Recommendations of antifungal treatment in patients with low grade inmunosuppression;Recomendaciones de tratamiento antifúngico en pacientes con bajo grado de inmunodepresión

Revista Espanola de Quimioterapia

Volumn 21, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 127-142

  Barberán López, José ^a,d   Mensa, J ^c   Farinas C ^c   Llinares, P ^c   Serrano, R ^a   Menendez R ^b   Agusti C ^b   Gobernado, M ^c   Azanza, J R ^c   Garcia Rodriguez J A ^c  

^a Lôpez Sociedad Espanola de Medicina Intensiva   (Spain)

^b Sociedad Española de Cirugía Torácica Cardiovascular SECTCV   (Spain)

^c Sociedad Española de Quimioterapia SEQ   (Spain)

^d HOSPITAL CENTRAL DE LA DEFENSA GÓMEZ ULLA   (Spain)

Author keywords

Low grade immunosuppression; New antifungal agents; Systemic mycoses

Indexed keywords

AMPHOTERICIN B; AMPHOTERICIN B DE; AMPHOTERICIN B DEOXYCHOLATE; AMPHOTERICIN B LIPID COMPLEX; ANIDULAFUNGIN; ANTIFUNGAL AGENT; CASPOFUNGIN; CLOTRIMAZOLE; ECHINOCANDIN; FLUCONAZOLE; FLUCYTOSINE; GLUCOCORTICOID; ITRACONAZOLE; MICAFUNGIN; NYSTATIN; POSACONAZOLE; VORICONAZOLE;

ABDOMINAL INFECTION; ASPERGILLOSIS; BRONCHOPULMONARY ASPERGILLOMA; CANDIDA; CANDIDA MENINGITIS; CANDIDEMIA; CANDIDIASIS; CARDIOVASCULAR INFECTION; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INFECTION; CONFERENCE PAPER; CRYPTOCOCCAL MENINGITIS; CYSTITIS; ENDOCARDITIS; ESOPHAGITIS; FUNGAL MENINGITIS; HUMAN; IMMUNOCOMPROMISED PATIENT; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; LUNG ASPERGILLOSIS; MUCORMYCOSIS; NONHUMAN; OROPHARYNX CANDIDIASIS; OSTEOMYELITIS; PERICARDITIS; PERITONITIS; PYELONEPHRITIS; SYSTEMIC MYCOSIS; THROMBOPHLEBITIS; TREATMENT DURATION; URINARY TRACT INFECTION;

ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS; CANDIDIASIS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; FUNGEMIA; HUMANS; IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST; LUNG DISEASES, FUNGAL; MENINGITIS, FUNGAL; MYCOSES;

EID: 47649125527     PISSN: 02143429     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (147)

1. Fridkin SK. The changing face of fungal infections in health care settings. Clin Infect Dis 2005;411:455-60.
2. Martín GS, Mannino DM, Eaton S, Moss M. The Epidemiology of Sepsis in the United States from 1979 through 2000. N Engl J Med 2003;348:1546-54.
3. Luzzati R, Amalfitano G, Lazzarini L, Soldani F, Bellino S, Solbiati M, et al. Nosocomial candidemia in non-neutropenic patients at an Italian tertiary care hospital. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2000;19:602-7.
4. Kao AS, Brandt MA, Pruitt WR, Conn LA, Perkins BA, Stephens DS, et al. The epidemiology of candidemia in two United States Cities: results of a population-based active surveillance. Clin Infect Dis 1999;29:1164-70.
5. Clark TA, Hajjeh RA. Recent trends in the epidemiology of invasive mycoses. Curr Op Infect Dis 2002;15:569-74.
6. Hajjeh RA, Sofair AN, Harrisson LH, Lyon GM, Arthington-Skaggs BA, Mirza SA, et al. Incidente of bloodstream infections due to Candida species and in vitro susceptibilities of isolates collected from 1998 to 2000 in a population-based active surveillance program. J Clin Microbiol 2004;42:1519-27.
7. Tortorano AM, Pemán J, Bernhardt H, Klingspor L, Kibbler CC, Faure O, et al. Epidemiology of candidaemia in Europe: results of 28 month European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM) hospital-based surveillance study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2004;23:317-22.
8. Richardson MD. Changing patterns and trends in systemic fungal infections. J Antimicrob Chemother 2005;56(Suppl. S1): i5-i11.
9. Jordá-Marcos R, Álvarez-Lerma F, Jurado M, Palomar M, Nolla-Salas J, León MA, et al. Risk factors for candidaemia in critically ill patients: a prospective surveillance study. Mycoses 2007;50:302-10.
10. Almirante B, Rodríguez D, Park BJ, Cuenca Estrella M, Planes AM, Almela M, et al. Epidemiology and predictors of mortality in cases of Candida bloodstream infection: results from population-based surveillance, Barcelona (Spain), from 2002 to 2003. J Clin Microbiol 2005;43:1829-35.
11. EPINE 2006. Estudio de Prevalencia de las Infecciones Nosocomiales en España. EPINE 1990-2006: 17 años. www.vhebron.es/ac/preventiva/ epine/6_epine_1990_2006.pdf.
12. Vallés J, Calbo E, Anoro E, Fontanals D, Xercavins M, Espejo E, et al. Bloodstream infections in adults: Importance of healthcare-associated infections. J Infec 2008;56:27-34.
13. Pemán J, Cantón E, Gobernado M, and the Spanish ECMM Working Group on Candidaemia. Epidemiology and antifungal susceptibility of Candida species isolated from blood: results of a 2 year multicentre study in Spain. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2005;24:23-30.
14. Viudes A, Pemán J, Cantón E, Úbeda P, López-Ribot JL, Gobernado M. Candidemia at a tertiary-care hospital: epidemiology, treatment, clinical outcome and risk factors for death. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2002;21:767-74.
15. Alonso-Valle H, Acha O, García Palomo JD, Fariñas Álvarez C, Fernández Mazarrasa C, Fariñas C. Candidemia in a tertiary care hospital: epidemiology and factors influencing mortality. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2003;22:254-57.
16. Wisplinghoff H, Bischoff T, Tallent SA, Seifert H, Wenzel RP, Edmond MB. Nosocomial bloodstream infections in US hospitals: analysis of 24,179 cases from a prospective nationwide surveillance study. Clin Infect Dis 2004;39:309-17.
17. Edmond MB, Wallace SE, McClish DK, Pfaller MA, Jones RN, Wenzel RP. Nosocomial bloodstream infections in United States hospitals: a three- year analysis. Clin Infect Dis 1999;29:239-44.
18. Meersseman W, Vandecasteele SJ, Wilmer A, Verbeken E, Peetermans WE, Van Wijngaerden E. Invasive Aspergillosis in Critically III patients without malignancy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004;170:621-5.
19. Garnacho-Montero J, Amaya-Villar R, Ortiz-Leyba C, León C, Álvarez-Lerma F, Nolla-Salas J, et al. Isolation of Aspergillus spp from the respiratory tract in critically ill patients: risk factors, clinical presentation and outcome. Crit Care 2005;9:R191-9.
20. Bulpa P, Dive A, Sibille Y. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patientswith chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 2007;30:782-800.
21. Samarakoon P, Soubani AO. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with COPD: a report of five cases and systematic review of the literature. Chorn Respir Dis 2008;5:19-27.
22. Pappas PG, Rex JH, Lee J, Hamill RJ, Larsen RA, Powderly W, et al. A prospective observational study of candidemia: epidemiology, therapy, and influences on mortality in hospitalized adult and pediatric patients. Clin Infect Dis 2003;37:634-43.
23. Cuenca-Estrella M, Rodríguez D, Almirante B, Morgan J, Planes AM, Almela M, et al. In vitro susceptibilities of bloodstream isolates of Candida species to six antifungal agents: results from a population-based active surveillance programme. Barcelona, Spain, 2002-2003. J Antimicrob Chemother 2005;55:194-9.
24. Herbrecht R, Denning DW, Patterson TF, Bennett JE, Greene RE, Oestmann JW, et al. Voriconazole versus amphotericin B for primary therapy of invasive aspergillosis. N Engl J Med 2002;347:408-15.
25. Mora-Duarte J, Betts R, Rotstein C, Lopes Colombo A, Thompson-Moya L, Smietana J, et al. Comparison of caspofungin and amphotericin B for invasive candidiasis. N Engl J Med 2002;347:2020-9.
26. Raad II, Graybill JR, Bustamante AB, Cornely OA, Gaona-Flores V, Afif C, et al. Safety of long-term oral posaconazole use in the treatment of refractory invasive fungal infections. Clin Infect Dis 2006;42:1726-34.
27. Reboli AC, Rotstein C, Pappas PG, Chapman SW, Kett DH, Kumar D, et al. Anidulafungin versus fluconazole for invasive candidiasis. N Engl J Med 2007;356:2472-82.
28. Kuse ER, Chetchotisakd P, Arns da Cunha C, Ruhnke M, Barrios C, Raghunadharao D, et al. Micafungin versus liposomal amphotericin B for candidaemia and invasive candidosis: a phase III randomised double-blind trial. Lancet 2007;369:1519-27.
29. Pappas PG, Rotstein CMF, Betts RF, Nucci M, Talwar D, De Waele JJ, et al. Micafungin versus caspofungin for treatment of candidemia and other forms of invasive candidiasis. Clin Infect Dis 2007;45:883-93.
30. Wey SB, Mori M, Pfaller MA, Woolson RF, Wenzel RP. Hospital acquired candidemia: the attributable mortality and excess length of stay. Arch Intern Med 1988;148:2642-5.
31. Anaissie EJ, Rex JH, Uzun Ö, Vartivarian S. Predictors of adverse outcome in cancer patients with candidemia. Am J Med 1998;104:238-45.
32. Dismukes WE. Antifungal therapy: lessons learned over the past 27 years. Clin Infect Dis 2006;42:1289-96.
33. Sobel JD. Practice guidelines for the treatment of fungal infections. The Mycoses Study Group. Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2000;30:652.
34. Pappas PG, Rex JH, Sobel JD, Filler SG, Dismukes WE, Walsh TJ, et al. Guidelines for treatment of candidiasis. Clin Infect Dis 2004;38:161-89.
35. Buchner T, Fegeler W, Bernhardt H, Brockmeyer N, Duswald KH, Herrmann M, et al. Treatment of severe Candida infections in high-risk patients in Germany: consensus formed by a panel of interdisciplinary investigators. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2002;21:337-52.
36. Gavaldá J, Ruiz J. Recomendaciones para el tratamiento de la infección fúngica invasiva. Infeccion fúngica invasive por Candida spp. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2003;21:498-508.
37. Spellberg BJ, Filler SG, Edwards JE Jr. Current Treatment Strategies for Disseminated candidiasis. Clin Infect Dis 2006;42: 244-51.
38. Morrel M, Fraser VJ, Kollef MH. Delaying the empiric treatment of Candida bloodstream infection until positive blood culture results are obtained: a potential risk factor for hospital mortality. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005;49:3640-5.
39. Rex JH, Bennett JE, Sugar AM, Pappas PG, Van der Horst CM, Edwards JE, et al. A randomized trial comparing fluconazole with amphotericin B for the treatment of candidemia in patients without neutropenia. Candidemia Study Group and the National Institute. N Engl J Med 1994;331:1325-30.
40. Phillips P, Shafran S, Garber G, Rotstein C, Smaill F, Fong I. Multicenter randomized trial of fluconazole versus amphotericin B for treatment of candidemia in non-neutropenic patients. Canadian Candidemia Study Group. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1997;16:337-45.
41. Kullberg BJ, Sobel JD, Ruhnke M, Pappas GP, Viscoli C, Rex JH, et al. Voriconazole versus a regimen of amphotericin B followed by fluconazole for candidaemia innonneutropenic patients: a randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet 2005;366: 1435-42.
42. Walsh TJ, Finberg RW, Arndt C, Hiemenz J, Schwartz C, Bodensteiner D, et al. Liposomal amphotericin B for empirical therapy in patients with persistent fever and neutropenia. N Engl J Med 1999;340:764-71.
43. Rex JH, Pappas PG, Karchmer AW, Sobel J, Edwards JE, Hadley S, et al. NIAID Mycoses Study Group. A randomized and blinded multi-center trial of high-dose fluconazole plus placebo versus fluconazole plus amphotericin B as therapy for candidemia and its consequences in non-neutropenic subjects. Clin Infect Dis 2003;36:1221-8.
44. Pfaller A, Boyken L, Hollis RJ, Messer SA, Tendolkar S, Diekema DJ. In vitro activities of anidulafungin against more than 2,500 clinical isolates of Candida spp., including 315 isolates resistant to fluconazole. J Clin Microbiol 2005;43:5425-7.
45. Moudgal V, Little T, Boikov D, Vázquez JA. Multiechinocandin-and multiazole-resistant Candida parapsilosis isolates serially obtained during therapy for prosthetic valve endocarditis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005;49:767-9.
46. Chandrasekar PH, Sobel DJ. Micafungin: a new echinocandin. Clin Infect Dis 2006;42:1171-8.
47. Krishna R, Amuh D, Lowder CY, Gordon SM, Adal KA, Hall G. Should all patients with candidaemia have an ophthalmic examination to rule out ocular candidiasis? Eye 2000;14:30-4.
48. Giamarellou H. Nosocomial cardiac infections. J Hosp Infect 2002;50:91-105.
49. Pierrotti LC, Baddour LM. Fungal endocarditis, 1995-2000. Chest 2002;122:302-10.
50. Baddour LM. Long-term suppressive therapy for Candida parapsilosis-induced prosthetic valve endocarditis. Mayo Clin Proc 1995;70:773-5.
51. Melamed R, Leibovitz E, Abramson O, Levitas A, Zucker N, Gorodisher R. Successful non-surgical treatment of Candida tropicalis endocarditis with liposomal amphotericin-B (AmBisome). Scand J Infect Dis 2000;32:86-9.
52. Jiménez-Exposito MJ, Torres G, Baraldes A, Benito N, Marco F, Pare JC, et al. Native valve endocarditis due to Candida glabrata treated without valvular replacement: a potential role for caspofungin in the induction and maintenance treatment. Clin Infect Dis 2004;39:70-3.
53. López-Ciudad V, Castro-Orjales MJ, León C, Sanz-Rodríguez C, De la Torre-Fernández MJ, Pérez de Juan-Romero MA, et al. Successful treatment of Candida parapsilosis mural endocarditis with combined caspofungin and voriconazole. BMC Infect Dis 2006;6:73.
54. Neughebauer B, Álvarez V, Harb T, Keefer M. Constrictive pericarditis caused by Candida glabrata in an immunocompetent patient: case report and review of literature. Scand J Infect Dis 2002;34:615-9.
55. Diamond RD. Fungal meningitis. En: Kass EH, Weller TH, Wolff SM, Tyrrell DA, editores. Infections of the central nervous system. Philadelphia: BC Decker, 1991; p. 229-45.
56. Voice RA, Bradley SF, Sangeorzan JA, Kauffman CA. Chronic candidal meningitis: an uncommon manifestation of candidiasis. Clin Infect Dis 1994;19:60-6.
57. Casado JL, Quereda C, Oliva J, Navas E, Moreno A, Pintado V, et al. Candidal meningitis in HIV-infected patients: analisis of 14 cases. Clin Infect Dis 1997;25:673-6.
58. Deresinski SC, Stevens DA. Caspofungin. Clin Infect Dis 2003;36:1445-57.
59. Kofla G, Ruhnke M. Voriconazole: review of a broad spectrum triazole antifungal agent. Expert opin. Pharmacother 2005;6: 1215-29.
60. Scarcella A, Pasquariello MB, Giugliano B, Vendemiia M, De Lucia A. Liposomal amphotericin B treatment for neonatal fungal infections. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1998;17:146-8.
61. Liu KH, Wu CJ, Chou CH, Lee HC, Hung ST, Ko WC. Refractory candidal meningitis in a immunocompromised patient cured by caspofungin. J Clin Microbiol 2004;42:5950-3.
62. Nguyen MH, Yu VL. Meningitis caused by Candida species: an emerging problem in neurosurgical patients. Clin Infect Dis 1995;21:323-7.
63. Sánchez-Portocarrero J, Martín-Rabadan P, Saldana CJ, Pérez-Cecilia E. Candida cerebrospinal fluid shunt infection: report of two new cases and review of the literature. Diag Microbiol Infect Dis 1994;20:33-40.
64. Walsh TJ, Anaissie EJ, Denning DW, Herbrecht R, Kontoyiannis DP, Marr KA, et al. Treatment of aspergillosis: clinical practice guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2008;46:327-60.
65. Denning DW, Ribaud P, Milpied N, Caillot D, Herbrecht R, Thiel E, et al. Efficacy and safety of voriconazole in the treatment of acute invasive aspergillosis. Clin Infect Dis 2002;34:563-71.
66. Singh N, Paterson DL. Aspergillus infections in transplant recipients. Clin Microbiol Rev 2005;18:44-69.
67. Schwartz S, Ruhnke M, Ribaud P, Corey L, Driscoll T, Cornely OA, et al. Improved outcome in central nervous system aspergillosis, using voriconazole treatment. Blood 2005;106: 2641-5.
68. Bennet JE, Dismukes WE, Duma RJ, Medoff G, Sande MA, Gallis H, et al. A comparison of amphotericin B alone and combined with flucytosine in the treatment of cryptococcal meningitis N Engl J Med 1979;301:126-31.
69. Dismukes WE, Cloud G, Gallis HA, Kerkering TM, Medoff G, Craven PC, et al. NIAID Mycoses Study Group. Treatment of crytococcal meningitis with combination amphotericin B and flucytosine for four as compared with six weeks. N Engl J Med 1987;317:334-41.
70. Saag MS, Graybill RJ, Larsen RA, Pappas PG, Perfect JR, Powderly WG, et al. Practice guidelines for the management of cryptococcal disease. Clin Infect Dis 2000;30:710-8.
71. Saag MS, Powderly WG, Cloud GA, Robinson P, Grieco MH, Sharkey PK, et al. NIAID Mycoses Study Group and AIDS Clinical Trial Group. Comparison of amphotericin B with fluconazole in the treatment of acute AIDS-associated cryptococcal meningitis. N Engl J Med 1992;326:83-9.
72. Van der Horst CM, Saag MS, Cloud GA, Hamill RJ, Graybill JR, Sobel JD, et al. NIAID Mycoses Study Group and AIDS Clinical Trial Group. Treatment of cryptococcal meningitis associated with the adquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 1997;337:15-21.
73. Powderly WG, Saag MS, Cloud GA, Robinson P, Meyer RD, Jacobson JM, et al. NIAID Mycoses Study Group and AIDS Clinical Trial Group. A controlled trial of fluconazole or amphotericin B to prevent relapse of cryptococcal meningitis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 1992;326:793-8.
74. Saag MS, Cloud GA, Graybill JR, Sobel JD, Tuazon CU, Johnson PC, et al. NIAID Mycoses Study Group. A comparison of itraconazol versus fluconazole as maintenance therapy for AIDS-associated cryptococcal meningitis. Clin Infect Dis 1999;28:291-6.
75. Vibhagool A, Sungkanuparph S, Mootsikapun P, Chetchotisakd P, Tansuphaswaswadikul S, Bowonwatanuwong C, et al. Discontinuation of secondary prophylaxis for cryptococcal meningitis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy; a prospective, multicenter, randomized study. Clin Infect Dis 2003;36:1329-31.
76. Mussini C, Pezzotti P, Miro JM, Martínez E, De Quirós JD, Cinque P, et al. Discontinuation of maintenance therapy for cryptococcal meningitis in patients with AIDS treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy: an international observational study. Clin Infect Dis 2004;38:565-71.
77. Sabbatani S, Manfredi R, Pavoni M, Consales A, Chiodo F. Voriconazole proves effective in long-term treatment of a cerebral cryptococcoma in a chronic nephropathic HIV negative patient, after fluconazole failure. Mycopatlologia 2004;158:165-71.
78. Graybill JR, Sobel J, Saag M, Van der Horst C, Powderly W, Cloud G, et al. NIAID Mycoses Study Group and AIDS Clinical Trial Group. Diagnosis and management of increased intracranial pressure in patients with AIDS and cryptococcal meningitis. Clin Infect Dis 2000;30:47-54.
79. Haron E, Vartivarian S, Anaissie E, Dekmezian R, Bodey GP. Primary Candida pneumonia. Experience at a large cancer center and review of the literatura. Medicine 1993;72:137-42.
80. Rello J, Esandi ME, Díaz E, Mariscal D, Gallego M, Vallés J. The role of Candida spp. isolated from bronchoscopic simples in nonneutropenic patients. Chest 1998;114:146-9.
81. El-Ebiary M, Torres A, Fábregas N, De la Bellacasa JP, González J, Ramírez J, et al. Significance of the isolations of Candida species from respiratory simples in critically ill non neutropenic patients: an immediate postmorten histologic study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997;156:583-90.
82. Basich JE, Graves TS, Baz MN, Scanlon G, Hoffmann RG, Patterson R, et al. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in corticosteroid-dependent astmatics. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1981;68:98-102.
83. Mroueh S, Spock A. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in patients with cystic fibrosis. Chest 1994;105:32-6.
84. Denning DW, O'Driscoll BR, Hogaboam CM, Bowyer P, Niven RM. The link between fungi and severe asthma: a summary of the evidence. Eur Respir J 2006;27:615-26.
85. British Thoracic Association. Inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis: report to the Research Comittee of the British Thoracic Association. Br J Dis Chest 1979;73:349-56.
86. Stevens DA, Schwartz HJ, Lee JY, Moskovitz BL, Jerome DC, Catanzaro A, et al. A randomized trial of itraconazole in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. N Eng J Med 2000;342:756-62.
87. Lebrun-Vignes B, Chosidow O, Diquet B, Levron JC, Chosidow O, Puech AJ, et al. Effects of itraconazole on the pharmacokinetics of prednisolone and methylprednisolone in healthy subjects. Exp Clin Pharmacol 1996;18(Suppl. B):207.
88. Wark PA, Hensley MJ, Saltos N, Boyle MJ, Toneguzzi RC, Epid GD, et al. Anti-inflammatory effect of itraconazole in stable allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis: a randomized controlled trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003;111:952-7.
89. Mouton JW, Van Peer A, De Beule K, Van Vliet A, Donnelly JP, Soons PA. Pharmacokinetics of Itraconazole and Hydroxyitraconazole in Healthy Subjects after Single and Multiple Doses of a Novel Formulation. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006;50:4096-102.
90. Bandres Gimeno R, Muñoz Martínez MJ. Prolonged therapeutic response to voriconazole in a case of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Arch Bronconeumol 2007;43:49-51.
91. Skov M, Hoiby N, Koch C. Itraconazole treatment of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in patients with cystic fibrosis. Allergy 2002;57:723-8.
92. Nepomuceno IB, Esrig S, Moss RB. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in cystic fibrosis. Chest 1999;115:364-70.
93. Ward GW Jr, Woodfolk JA, Hayden ML, Jackson S, Platts-Mills TA. Treatment of late-onset asthma with fluconazole. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999;104:541-6.
94. Riding DM, Denning D, Francis HC, Niven RM. The effect of itraconazole therapy in severe asthma patients allergic to aspergillus: a retrospective audit (Abstract-75). Advances against aspergillosis.
95. Yamada H, Khono S, Koga H, Maesaki S, Kaku M. Topical treatment of pulmonary aspergilloma by antifungals: relationship between duration of the disease and efficacy of therapy. Chest 1993;103:1421-5.
96. Tsubura E. Multicenter clinical trial of itraconazole in the treatment of pulmonary aspergilloma. Pulmonary aspergilloma group. Kekkaku 1997;72:557-64.
97. Dupont B. Itraconazole therapy in aspergillosis: study of 49 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990;23:607-14.
98. Freimond N, Le Loch JB, Devouaussoux B, Harf R, Rakotomalala A, Pacheco Y. Aspergillus bronchitis and aspergilloma treated successfully with voriconazole. Rev Mal Resp 2005;22:811-4.
99. Chow L, Brown NE, Cunimoto D. An unusual case of pulmonary invasive aspergillosis and aspergilloma cured with voriconazole in a patient with cystic fibrosis. Clin Infect Dis 2002;35:106-10.
100. Chen JC, Chang YL, Luh SP, Lee JM, Lee YC. Surgical treatment for pulmonary aspergilloma: a 28 year experience. Thorax 1997;52:810-3.
101. Soubani AO, Chandrasekar PH. The clinical spectrum of pulmonary aspergillosis. Chest 2002;121:1988-99.
102. Dupont B. Itraconazole therapy in aspergillosis: study in 49 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990;23:607-14.
103. De Buele K, De Doncker P, Cauenbergh G, Koster M, Legendre R, Blatchford N, et al. The treatment of aspergillosis and aspergilloma with itraconazole: clinical results o fan open internacional study (1982-1987). Mycoses 1988;31:476-85.
104. Sambatakou H, Dupont B, Lode H, Denning DW. Voriconazole treatment for subacute invasive and chronic pulmonary aspergillosis. American J Med 2006;119, 527.e17-e24
105. Jain LR, Denning DW. The efficacy and tolerability of voriconazole in the treatment of chronic cavitary pulmonary aspergillosis. J Infec 2006;52:e133-7.
106. Camuset J, Nunes H, Dombret MC, Bergeron A, Henno P, Philippe B, et al. Treatment of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis by voriconazole in nonimmunocompromised patients. Chest 2007;131:1435-41.
107. Sarraceno JL, Phelps DT, Fero TH, Futergas R, Schwartz DB. Chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis. Approach to management. Chest 1997;112:541-8.
108. Meersseman W, Vandecasteele J, Wilmer A, Verbeken E, Peetermans WE, Wijngaerden EV. Invasive aspergillosis in critically ill patients without malignancy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004;170:621-5.
109. Trof RJ, Beishuizen A, Debets-Ossenkopp YJ, Girbes ARJ, Groeneveld ABJ. Management of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in non-neutropenic critically ill patients. Intensive care Med 2007;24 DOI 10.1007/s00134-007-0791-z http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00134-007-0792-y.
110. Rello J, Esandi ME, Mariscal D, Gallego M, Domingo C, Valles J. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: report of eight cases and review. Clin Infect Dis 1998;26:1473-5.
111. Salvaggio MR, Pappas PG. Current concepts in the management of fungal peritonitis. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2003;5:120-4.
112. Dupont H, Bourichon A, Paugan-Burtz C, Mantz J, Desmonts JM. Can yeast isolation in peritoneal fluid be predicted in intensive care unit patients with peritonitis? Crit Care Med 2003;26:2010-5.
113. Levine J, Bernard DB, Idelson BA, Farnham H, Saunders C, Sugar AM. Fungal peritonitis complicating continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: successful treatment with fluconazole, a new orally active antifungal agent. Am J Med 1989;86: 825-9.
114. Cornely OA, Lasso M, Betts R, Klimko N, Vázquez J, Dobb G, et al. Caspofungin for the treatment of less common forms of invasive candidiasis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007;60:363-9.
115. Hamory BH, Wenzel RP. Hospital-associated candiduria: predisposing factors and review of the literature. J Urol 1978;120:444-8.
116. Kauffman CA, Vázquez JA, Sobel JD, Gallis HA, McKinsey DS, Karchmer AW, et al. Prospective multicenter surveillance study of funguria in hospitalized patients. The National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Mycoses Study Group. Clin Infect Dis 2000;30:14-8.
117. Lundstrom T, Sobel J. Nosocomial candiduria: a review. Clin Infect Dis 2001;32:1602-7.
118. Sobel JD, Kauffman CA, McKinsey D, Zervos M, Vázquez JA, Karchmer AW, et al. Candiduria: a randomized, double-blind study of treatment with fluconazole and placebo. Clin Infect Dis 2000;30:19-24.
119. Jacobs LG, Skidmore EA, Freeman K, Lipschultz D, Fox N. Oral fluconazole compared with bladder irrigation with amphotericin B for treatment of fungal urinary tract infections in elderly patients. Clin Infect Dis 1996;22:30-5.
120. Miller DJ, Mejicano GC. Vertebral osteomyelitis due to Candida species: case report and literature review. Clin Infect Dis 2001;33:523-30.
121. Sugar AM, Saunders C, Diamond RD. Successful treatment of Candida osteomyelitis with fluconazole: a noncomparative study of two patients. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1990;13: 517-20.
122. Denes E, Boumediene A, Durox H, Oksman A, Saint-Marcoux F, Darde ML, et al. Voriconazole concentrations in synovial fluid and bone tissues. J Antimicrobial Chemother 2007;59:818-9.
123. Cortet B, Richard R, Deprez X, Lucet L, Flipo RM, Le Loët X, et al. Aspergillus spondylodiscitis: successful conservative treatment in 9 cases. J Rheumatol 1994;21:1287-91.
124. Peters-Christodoulou MN, De Beer FC, Bots GT, Ottenhoff TM, Thompson J, Van't Wout JW. Treatment of postoperative Aspergillus fumigatus spondylodiscitis with itraconazole. Scand J Infect Dis 1991;23:373-6.
125. Stratov I, Korman TM, Johnson PDR. Management of Aspergillus osteomyelitis: report of failure of liposomal amphotericin B and response to voriconazole in an immunocompetent host and literature review. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2003;22: 277-83.
126. Mouas H, Lutsar I, Dupont B, Fain O, Herbrecht R, Lescure FX, et al. Voriconazole for invasive bone aspergillosis: a worldwide experience of 20 cases. Clin Infect Dis 2005;40:1141-7.
127. Fukushima C, Matsuse H, Tomari S, Obase Y, Miyazaki Y, Shimoda T, et al. Oral candidiasis associated with inhaled corticosteroid use: comparison of fluticasone and beclomethasone. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2003;90:646-51.
128. Fichtenbaum CJ, Powderly WG. Refractory mucosal candidiasis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Clin Infect Dis 1998;26:556-65.
129. De Wit S, Weerts D, Goossens H, Clumeck N. Comparison of fluconazole and ketoconazole for oropharyngeal candidiasis in AIDS. Lancet 1989;1:746-8.
130. Arathoon EG, Gotuzzo E, Noriega LM, Berman RS, DiNubile MJ, Sable CA. Randomized, double-blind, multicenter study of caspofungin versus amphotericin B for treatment of oropharyngeal and esophageal candidiasis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002;46:451-7.
131. Dewsnup DH, Stevens DA. Efficacy of oral amphotericin B in AIDS patients with thrush clinically resistant to fluconazole. J Med Vet Mycol 1994;32:389-93.
132. Chocarro Martínez A, Galindo Tobal F, Ruiz-Irastorza G, González López A, Álvarez Navia A, Ochoa Sangrador C, et al. Risk factors for esophageal candidiasis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2000;19:96-100.
133. Wilcox CM, Darouiche RO, Laine L, Moskovitz BL, Mallegol I, Wu J. A randomized, double-blind comparison of itraconazole oral solution and fluconazole tablets in the treatment of esophageal candidiasis. J Infect Dis 1997;176:227-32.
134. Krause DS, Simjee AE, Van Rensburg C, Viljoen J, Walsh TJ, Goldstein BP, et al. A randomized, double-blind trial of anidulafungin versus fluconazole for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis. Clin Infect Dis 2004;39:770-5.
135. Roden MM, Zaoutis TE, Buchanan WL, Knudsen TA, Sarkisova TA, Schaufele RL. Epidemiology and outcome of zygomycosis: a review of 929 reported cases Robert L. Schaufele. Clin Infect Dis 2005;41:634-53.
136. Strasser MD, Kennedy RJ, Adam RD. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis. Therapy with amphotericin B lipid complex. Arch Intern Med 1996:156:2262.
137. Greenberg RN, Mullane K, Van Burik JAH, Raad I, Abzug MJ, Anstead G, et al. Posaconazole as salvage therapy for zygomycosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006;50:126-33.
138. Van Burik JH, Hare RS, Solomon HF, Corrado MJ, Kontoyiannis DP. Posaconazole is effective as salvage therapy in zygomycosis: a retrospective summary of 91 cases. Clin Infect Dis 2006;42:e61-5.
139. Pemán J, Cantón E. Las pruebas de sensibilidad antifúngica en un laboratorio de Microbiologia clínica. Rev Esp Quimioter 1996;9:17-20.
140. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of yeast. Approved standard. Document M27-A2. NCCLS 2002, Wayne, PA.
141. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of filamentous fungi; Approved standard. NCCLS document M38-A. NCCLS 2002, Wayne, PA.
142. Cuenca-Estrella M, Moore CB, Barchiesi F, Bille J, Chryssanthou E, Denning DW, et al. Multicenter evaluation of the reproducibility of the proposed antifungal susceptibility testing method for fermentative yeasts of the Antifungal Susceptibility Testing Subcommittee of the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AFST-EUCAST). Clin Microbiol Infect 2003;9:467-74.
143. Cantón E, Pemán J, Gobernado M, Álvarez E, Baquero F, Cisterna R, et al. Sensititre yeast one caspofungin susceptibility testing of Candida clinical isolates: correlation with results of NCCLS M27-A2 multicenter study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005;49:1604-7.
144. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Method for antifungal disk diffusion susceptibility testing of yeast. Approved standard M44-A. NCCLS 2004, Wayne, PA.
145. Viudes A, Cantón E, Pemán J, López-Ribot JL, Gobernado M. Correlacion entre los resultados de las pruebas de sensibilidad in vitro a los antifúngicos y la evolución clínica de los pacientes con candidiasis y criptococosis. Rev Esp Quimioter 2002;15:32-42.
146. Odds FC, Motyl M, Andrade R, Bille J, Cantón E, Cuenca-Estrella M, et al. Interlaboratory comparison of results of susceptibility testing with caspofungin against Candida and Aspergillus species. J Clin Microbiol 2004;42:3475-82.
147. Romero M, Cantón E, Pemán J, Gobernado M. Estudio de la actividad in vitro de caspofungina sobre especies de levaduras diferentes a Candida albicans, determinada por dos métodos: M27-A2 y EUCAST. Rev Esp Quimioter 2004;17:257-62.