Role of near work in myopia: Findings in a sample of Australian school children

Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science

Volumn 49, Issue 7, 2008, Pages 2903-2910

  Ip, Jenny M ^a   Saw, Seang Mei ^b,c   Rose, Kathryn A ^a   Morgan, Ian G ^d,e   Kifley, Annette ^a   Wang, Jie Jin ^a,f   Mitchell, Paul ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

^b NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE   (Singapore)

^c SINGAPORE EYE RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Singapore)

^d AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^e AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^f UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACCOMMODATION PARALYSIS; ADOLESCENT; AGE DISTRIBUTION; ARTICLE; AUSTRALIA; CHILD; CONFIDENCE INTERVAL; ETHNICITY; EYE EXAMINATION; EYE REFRACTION; FEMALE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; MYOPIA; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; POPULATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUESTIONNAIRE; READING; RISK FACTOR; SCHOOL; SCHOOL CHILD; SEX RATIO; TIME; ASIAN; BIOMETRY; CAUCASIAN; ETHNOLOGY; EYE; FAMILY HEALTH; PARENT; PATHOLOGY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; RISK; SEX DIFFERENCE; STATISTICS; STUDENT;

ADOLESCENT; ASIAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; BIOMETRY; CHILD; EUROPEAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; EYE; FAMILY HEALTH; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; MYOPIA; ODDS RATIO; PARENTS; QUESTIONNAIRES; READING; REFRACTION, OCULAR; SCHOOLS; SEX FACTORS; STUDENTS; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 48249111014     PISSN: 01460404     EISSN: 15525783     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1167/iovs.07-0804     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. Curtin BJ. The Myopias. Basic Science and Clinical Management. Philadelphia: Harper & Row; 1985
2. Committee on Vision, National Research Council. Myopia: Prevalence and Progression. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1989.
3. Goss DA. Nearwork and myopia. Lancet. 2000;356:1456-1457. (Pubitemid 30822079)
4. Goldschmidt E. The importance of heredity and environment in the etiology of low myopia. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh). 1981;59: 759-762. (Pubitemid 11026987)
5. Bear JC, Richler A, Burke G. Nearwork and familial resemblances in ocular refraction: a population study in Newfoundland. Clin Genet. 1981;19:462-472. (Pubitemid 11020524)
6. Zylbermann R, Landau D, Berson D. The influence of study habits on myopia in Jewish teenagers. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1993;30:319-322. (Pubitemid 23321072)
7. Wong L, Coggon D, Cruddas M, Hwang CH. Education, reading, and familial tendency as risk factors for myopia in Hong Kong fishermen. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1993;47:50-53. (Pubitemid 23078249)
8. Morgan I, Rose K. How genetic is school myopia? Prog Retin Eye Res. 2005;24:1-38. (Pubitemid 39535154)
9. Saw SM, Chua WH, Hong CY, et al. Nearwork in early-onset myopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2002;43:332-339. (Pubitemid 34113212)
10. Mutti DO, Mitchell GL, Moeschberger ML, Jones LA, Zadnik K. Parental myopia, near work, school achievement, and children's refractive error. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2002;43:3633-3640. (Pubitemid 35470597)
11. Wallman J, Winawer J. Homeostasis of eye growth and the question of myopia. Neuron. 2004;43:447-468. (Pubitemid 39094673)
12. Schaeffel F, Glasser A, Howland HC. Accommodation, refractive error and eye growth in chickens. Vision Res. 1988;28:639-657. (Pubitemid 18105483)
13. Irving EL, Callender MG, Sivak JG. Inducing myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism in chicks. Optom Vis Sci. 199;68:364-368.
14. Gwiazda J, Thorn F, Bauer J, Held R. Myopic children show insufficient accommodative response to blur. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1993;34:690-694. (Pubitemid 23095224)
15. Mutti DO, Mitchell GL, Hayes JR, et al. Accommodative lag before and after the onset of myopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006; 47:837-846. (Pubitemid 46768314)
16. Gwiazda J, Thorn F, Held R. Accommodation, accommodative convergence, and response AC/A ratios before and at the onset of myopia in children. Optom Vis Sci. 2005;82:273-278. (Pubitemid 40546184)
17. Gwiazda JE, Hyman L, Norton TT, et al. Accommodation and related risk factors associated with myopia progression and their interaction with treatment in COMET children. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2004;45:2143-2151. (Pubitemid 38902582)
18. Saw SM, Gazzard G, Au Eong KG, Tan DT. Myopia: attempts to arrest progression. Br J Ophthalmol. 2002;86:1306-1311. (Pubitemid 35238620)
19. Wildsoet CF, Howland HC, Falconer S, Dick K. Chromatic aberration and accommodation: their role in emmetropization in the chick. Vision Res. 1993;33:1593-1603. (Pubitemid 23201502)
20. Wallman J, Gottlieb MD, Rajaram V, Fugate-Wentzek LA. Local retinal regions control local eye growth and myopia. Science. 1987;237:73-77. (Pubitemid 17096939)
21. Diether S, Schaeffel F. Local changes in eye growth induced by imposed local refractive error despite active accommodation. Vision Res. 1997;37:659-668. (Pubitemid 27105696)
22. Chua WH, Balakrishnan V, Chan YH, et al. Atropine for the treatment of childhood myopia. Ophthalmology. 2006;113:2285-2289. (Pubitemid 44838909)
23. Lee JJ, Fang PC, Yang IH, et al. Prevention of myopia progression with 0.05% atropine solution. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2006;22: 41-46. (Pubitemid 43364079)
24. Tigges M, Iuvone PM, Fernandes A, et al. Effects of muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonists on postnatal eye growth of rhesus monkeys. Optom Vis Sci. 1999;76(6):397-407. (Pubitemid 29309765)
25. McBrien NA, Moghaddam HO, Reeder AP. Atropine reduces experimental myopia and eye enlargement via a nonaccommodative mechanism. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1993;34:205-215. (Pubitemid 23045118)
26. Lind GJ, Chew SJ, Marzani D, Wallman J. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists inhibit chick scleral chondrocytes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1998;39:2217-2231. (Pubitemid 28485631)
27. Fischer AJ, Miethke P, Morgan IG, Stell WK. Cholinergic amacrine cells are not required for the progression and atropine-mediated suppression of form-deprivation myopia. Brain Res. 1998;794:48-60. (Pubitemid 28298864)
28. Ashby R, McCarthy CS, Maleszka R, Megaw P, Morgan IG. A muscarinic cholinergic antagonist and a dopamine agonist rapidly increase ZENK mRNA expression in the form-deprived chicken retina. Exp Eye Res. 2007;85:15-22. (Pubitemid 47017261)
29. Ojaimi E, Rose KA, Smith W, Morgan IG, Martin FJ, Mitchell P. Methods for a population-based study of myopia and other eye conditions in school children: the Sydney Myopia Study. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2005;12:59-69. (Pubitemid 41702836)
30. Negrel AD, Maul E, Pokharel GP, Zhao J, Ellwein LB. Refractive Error Study in Children: sampling and measurement methods for a multi-country survey. Am J Ophthalmol. 2000;129:421-426. (Pubitemid 30184910)
31. Fotedar R, Rochtchina E, Morgan I, Wang JJ, Mitchell P, Rose KA. Necessity of cycloplegia for assessing refractive error in 12-year-old children: a population-based study. Am J Ophthalmol. 2007;144: 307-309.
32. Ip J, Robaei D, Rochtchina E, et al. Can information on the purpose of spectacle use and age at first use predict refractive error type? Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2007;14:88-92. (Pubitemid 46676495)
33. Ip JM, Huynh SC, Robaei D, et al. Ethnic differences in refraction and ocular biometry in a population-based sample of 11-15-yearold Australian children. Eye. Published on-line February 2, 2007.
34. Cordain L, Eaton SB, Brand MJ, Lindeberg S, Jensen C. An evolutionary analysis of the aetiology and pathogenesis of juvenile-onset myopia. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 2002;80:125-135. (Pubitemid 34413542)
35. Saw SM, Chua WH, Hong CY, et al. Height and its relationship to refraction and biometry parameters in Singapore Chinese children. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2002;43:1408-1413. (Pubitemid 34462638)
36. Ojaimi E, Morgan IG, Robaei D, et al. Effect of stature and other anthropometric parameters on eye size and refraction in a population- based study of Australian children. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005;46:4424-4429. (Pubitemid 44264534)
37. Parssinen O, Lyyra AL. Myopia and myopic progression among schoolchildren: a three-year follow-up study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1993;34:2794-2802. (Pubitemid 23232491)
38. Saw SM, Zhang MZ, Hong RZ, Fu ZF, Pang MH, Tan DT. Near-work activity, night-lights, and myopia in the Singapore-China study. Arch Ophthalmol. 2002;120:620-627. (Pubitemid 34496614)
39. Saw SM, Hong RZ, Zhang MZ, et al. Near-work activity and myopia in rural and urban schoolchildren in China. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2001;38:149-155. (Pubitemid 32448679)
40. Vannas AE, Ying GS, Stone RA, Maguire MG, Jormanainen V, Tervo T. Myopia and natural lighting extremes: risk factors in Finnish army conscripts. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 2003;81:588-595. (Pubitemid 37527634)
41. Ashton GC. Nearwork, school achievement and myopia. J Biosoc Sci. 1985;17:223-233. (Pubitemid 15116159)
42. Rose KR, Morgan IG, Ip J, et al. Outdoor activity reduces the prevalence of myopia in children. Ophthalmology. Published online February 20, 2008.
43. Mutti DO, Jones LA, Moeschberger ML, Zadnik K. AC/A ratio, age, and refractive error in children. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000; 41:2469-2478. (Pubitemid 30624372)
44. Quek TP, Chua CG, Chong CS, et al. Prevalence of refractive errors in teenage high school students in Singapore. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2004;24:47-55. (Pubitemid 41711040)
45. Rah MJ, Mitchell L, Zadnik K. Use of the experience sampling method to measure nearwork. Optom Vis Sci. 2004;81:82-87. (Pubitemid 38240984)