메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 52, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 3-23

Dermal sensitization quantitative risk assessment (QRA) for fragrance ingredients

Author keywords

AEL; CEL; Dermal sensitization; Fragrance ingredients; NESIL; Quantitative risk assessment; SAF

Indexed keywords

ANTIPERSPIRANT AGENT; COSMETIC; DEODORANT AGENT; DETERGENT; FRAGRANCE; SHAMPOO; SOAP; TOOTHPASTE;

EID: 47549087254     PISSN: 02732300     EISSN: 10960295     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2007.10.008     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (238)

References (112)
  • 2
    • 54449098561 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AISE/HERA, 2002. AISE (Association Internationale de la Savonnerie, de la Détergence et des Produits d'Entretien): table of habits and practices for consumer products in Western Europe. Developed with the HERA project in 2002. AISE.
    • AISE/HERA, 2002. AISE (Association Internationale de la Savonnerie, de la Détergence et des Produits d'Entretien): table of habits and practices for consumer products in Western Europe. Developed with the HERA project in 2002. AISE.
  • 3
    • 54449095186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • American Beauty Association, 2002. Analysis of the subungual penetration of 100% dibutyl phthalate (DBP) in human fingernails. Unpublished Report to CIR.
    • American Beauty Association, 2002. Analysis of the subungual penetration of 100% dibutyl phthalate (DBP) in human fingernails. Unpublished Report to CIR.
  • 5
    • 54249154135 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Implementation of the dermal sensitization quantitative risk assessment (QRA) for fragrance ingredients
    • Api A.M., and Vey M. Implementation of the dermal sensitization quantitative risk assessment (QRA) for fragrance ingredients. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 52 (2008) 53-61
    • (2008) Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology , vol.52 , pp. 53-61
    • Api, A.M.1    Vey, M.2
  • 7
    • 54449095074 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of statistical approaches to the derivation of EC3 values from local lymph node assay dose responses
    • Basketter D.A., Lea L.J., Dickens A., Briggs D., Pate I., Dearman R.J., and Kimber I. A comparison of statistical approaches to the derivation of EC3 values from local lymph node assay dose responses. Journal of Applied Toxicology 39 4 (1999) 621-627
    • (1999) Journal of Applied Toxicology , vol.39 , Issue.4 , pp. 621-627
    • Basketter, D.A.1    Lea, L.J.2    Dickens, A.3    Briggs, D.4    Pate, I.5    Dearman, R.J.6    Kimber, I.7
  • 8
    • 0032956970 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of barrier perturbation on cutaneous salicylic acid penetration in human skin: in vivo pharmacokinetics using microdialysis non-invasive quantification of barrier function
    • Benfeldt E., Serup J., and Menne T. Effect of barrier perturbation on cutaneous salicylic acid penetration in human skin: in vivo pharmacokinetics using microdialysis non-invasive quantification of barrier function. British Journal of Dermatology 140 (1999) 739-748
    • (1999) British Journal of Dermatology , vol.140 , pp. 739-748
    • Benfeldt, E.1    Serup, J.2    Menne, T.3
  • 9
    • 54449086676 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bremmer H.J., Prud"Homme de Lodder, L.C.H., van Engelen, J.G.M., 2003. Cosmetics Fact Sheet to Assess The Risks For the Consumer. RIVM Report 6128100.
    • Bremmer H.J., Prud"Homme de Lodder, L.C.H., van Engelen, J.G.M., 2003. Cosmetics Fact Sheet to Assess The Risks For the Consumer. RIVM Report 6128100.
  • 10
    • 0018636409 scopus 로고
    • Human cutaneous vulvar reactivity to irritants
    • Britz M.B., and Maibach H.I. Human cutaneous vulvar reactivity to irritants. Contact Dermatitis 5 (1979) 375-377
    • (1979) Contact Dermatitis , vol.5 , pp. 375-377
    • Britz, M.B.1    Maibach, H.I.2
  • 11
    • 0018663724 scopus 로고
    • Human labia majora skin: transepidermal water loss in vivo
    • Britz M.B., and Maibach H.I. Human labia majora skin: transepidermal water loss in vivo. Acta Dermato-Venereologica 59 (1979) 23-25
    • (1979) Acta Dermato-Venereologica , vol.59 , pp. 23-25
    • Britz, M.B.1    Maibach, H.I.2
  • 12
    • 54449088210 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bucks, D.A.W., Maibach, H.I., Guy, R.H., 1989. Occlusion does not uniformly enhance penetration in vivo. In: Percutaneous Absorption: Mechanisms-Methodology-Drug Delivery, Chapter 5. Marcel Dekker, pp. 77-89.
    • Bucks, D.A.W., Maibach, H.I., Guy, R.H., 1989. Occlusion does not uniformly enhance penetration in vivo. In: Percutaneous Absorption: Mechanisms-Methodology-Drug Delivery, Chapter 5. Marcel Dekker, pp. 77-89.
  • 13
    • 0033393944 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Addressing human variability in risk assessment. The robustness of the intraspecies uncertainty factor
    • Burin G.J., and Saunders B.R. Addressing human variability in risk assessment. The robustness of the intraspecies uncertainty factor. Regulatory, Toxicology, Pharmacology 30 (1999) 209-216
    • (1999) Regulatory, Toxicology, Pharmacology , vol.30 , pp. 209-216
    • Burin, G.J.1    Saunders, B.R.2
  • 14
    • 54449090354 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cano, M.-F., Rich, K., 2001. Presentation at the 2001 Colipa Scientific Forum.
    • Cano, M.-F., Rich, K., 2001. Presentation at the 2001 Colipa Scientific Forum.
  • 15
    • 54449087369 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cano, M.-F., 2006. Personal communication on exposure data for hydroalcoholic products for shaved skin.
    • Cano, M.-F., 2006. Personal communication on exposure data for hydroalcoholic products for shaved skin.
  • 17
    • 0025767307 scopus 로고
    • Extrapolation of toxicological and pharmacological data from animals to humans
    • Chappell W.R., and Mordenti J. Extrapolation of toxicological and pharmacological data from animals to humans. Advances in Drug Research 20 (1991) 1-116
    • (1991) Advances in Drug Research , vol.20 , pp. 1-116
    • Chappell, W.R.1    Mordenti, J.2
  • 18
    • 0023388554 scopus 로고
    • The surface area of the adult human mouth and thickness of the salivary film covering the teeth and oral mucosa
    • Collins L.M.C., and Dawes C. The surface area of the adult human mouth and thickness of the salivary film covering the teeth and oral mucosa. Journal of Dental Research 66 8 (1987) 1300-1302
    • (1987) Journal of Dental Research , vol.66 , Issue.8 , pp. 1300-1302
    • Collins, L.M.C.1    Dawes, C.2
  • 19
    • 54449093702 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Colipa, 2005. Updated daily consumer exposure to cosmetic products. Unpublished submission to SCCP, December 2005.
    • Colipa, 2005. Updated daily consumer exposure to cosmetic products. Unpublished submission to SCCP, December 2005.
  • 21
    • 54449097223 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CTFA, 2005. Summary distributions of facial cleanser use data. Unpublished report, August 5, 2005.
    • CTFA, 2005. Summary distributions of facial cleanser use data. Unpublished report, August 5, 2005.
  • 22
    • 54449088824 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CTFA, 2005a. Summary distributions of powder eye shadow use data. Unpublished report, August 5, 2005.
    • CTFA, 2005a. Summary distributions of powder eye shadow use data. Unpublished report, August 5, 2005.
  • 23
    • 54449097638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CTFA, 2005b. Summary distributions of rinse-off hair conditioner use data. Unpublished report, August 5, 2005.
    • CTFA, 2005b. Summary distributions of rinse-off hair conditioner use data. Unpublished report, August 5, 2005.
  • 28
    • 0018578634 scopus 로고
    • Studies on poison ivy. In vitro lymphocyte transformation by urushiol-protein conjugates
    • Dupuis G. Studies on poison ivy. In vitro lymphocyte transformation by urushiol-protein conjugates. British Journal of Dermatology 101 (1979) 617-624
    • (1979) British Journal of Dermatology , vol.101 , pp. 617-624
    • Dupuis, G.1
  • 29
    • 54449101732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • EC, 1996. Technical guidance document in support of Commission Directive 93/67/EEC on risk assessment for new notified substances and Commission Regulation (EC) No. 1488/94 on risk assessment for existing substances. European Commission, Luxembourg.
    • EC, 1996. Technical guidance document in support of Commission Directive 93/67/EEC on risk assessment for new notified substances and Commission Regulation (EC) No. 1488/94 on risk assessment for existing substances. European Commission, Luxembourg.
  • 30
    • 54449087151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ECETOC, 2003. Contact Sensitisation: Classification According to Potency. Technical Report No. 87.
    • ECETOC, 2003. Contact Sensitisation: Classification According to Potency. Technical Report No. 87.
  • 31
    • 0028046955 scopus 로고
    • The influence of shaving method on perfume allergy
    • Edman B. The influence of shaving method on perfume allergy. Contact Dermatitis 31 5 (1994) 291-292
    • (1994) Contact Dermatitis , vol.31 , Issue.5 , pp. 291-292
    • Edman, B.1
  • 32
    • 0025136681 scopus 로고
    • The effect of prolonged drying on transepidermal water loss, capacitance and pH of human vulvar and forearm skin
    • Elsner P., and Maibach H.I. The effect of prolonged drying on transepidermal water loss, capacitance and pH of human vulvar and forearm skin. Acta Dermato-Venereologica 70 (1990) 105-109
    • (1990) Acta Dermato-Venereologica , vol.70 , pp. 105-109
    • Elsner, P.1    Maibach, H.I.2
  • 33
    • 0024997685 scopus 로고
    • Frictional properties of human forearm and vulvar skin: influence of age and correlation with transepidermal water loss and capacitance
    • Elsner P., Wilhelm D., and Maibach H.I. Frictional properties of human forearm and vulvar skin: influence of age and correlation with transepidermal water loss and capacitance. Dermatologica 181 (1990) 88-91
    • (1990) Dermatologica , vol.181 , pp. 88-91
    • Elsner, P.1    Wilhelm, D.2    Maibach, H.I.3
  • 34
    • 0025675670 scopus 로고
    • Irritant effect of a model surfactant on the human vulvar and forearm skin. Age-related differences
    • Elsner P., Wilhelm D., and Maibach H.I. Irritant effect of a model surfactant on the human vulvar and forearm skin. Age-related differences. Journal of Reproductive Medicine 35 (1990) 1035-1039
    • (1990) Journal of Reproductive Medicine , vol.35 , pp. 1035-1039
    • Elsner, P.1    Wilhelm, D.2    Maibach, H.I.3
  • 35
    • 0025089948 scopus 로고
    • Physiological skin surface water loss dynamics of human vulvar and forearm skin
    • Elsner P., Wilhelm D., and Maibach H.I. Physiological skin surface water loss dynamics of human vulvar and forearm skin. Acta Dermato-Venereologica 70 (1990) 141-144
    • (1990) Acta Dermato-Venereologica , vol.70 , pp. 141-144
    • Elsner, P.1    Wilhelm, D.2    Maibach, H.I.3
  • 36
    • 0025010520 scopus 로고
    • Sodium lauryl sulphate-induced irritant contact dermatitis in vulvar and forearm skin of premenopausal and postmenopausal women
    • Elsner P., Wilhelm D., and Maibach H.I. Sodium lauryl sulphate-induced irritant contact dermatitis in vulvar and forearm skin of premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 23 (1990) 648-652
    • (1990) Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology , vol.23 , pp. 648-652
    • Elsner, P.1    Wilhelm, D.2    Maibach, H.I.3
  • 37
    • 0026017328 scopus 로고
    • Effect of low-concentration sodium lauryl sulphate on human vulvar and forearm skin. Age-related differences
    • Elsner P., Wilhelm D., and Maibach H.I. Effect of low-concentration sodium lauryl sulphate on human vulvar and forearm skin. Age-related differences. Journal of Reproductive Medicine 36 (1991) 77-81
    • (1991) Journal of Reproductive Medicine , vol.36 , pp. 77-81
    • Elsner, P.1    Wilhelm, D.2    Maibach, H.I.3
  • 38
    • 54449087568 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • EPA, 1997. Exposure Factors Handbook. Doc EPA/600/P-95/002Fa. Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
    • EPA, 1997. Exposure Factors Handbook. Doc EPA/600/P-95/002Fa. Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
  • 39
    • 54449085490 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), Whalan, J., Weiss, S., 2001b. Human Health Risk Assessment for KBR 3023 All Family Insect Repellent Spray & Cream. DP Barcode: D279005, PC Code: 070705. November 16, 2001 Memorandum to K. Sweeney. Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, U.S. EPA, Washington, DC.
    • EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), Whalan, J., Weiss, S., 2001b. Human Health Risk Assessment for KBR 3023 All Family Insect Repellent Spray & Cream. DP Barcode: D279005, PC Code: 070705. November 16, 2001 Memorandum to K. Sweeney. Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, U.S. EPA, Washington, DC.
  • 40
    • 54449099095 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • EU Cosmetics Directive 76/768/EEC-Seventh Amendment (Council Directive 2003/15/EC).
    • EU Cosmetics Directive 76/768/EEC-Seventh Amendment (Council Directive 2003/15/EC).
  • 42
    • 8344266781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The vulvar epithelium differs from the skin: implications for cutaneous testing to address topical vulvar exposures
    • Farage M., and Maibach H.I. The vulvar epithelium differs from the skin: implications for cutaneous testing to address topical vulvar exposures. Contact Dermatitis 51 4 (2004) 201-209
    • (2004) Contact Dermatitis , vol.51 , Issue.4 , pp. 201-209
    • Farage, M.1    Maibach, H.I.2
  • 43
    • 0347064079 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantitative risk assessment for the induction of allergic contact dermatitis: uncertainty factors for mucosal exposures
    • Farage M.A., Bjerke D.L., Mahony C., Blackburn K.L., and Gerberick G.F. Quantitative risk assessment for the induction of allergic contact dermatitis: uncertainty factors for mucosal exposures. Contact Dermatitis 49 3 (2003) 140-147
    • (2003) Contact Dermatitis , vol.49 , Issue.3 , pp. 140-147
    • Farage, M.A.1    Bjerke, D.L.2    Mahony, C.3    Blackburn, K.L.4    Gerberick, G.F.5
  • 44
    • 0014057659 scopus 로고
    • Regional variation in percutaneous penetration of 14C Cortisol in man
    • Feldmann R.J., and Maibach H.I. Regional variation in percutaneous penetration of 14C Cortisol in man. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 48 (1967) 181-183
    • (1967) Journal of Investigative Dermatology , vol.48 , pp. 181-183
    • Feldmann, R.J.1    Maibach, H.I.2
  • 45
    • 0036877375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A review of the scientific basis for uncertainty factors for use in quantitative risk assessment for the induction of allergic contact dermatitis
    • Felter S.P., Robinson M.K., Basketter D.A., and Gerberick G.F. A review of the scientific basis for uncertainty factors for use in quantitative risk assessment for the induction of allergic contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 47 5 (2002) 257-266
    • (2002) Contact Dermatitis , vol.47 , Issue.5 , pp. 257-266
    • Felter, S.P.1    Robinson, M.K.2    Basketter, D.A.3    Gerberick, G.F.4
  • 47
    • 0034110706 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Normal growth and development of the lips: a 3-dimensional study from 6 years to adulthood using a geometric model
    • Ferrario V.F., Sforza C., Schmitz J.H., Ciusa V., and Colombo A. Normal growth and development of the lips: a 3-dimensional study from 6 years to adulthood using a geometric model. Journal of Anatomy 196 (2000) 415-423
    • (2000) Journal of Anatomy , vol.196 , pp. 415-423
    • Ferrario, V.F.1    Sforza, C.2    Schmitz, J.H.3    Ciusa, V.4    Colombo, A.5
  • 48
    • 0020519003 scopus 로고
    • Quantitative relationships between sensitizing dose of DNCB and reactivity in normal subjects
    • Friedmann P.S., Moss C., Shuster S., and Simpson J.M. Quantitative relationships between sensitizing dose of DNCB and reactivity in normal subjects. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 53 (1983) 709-715
    • (1983) Clinical and Experimental Immunology , vol.53 , pp. 709-715
    • Friedmann, P.S.1    Moss, C.2    Shuster, S.3    Simpson, J.M.4
  • 49
    • 0000513531 scopus 로고
    • Quantification of contact hypersensitivity in man
    • Maibach H.I., and Lowe N.J. (Eds), Karger, Basel
    • Friedmann P.S., and Moss C. Quantification of contact hypersensitivity in man. In: Maibach H.I., and Lowe N.J. (Eds). Models in Dermatology vol. 2l (1985), Karger, Basel 75-281
    • (1985) Models in Dermatology , vol.2 l , pp. 75-281
    • Friedmann, P.S.1    Moss, C.2
  • 54
    • 0242456077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proposal for a risk assessment methodology for skin sensitization potency data
    • Griem P., Goebel C., and Scheffler H. Proposal for a risk assessment methodology for skin sensitization potency data. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 38 (2003) 269-290
    • (2003) Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology , vol.38 , pp. 269-290
    • Griem, P.1    Goebel, C.2    Scheffler, H.3
  • 55
    • 0020691287 scopus 로고
    • Barrier properties of the newborn infant's skin
    • Harpin V.A., and Rutter N. Barrier properties of the newborn infant's skin. Journal of Pediatrics 102 (1983) 419-425
    • (1983) Journal of Pediatrics , vol.102 , pp. 419-425
    • Harpin, V.A.1    Rutter, N.2
  • 56
    • 0026564618 scopus 로고
    • Drug delivery via the mucous membranes of the oral cavity
    • Harris D., and Robinson J.R. Drug delivery via the mucous membranes of the oral cavity. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 81 1 (1992) 1-10
    • (1992) Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences , vol.81 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-10
    • Harris, D.1    Robinson, J.R.2
  • 57
    • 0038127920 scopus 로고
    • A histological comparison of infant and adult skin
    • Maibach H.I., and Boisits E.K. (Eds), Marcel Dekker Inc., New York
    • Holbrook K.A. A histological comparison of infant and adult skin. In: Maibach H.I., and Boisits E.K. (Eds). Neonatal Skin, Structure and Function (1982), Marcel Dekker Inc., New York
    • (1982) Neonatal Skin, Structure and Function
    • Holbrook, K.A.1
  • 58
    • 0347320473 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral fluoride retention in saliva following toothbrushing with child and adult dentifrices with and without water rinsing
    • Issa A.L., and Toumba K.J. Oral fluoride retention in saliva following toothbrushing with child and adult dentifrices with and without water rinsing. Caries Research 38 1 (2004) 15-19
    • (2004) Caries Research , vol.38 , Issue.1 , pp. 15-19
    • Issa, A.L.1    Toumba, K.J.2
  • 59
    • 0017336705 scopus 로고
    • Delayed hypersensitivity in females. The development of allergic contact dermatitis in females during the comparison of two predictive patch tests
    • Jordan Jr. W.P., and King S.E. Delayed hypersensitivity in females. The development of allergic contact dermatitis in females during the comparison of two predictive patch tests. Contact Dermatitis 3 (1977) 19-26
    • (1977) Contact Dermatitis , vol.3 , pp. 19-26
    • Jordan Jr., W.P.1    King, S.E.2
  • 62
    • 0033058450 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thresholds in contact sensitization: theoretical and practical considerations
    • Kimber I., Gerberick G.F., and Basketter D.A. Thresholds in contact sensitization: theoretical and practical considerations. Food and Chemical Toxicology 37 5 (1999) 553-560
    • (1999) Food and Chemical Toxicology , vol.37 , Issue.5 , pp. 553-560
    • Kimber, I.1    Gerberick, G.F.2    Basketter, D.A.3
  • 63
    • 0013974459 scopus 로고
    • The identification of contact allergens by human assay. II. Factors influencing the induction and measurement of allergic contact dermatitis
    • Kligman A.M. The identification of contact allergens by human assay. II. Factors influencing the induction and measurement of allergic contact dermatitis. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 47 (1966) 375-392
    • (1966) Journal of Investigative Dermatology , vol.47 , pp. 375-392
    • Kligman, A.M.1
  • 64
    • 1842506635 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional properties of the surface of the vermilion border of the lips are distinct from those of the facial skin
    • Kobayashi H., and Tagami H. Functional properties of the surface of the vermilion border of the lips are distinct from those of the facial skin. British Journal of Dermatology 150 3 (2004) 563-567
    • (2004) British Journal of Dermatology , vol.150 , Issue.3 , pp. 563-567
    • Kobayashi, H.1    Tagami, H.2
  • 65
    • 10644227530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distinct locational differences observable in biophysical functions of the facial skin: with special emphasis on the poor functional properties of the stratum corneum of the perioral region
    • Kobayashi H., and Tagami H. Distinct locational differences observable in biophysical functions of the facial skin: with special emphasis on the poor functional properties of the stratum corneum of the perioral region. International Journal of Cosmetic Science 26 (2004) 91-101
    • (2004) International Journal of Cosmetic Science , vol.26 , pp. 91-101
    • Kobayashi, H.1    Tagami, H.2
  • 67
    • 0021246093 scopus 로고
    • In vivo studies of the evolution of physical properties of the human skin with age
    • Leveque J.L., Corcuff P., de Rigal J., and Agache P. In vivo studies of the evolution of physical properties of the human skin with age. International Journal of Dermatology 23 5 (1984) 322-329
    • (1984) International Journal of Dermatology , vol.23 , Issue.5 , pp. 322-329
    • Leveque, J.L.1    Corcuff, P.2    de Rigal, J.3    Agache, P.4
  • 71
    • 54449088601 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The "dry skin cycle": introducing a new model for the induction and propagation of xerosis in normal skin
    • Matts P., and Rawlings A. The "dry skin cycle": introducing a new model for the induction and propagation of xerosis in normal skin. Journal of American Academy Dermatology 52 3 Suppl. 1 (2005) 94
    • (2005) Journal of American Academy Dermatology , vol.52 , Issue.3 SUPPL. 1 , pp. 94
    • Matts, P.1    Rawlings, A.2
  • 72
    • 1842277728 scopus 로고
    • An in vitro comparison of the permeability of adult versus neonatal skin. in: neonatal skin: structure and function
    • Maibach H.I., and Boisits E.K. (Eds), Marcel Dekker Inc., New York
    • McCormack J.J., Boisits E.K., and Fisher L.B. An in vitro comparison of the permeability of adult versus neonatal skin. in: neonatal skin: structure and function. In: Maibach H.I., and Boisits E.K. (Eds). Neonatal Skin: Structure and Function (1982), Marcel Dekker Inc., New York 149-164
    • (1982) Neonatal Skin: Structure and Function , pp. 149-164
    • McCormack, J.J.1    Boisits, E.K.2    Fisher, L.B.3
  • 75
    • 0016683313 scopus 로고
    • Fluoride retention after rinsing with sodium fluoride and amine fluoride
    • 48762
    • Muhlemann H.R., and Rudolf E.R. Fluoride retention after rinsing with sodium fluoride and amine fluoride. Helvetica Odontologica Acta 19 1 (1975) 81-84 48762
    • (1975) Helvetica Odontologica Acta , vol.19 , Issue.1 , pp. 81-84
    • Muhlemann, H.R.1    Rudolf, E.R.2
  • 76
    • 0037902497 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Water loss through the lip, nail, eyelid skin, scalp skin and axillary skin measured with a closed-chamber evaporation principle
    • Nuutinen J., Harvima I., Lahtinen M.-R., and Lahtinen T. Water loss through the lip, nail, eyelid skin, scalp skin and axillary skin measured with a closed-chamber evaporation principle. British Journal of Dermatology 148 4 (2003) 839-841
    • (2003) British Journal of Dermatology , vol.148 , Issue.4 , pp. 839-841
    • Nuutinen, J.1    Harvima, I.2    Lahtinen, M.-R.3    Lahtinen, T.4
  • 77
    • 0033925825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diaper dermatitis and advances in diaper technology
    • Odio M., and Friedlander S.F. Diaper dermatitis and advances in diaper technology. Current Opinions in Pediatrics 12 4 (2000) 342-346
    • (2000) Current Opinions in Pediatrics , vol.12 , Issue.4 , pp. 342-346
    • Odio, M.1    Friedlander, S.F.2
  • 78
    • 54249114644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The research institute for fragrance materials' human repeated insult patch test protocol
    • Politano V.T., and Api A.M. The research institute for fragrance materials' human repeated insult patch test protocol. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 52 (2008) 35-38
    • (2008) Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology , vol.52 , pp. 35-38
    • Politano, V.T.1    Api, A.M.2
  • 79
    • 0024565207 scopus 로고
    • Sex differences in susceptibility to development of contact hypersensitivity to dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)
    • Rees J.L., Friedmann P.S., and Matthews J.N. Sex differences in susceptibility to development of contact hypersensitivity to dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). British Journal of Dermatology 120 (1989) 371-374
    • (1989) British Journal of Dermatology , vol.120 , pp. 371-374
    • Rees, J.L.1    Friedmann, P.S.2    Matthews, J.N.3
  • 80
    • 0025058547 scopus 로고
    • The influence of area of application on sensitization by dinitrochlorobenzene
    • Rees J.L., Friedmann P.S., and Matthews J.N.S. The influence of area of application on sensitization by dinitrochlorobenzene. British Journal of Dermatology 122 (1990) 29-31
    • (1990) British Journal of Dermatology , vol.122 , pp. 29-31
    • Rees, J.L.1    Friedmann, P.S.2    Matthews, J.N.S.3
  • 81
    • 0031809917 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human variability and non-cancer risk assessment. An analysis of the default uncertainty factor
    • Renwick A.G., and Lazarus N.R. Human variability and non-cancer risk assessment. An analysis of the default uncertainty factor. Regulatory, Toxicology and Pharmacology 27 (1998) 3-20
    • (1998) Regulatory, Toxicology and Pharmacology , vol.27 , pp. 3-20
    • Renwick, A.G.1    Lazarus, N.R.2
  • 82
    • 54449088907 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc. (RIFM), 2005. A.M. Api internal memo, December 12, 2005 on dermal exposure to pressurized aerosol air fresheners.
    • Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc. (RIFM), 2005. A.M. Api internal memo, December 12, 2005 on dermal exposure to pressurized aerosol air fresheners.
  • 83
    • 54449100719 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc. (RIFM), 2006. Memo to A.M. Api from RIFM Member Company, May 2006 on exposure to feminine hygiene products, diapers, intimate wipes and baby wipes.
    • Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc. (RIFM), 2006. Memo to A.M. Api from RIFM Member Company, May 2006 on exposure to feminine hygiene products, diapers, intimate wipes and baby wipes.
  • 84
    • 54449091748 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc. (RIFM), 2007. Memo to A.M. Api from RIFM Member Company, January 2007 on exposure to tights with moisturizers.
    • Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc. (RIFM), 2007. Memo to A.M. Api from RIFM Member Company, January 2007 on exposure to tights with moisturizers.
  • 85
    • 54449090162 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc. (RIFM), 2007. Memo to A.M. Api from RIFM Member Company, January 2007 on exposure to insect repellents intended to be applied on the skin.
    • Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc. (RIFM), 2007. Memo to A.M. Api from RIFM Member Company, January 2007 on exposure to insect repellents intended to be applied on the skin.
  • 86
    • 0032870682 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Population differences skin structure and physiology and the susceptibility to irritant and allergic contact dermatitis: implications for skin safety testing and risk assessment
    • Robinson M.K. Population differences skin structure and physiology and the susceptibility to irritant and allergic contact dermatitis: implications for skin safety testing and risk assessment. Contact Dermatitis 41 2 (1999) 65-79
    • (1999) Contact Dermatitis , vol.41 , Issue.2 , pp. 65-79
    • Robinson, M.K.1
  • 90
    • 54449094335 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SCCNFP, 2003. The SCCNFP's Notes of Guidance For the Testing of Cosmetic Ingredients and Their Safety Evaluation, 5th Revision. Adopted by the SCCNFP during the 25th plenary meeting of 20 October 2003. SCCNFP/0690/03 Final.
    • SCCNFP, 2003. The SCCNFP's Notes of Guidance For the Testing of Cosmetic Ingredients and Their Safety Evaluation, 5th Revision. Adopted by the SCCNFP during the 25th plenary meeting of 20 October 2003. SCCNFP/0690/03 Final.
  • 91
    • 54449099488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Schaefer, H., Redelmeier, T.E., 1996. Skin barrier. Principles of percutaneous absorption. In: Skin Barrier: Principles of Percutaneous Absorption, Chapter 5, pp. 153-212.
    • Schaefer, H., Redelmeier, T.E., 1996. Skin barrier. Principles of percutaneous absorption. In: Skin Barrier: Principles of Percutaneous Absorption, Chapter 5, pp. 153-212.
  • 92
    • 0000306988 scopus 로고
    • Effects of surfactants and solvents on the permeability of epidermis
    • Scheuplein R., and Ross L. Effects of surfactants and solvents on the permeability of epidermis. Journal of Society of Cosmetic Chemists 21 (1970) 853-873
    • (1970) Journal of Society of Cosmetic Chemists , vol.21 , pp. 853-873
    • Scheuplein, R.1    Ross, L.2
  • 93
    • 1842835106 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantitative relationship between the local lymph node assay and human skin sensitization assays
    • Schneider K., and Akkan Z. Quantitative relationship between the local lymph node assay and human skin sensitization assays. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology (2004) 245-255
    • (2004) Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology , pp. 245-255
    • Schneider, K.1    Akkan, Z.2
  • 96
    • 0021987999 scopus 로고
    • The permeability of skin and oral mucosa to water and horseradish peroxidase as related to the thickness of the permeability barrier
    • Squier C.A., and Hall B.K. The permeability of skin and oral mucosa to water and horseradish peroxidase as related to the thickness of the permeability barrier. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 84 (1985) 176-179
    • (1985) Journal of Investigative Dermatology , vol.84 , pp. 176-179
    • Squier, C.A.1    Hall, B.K.2
  • 97
    • 0022616920 scopus 로고
    • Penetration of nicotine and nitrosonornicotine across porcine oral mucosa
    • 3567
    • Squier C.A. Penetration of nicotine and nitrosonornicotine across porcine oral mucosa. Journal of Applied Toxicology 6 2 (1986) 123-128 3567
    • (1986) Journal of Applied Toxicology , vol.6 , Issue.2 , pp. 123-128
    • Squier, C.A.1
  • 99
    • 54449083147 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Technical Guidance Document, 2003. Technical Guidance Document in support of Commission Directive 93/67/EEC on risk assessment for new notified substances and Commission Regulation (EC) No. 1488/94 on risk assessment for existing substances.
    • Technical Guidance Document, 2003. Technical Guidance Document in support of Commission Directive 93/67/EEC on risk assessment for new notified substances and Commission Regulation (EC) No. 1488/94 on risk assessment for existing substances.
  • 100
    • 0035184191 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparative light-microscopic, electron-microscopic and chemical study of human vaginal and buccal epithelium
    • Thompson I.O., van der Bijl P., van Wyk C.W., and van Eyk A.D. A comparative light-microscopic, electron-microscopic and chemical study of human vaginal and buccal epithelium. Archives of Oral Biology 46 (2001) 1091-1098
    • (2001) Archives of Oral Biology , vol.46 , pp. 1091-1098
    • Thompson, I.O.1    van der Bijl, P.2    van Wyk, C.W.3    van Eyk, A.D.4
  • 101
    • 54249163180 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of probabilistic analysis in the refinement of exposure data for hydroalcoholic perfume products
    • Tozer S.A., O'Keeffe L., Cowan-Ellsberry C.E., and Rich K. Use of probabilistic analysis in the refinement of exposure data for hydroalcoholic perfume products. Toxicology 202 1-2 (2004) 123-124
    • (2004) Toxicology , vol.202 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 123-124
    • Tozer, S.A.1    O'Keeffe, L.2    Cowan-Ellsberry, C.E.3    Rich, K.4
  • 102
    • 0023879793 scopus 로고
    • Interspecific scaling of toxicity data
    • Travis C.C., and White R.K. Interspecific scaling of toxicity data. Risk Analysis 8 1 (1988) 116-125
    • (1988) Risk Analysis , vol.8 , Issue.1 , pp. 116-125
    • Travis, C.C.1    White, R.K.2
  • 103
    • 0027062704 scopus 로고
    • Influence of area of application of allergens on sensitization in contact dermatitis
    • Upadhye M.R., and Maibach H.I. Influence of area of application of allergens on sensitization in contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 27 (1992) 281-286
    • (1992) Contact Dermatitis , vol.27 , pp. 281-286
    • Upadhye, M.R.1    Maibach, H.I.2
  • 107
    • 0011904141 scopus 로고
    • Comparative percutaneous absorption. in: neonatal skin: structure and function
    • Maibach H.I., and Boisits E.K. (Eds), Marcel Dekker Inc., New York
    • Wester R.C., and Maibach H.I. Comparative percutaneous absorption. in: neonatal skin: structure and function. In: Maibach H.I., and Boisits E.K. (Eds). Neonatal Skin: Structure and Function (1982), Marcel Dekker Inc., New York 137-147
    • (1982) Neonatal Skin: Structure and Function , pp. 137-147
    • Wester, R.C.1    Maibach, H.I.2
  • 108
    • 0022972863 scopus 로고
    • The effect of altering area of application and dose per area on sensitization by DNCB
    • White S.I., Friedmann P.S., Moss C., and Simpson J.M. The effect of altering area of application and dose per area on sensitization by DNCB. British Journal of Dermatology 155 (1986) 663-668
    • (1986) British Journal of Dermatology , vol.155 , pp. 663-668
    • White, S.I.1    Friedmann, P.S.2    Moss, C.3    Simpson, J.M.4
  • 109
    • 0023752169 scopus 로고
    • Age and sex distribution of the incidence of contact sensitivity to standard allergens
    • Young E., van Weelden H., and van Osch L. Age and sex distribution of the incidence of contact sensitivity to standard allergens. Contact Dermatitis 19 (1988) 307-308
    • (1988) Contact Dermatitis , vol.19 , pp. 307-308
    • Young, E.1    van Weelden, H.2    van Osch, L.3
  • 110
    • 0024095119 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of fluoride concentrations in unstimulated whole saliva following the use of a fluoride dentifrice and a fluoride rinse
    • Zero D.T., Fu J., Espeland M.A., and Featherstone J.D. Comparison of fluoride concentrations in unstimulated whole saliva following the use of a fluoride dentifrice and a fluoride rinse. Journal of Dental Research 67 10 (1988) 1257-1262
    • (1988) Journal of Dental Research , vol.67 , Issue.10 , pp. 1257-1262
    • Zero, D.T.1    Fu, J.2    Espeland, M.A.3    Featherstone, J.D.4
  • 112
    • 0035132862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of skin occlusion on percutaneous absorption: an overview
    • Zhai H., and Maibach H.I. Effects of skin occlusion on percutaneous absorption: an overview. Skin Pharmacology and Applied Skin Physiology 14 1 (2001) 1-10
    • (2001) Skin Pharmacology and Applied Skin Physiology , vol.14 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-10
    • Zhai, H.1    Maibach, H.I.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.