005), pp. 67-87. For similar arguments in the case of Benin
43. see also Gisselquist's article in this special issue.
44. Elkins and Simmons (note 27).
45. Ibid., p. 44.
46. Milada Anna Vachudova, Europe Undivided: Democracy, Leverage and Integration After Communism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005).
47. Elkins and Simmons (note 27), p. 45.
48. Simon Bromley, 'Middle East Exceptionalism - Myth or Reality?', in David Potter, David Goldblatt, Margaret Kiloh, and Paul Lewis (eds), Democratization (Cambridge: Polity, 1997), pp. 321-44
49. Vicky Randall, 'Why Have the Political Trajectories of India and China Been Different', in idem, pp. 195-218.
50. Carothers (note 17).
51. See for more information on mixed methods: Evan S. Lieberman, 'Nested Analysis as a Mixed-Method Strategy for Comparative Research', American Political Science Review, Vol. 99, No. 3 (2005), pp. 435-52
52. See also Doorenspleet and Kopecký (note 2).