메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 77, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 7-15

Linking variation in penguin responses to pedestrian activity for best practise management on subantarctic macquarie island

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BEHAVIORAL RESPONSE; BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICE; ECOTOURISM; GROUP SIZE; HUMAN ACTIVITY; PEDESTRIAN; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; SEABIRD; SUBANTARCTIC REGION;

EID: 47249096583     PISSN: 00322490     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (5)

References (92)
  • 2
    • 24944473393 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Australian Antarctic Division, accessed 30 October 2004
    • AAD (2004a): Minimum approach distances to wildlife in Antarctica.- Australian Antarctic Division, accessed 30 October 2004.- http://www.aad.gov.au/default.asp?casid=2948
    • (2004) Minimum approach distances to wildlife in Antarctica
  • 4
    • 58149409960 scopus 로고
    • Parental defence of offspring: A model and an example
    • Andersson, M., Wiklund, C.G. & Rundgren, H. (1980): Parental defence of offspring: a model and an example.- Animal Behaviour 28: 536-542.
    • (1980) Animal Behaviour , vol.28 , pp. 536-542
    • Andersson, M.1    Wiklund, C.G.2    Rundgren, H.3
  • 5
    • 47249099507 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antarctic Southern Ocean Coalition (2005): Some legal issues posed by Antarctic tourism. Information Paper 71.- Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting XXVIII, Stockholm, Sweden.
    • Antarctic Southern Ocean Coalition (2005): Some legal issues posed by Antarctic tourism. Information Paper 71.- Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting XXVIII, Stockholm, Sweden.
  • 6
    • 47249123803 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antarctica New Zealand (2000): Environmental stewardship. Conservation of Flora and Fauna.- accessed 31 March 2004. http://www. antarcticanz.govt.nz/Pages/Environment/FloraFauna.msa
    • Antarctica New Zealand (2000): Environmental stewardship. Conservation of Flora and Fauna.- accessed 31 March 2004. http://www. antarcticanz.govt.nz/Pages/Environment/FloraFauna.msa
  • 7
    • 47249103066 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ball, N.J. & Amlaner Jr., C.J. (1980): Changing heart rates of Herring Gulls when approached by humans.- In: C.J. AMLANER JR & D.W. MC-DONALD (eds), A Handbook on Biotelemetry and Radiotracking. Pergamon Press, Oxford, 589-594.
    • Ball, N.J. & Amlaner Jr., C.J. (1980): Changing heart rates of Herring Gulls when approached by humans.- In: C.J. AMLANER JR & D.W. MC-DONALD (eds), A Handbook on Biotelemetry and Radiotracking. Pergamon Press, Oxford, 589-594.
  • 8
    • 6044236930 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Behavioural responses to human disturbance: A matter of choice?
    • Beale, C.M. & Monaghan, P. (2004a): Behavioural responses to human disturbance: a matter of choice?- Animal Behaviour 68: 1065-1069.
    • (2004) Animal Behaviour , vol.68 , pp. 1065-1069
    • Beale, C.M.1    Monaghan, P.2
  • 9
    • 1942521274 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human disturbance: People as predation-free predators?
    • Beale, C.M. & Monaghan, P. (2004b): Human disturbance: people as predation-free predators?- J. Applied Ecology 41: 335-343.
    • (2004) J. Applied Ecology , vol.41 , pp. 335-343
    • Beale, C.M.1    Monaghan, P.2
  • 10
    • 0037356241 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testing a key assumption in wildlife buffer zones: Is flight initiation distance a species-specific trait?
    • Blumstein, D.T., Anthony, L.L., Harcourt, R. & Ross, G. (2003): Testing a key assumption in wildlife buffer zones: is flight initiation distance a species-specific trait?- Biological Conservation 110: 97-100.
    • (2003) Biological Conservation , vol.110 , pp. 97-100
    • Blumstein, D.T.1    Anthony, L.L.2    Harcourt, R.3    Ross, G.4
  • 12
    • 0037356701 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human disturbance and nesting success of Common Eiders: Interaction between visitors and gulls
    • Bolduc, F. & Guillemette, M. (2003): Human disturbance and nesting success of Common Eiders: interaction between visitors and gulls.- Biological Conservation 110: 77-83.
    • (2003) Biological Conservation , vol.110 , pp. 77-83
    • Bolduc, F.1    Guillemette, M.2
  • 13
    • 0042568874 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of motorised boat passes on the time budgets of New Zealand dabchick, Potiocephalus rufopectus.-
    • Bright, A., Reynolds, G.R., Innes, J & Waas, J.R. (2003): Effects of motorised boat passes on the time budgets of New Zealand dabchick, Potiocephalus rufopectus.- Wildlife Research 30: 237-244.
    • (2003) Wildlife Research , vol.30 , pp. 237-244
    • Bright, A.1    Reynolds, G.R.2    Innes, J.3    Waas, J.R.4
  • 14
    • 0032971502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Breeding performance of Gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua) at a colony exposed to high levels of human disturbance
    • Cobley, ND. & Shears, J.R. (1999): Breeding performance of Gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua) at a colony exposed to high levels of human disturbance.- Polar Biology 21: 355-360.
    • (1999) Polar Biology , vol.21 , pp. 355-360
    • Cobley, N.D.1    Shears, J.R.2
  • 15
    • 47249130919 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cobley, N.D., Shears, J.R. & Downie, R.H. (2000): The impacts of tourists on Gentoo penguins at Port Lockroy, Antarctic Peninsula.- In: W. DAVISON, C. HOWARD-WILLIAMS & P. BROADY (eds), Antarctic Ecosystems: Models for Wider Ecological Understanding. New Zealand Natural Sciences, Christchurch, 319-323.
    • Cobley, N.D., Shears, J.R. & Downie, R.H. (2000): The impacts of tourists on Gentoo penguins at Port Lockroy, Antarctic Peninsula.- In: W. DAVISON, C. HOWARD-WILLIAMS & P. BROADY (eds), Antarctic Ecosystems: Models for Wider Ecological Understanding. New Zealand Natural Sciences, Christchurch, 319-323.
  • 17
    • 0035187094 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased avoidance of swimmers by wild bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) due to long-term exposure to swim-with-dolphin tourism
    • Constantine, R. (2001): Increased avoidance of swimmers by wild bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) due to long-term exposure to swim-with-dolphin tourism.- Marine Mammal Science 17: 689-702.
    • (2001) Marine Mammal Science , vol.17 , pp. 689-702
    • Constantine, R.1
  • 18
    • 0001463908 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Copson, G. & Whinam, J. (2001): Review of ecological restoration programme on subantarctic Macquarie Island: Pest management progress and future directions.- Ecol. Restoration and Management 2: 129-138.
    • Copson, G. & Whinam, J. (2001): Review of ecological restoration programme on subantarctic Macquarie Island: Pest management progress and future directions.- Ecol. Restoration and Management 2: 129-138.
  • 19
    • 47249138359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Council for Environmental Protection , Australian Antarctic Division for the CEP under the Antartic Treaty, accessed 31 October 2005
    • Council for Environmental Protection (2004): Summary of Initial Environmental Evaluations (IEE) prepared since 1987.- Australian Antarctic Division for the CEP under the Antartic Treaty, accessed 31 October 2005. http://www.cep.aq/default.asp?casid=5083
    • (2004) Summary of Initial Environmental Evaluations (IEE) prepared since 1987
  • 20
    • 20044367492 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monitoring of a Southern Giant Petrel Macronectes giganteus population on the Frazier Islands, Wilkes Land, Antarctica
    • Creuwels, J.C.S., Stark, J.S., Woehler, E.J, van Franeker, J.A. & Ribic, C.A. (2005): Monitoring of a Southern Giant Petrel Macronectes giganteus population on the Frazier Islands, Wilkes Land, Antarctica.- Polar Biology 28: 483-493.
    • (2005) Polar Biology , vol.28 , pp. 483-493
    • Creuwels, J.C.S.1    Stark, J.S.2    Woehler, E.J.3    van Franeker, J.A.4    Ribic, C.A.5
  • 21
    • 0002634178 scopus 로고
    • The effect of disturbance on the heart rate and behaviour of Adélie Penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) during the breeding season
    • K.R. KERRY & G. HEMPEL eds, Springer-Verlag, Berlin
    • Culik, B.M., Adelung, D. & Woakes, A.J. (1990): The effect of disturbance on the heart rate and behaviour of Adélie Penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) during the breeding season.- In: K.R. KERRY & G. HEMPEL (eds), Antarctic Ecosystems. Ecological Change and Conservation. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 177-182.
    • (1990) Antarctic Ecosystems. Ecological Change and Conservation , pp. 177-182
    • Culik, B.M.1    Adelung, D.2    Woakes, A.J.3
  • 22
    • 0029079492 scopus 로고
    • Penguins disturbed by tourists
    • Culik, B.M. & Wilson, R.P. (1995): Penguins disturbed by tourists.- Nature 376: 301-302.
    • (1995) Nature , vol.376 , pp. 301-302
    • Culik, B.M.1    Wilson, R.P.2
  • 25
    • 0003056425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Habituation to human disturbance by breeding Bridled Terns Sterna anaethetus.-
    • Dunlop, J.N. (1996): Habituation to human disturbance by breeding Bridled Terns Sterna anaethetus.- Corella 20: 13-16.
    • (1996) Corella , vol.20 , pp. 13-16
    • Dunlop, J.N.1
  • 26
    • 0242585363 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human disturbance, nursing behaviour, and lactational pup growth in a declining Southern Elephant seal (Mirounga leonina) population
    • Engelhard, G.H., Baarspul, A.N.J., Broekman, M., Creuwels, JCS. & Reijnders, P.J.H. (2002): Human disturbance, nursing behaviour, and lactational pup growth in a declining Southern Elephant seal (Mirounga leonina) population.- Canadian J. Zoology 80: 1876-1886.
    • (2002) Canadian J. Zoology , vol.80 , pp. 1876-1886
    • Engelhard, G.H.1    Baarspul, A.N.J.2    Broekman, M.3    Creuwels, J.C.S.4    Reijnders, P.J.H.5
  • 28
    • 4143083881 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fallon, L.D. & Kriwoken, L.K (2004): International influence of an Australian non-governmental organisation in the protection of Patagonian toothfish.-Ocean Development & Internat. Law 35: 221-266.
    • Fallon, L.D. & Kriwoken, L.K (2004): International influence of an Australian non-governmental organisation in the protection of Patagonian toothfish.-Ocean Development & Internat. Law 35: 221-266.
  • 29
    • 20444450173 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sensitivity of wildlife to spatial patterns or recreationist behavior: A critical assessment of minimum approaching distances and buffer areas for grassland birds
    • Fernández-Juricic, E., Venier, P.V., Renison, D. & Blumstein, D.T. (2005): Sensitivity of wildlife to spatial patterns or recreationist behavior: A critical assessment of minimum approaching distances and buffer areas for grassland birds.- Biological Conservation 125: 225-235.
    • (2005) Biological Conservation , vol.125 , pp. 225-235
    • Fernández-Juricic, E.1    Venier, P.V.2    Renison, D.3    Blumstein, D.T.4
  • 30
    • 0028975975 scopus 로고
    • Age and reproduction in birds - hypotheses and tests
    • Forsland, P & Part, P. (1995): Age and reproduction in birds - hypotheses and tests.- Trends in Ecology & Evolution 10: 374-378.
    • (1995) Trends in Ecology & Evolution , vol.10 , pp. 374-378
    • Forsland, P.1    Part, P.2
  • 31
    • 0032984710 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Behavioral and hormonal responses of Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) to tourism and nest site visitation
    • Fowler, G.S. (1999): Behavioral and hormonal responses of Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) to tourism and nest site visitation.- Biological Conservation 90: 143-149.
    • (1999) Biological Conservation , vol.90 , pp. 143-149
    • Fowler, G.S.1
  • 33
    • 54249110616 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human-caused disturbance stimuli as a form of predation risk
    • online
    • Frid, A. & Dill, L. (2002): Human-caused disturbance stimuli as a form of predation risk.- Conservation Ecology 6: 11 [online] http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol6/issl/art11.
    • (2002) Conservation Ecology , vol.6 , pp. 11
    • Frid, A.1    Dill, L.2
  • 34
    • 24944571686 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does intruder group size and orientation affect flight initiation distance in birds?- Animal
    • Geist, C., Liao, J., Libby, S. & Blumstein, D.T. (2005): Does intruder group size and orientation affect flight initiation distance in birds?- Animal Biodiversity & Conservation 28: 69-73.
    • (2005) Biodiversity & Conservation , vol.28 , pp. 69-73
    • Geist, C.1    Liao, J.2    Libby, S.3    Blumstein, D.T.4
  • 35
    • 0029668858 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of human activity on Adélie penguin Pygoscelis adeliae breeding success
    • Giese, M. (1996): Effects of human activity on Adélie penguin Pygoscelis adeliae breeding success.- Biological Conservation 75: 157-164.
    • (1996) Biological Conservation , vol.75 , pp. 157-164
    • Giese, M.1
  • 36
    • 0032407730 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guidelines for people approaching breeding groups of Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae).-
    • Giese, M. (1998): Guidelines for people approaching breeding groups of Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae).- Polar Record 34: 287-292.
    • (1998) Polar Record , vol.34 , pp. 287-292
    • Giese, M.1
  • 37
    • 0032701562 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disturbance of Emperor penguin Aptenodytes forsteri chicks by helicopters
    • Giese, M. & Riddle, M. (1999): Disturbance of Emperor penguin Aptenodytes forsteri chicks by helicopters.- Polar Biology 22: 366-371.
    • (1999) Polar Biology , vol.22 , pp. 366-371
    • Giese, M.1    Riddle, M.2
  • 38
    • 0035920394 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trophic interactions between the Patagonian Toothfish, its fishery, and seals and seabirds around Macquarie Island
    • Goldsworthy, S.D., He, X., Tuck, G.N., Lewis, M. & Williams, R. (2001): Trophic interactions between the Patagonian Toothfish, its fishery, and seals and seabirds around Macquarie Island.- Marine Ecology Progress Series 218: 283-302.
    • (2001) Marine Ecology Progress Series , vol.218 , pp. 283-302
    • Goldsworthy, S.D.1    He, X.2    Tuck, G.N.3    Lewis, M.4    Williams, R.5
  • 39
    • 0001812633 scopus 로고
    • The effects of investigator disturbance on nesting birds
    • D.M. POWER ed, Plennum Press, New York
    • Götmark, F. (1992): The effects of investigator disturbance on nesting birds.- In: D.M. POWER (ed), Current Ornithology. Vol. 9. Plennum Press, New York, 63-104.
    • (1992) Current Ornithology , vol.9 , pp. 63-104
    • Götmark, F.1
  • 40
    • 20444410416 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines
    • Harris, C.M. (2005): Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines.- Biological Conservation 125: 309-322.
    • (2005) Biological Conservation , vol.125 , pp. 309-322
    • Harris, C.M.1
  • 41
    • 0032410332 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tourists and Albatrosses: The dynamics of tourism at the Northern Royal Albatross colony, Taiaroa Head, New Zealand
    • Higham, J.E.S. (1998): Tourists and Albatrosses: the dynamics of tourism at the Northern Royal Albatross colony, Taiaroa Head, New Zealand.- Tourism Management 19: 521-531.
    • (1998) Tourism Management , vol.19 , pp. 521-531
    • Higham, J.E.S.1
  • 43
    • 47249124576 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparing King, Gentoo and Royal penguin responses to pedestrian visitation
    • Holmes, N.D. (2007): Comparing King, Gentoo and Royal penguin responses to pedestrian visitation.-J. Wildlife Management 71.
    • (2007) J. Wildlife Management , vol.71
    • Holmes, N.D.1
  • 44
    • 33645344637 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Behaviour and breeding success of gentoo penguins Pygoscelis papua in areas of high and low human activity
    • Holmes, N.D., Giese, M., Achurch, H.A., Robinson, S.A. & Kriwoken, L.K. (2006): Behaviour and breeding success of gentoo penguins Pygoscelis papua in areas of high and low human activity.- Polar Biology 29: 399-412.
    • (2006) Polar Biology , vol.29 , pp. 399-412
    • Holmes, N.D.1    Giese, M.2    Achurch, H.A.3    Robinson, S.A.4    Kriwoken, L.K.5
  • 45
    • 24944566784 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testing the minimum approach distance guidelines for incubating Royal penguins Eudyptes schlegeli.-
    • Holmes, N.D., Giese, M. & Kriwoken, L.K. (2005): Testing the minimum approach distance guidelines for incubating Royal penguins Eudyptes schlegeli.- Biological Conservation 126: 339-350.
    • (2005) Biological Conservation , vol.126 , pp. 339-350
    • Holmes, N.D.1    Giese, M.2    Kriwoken, L.K.3
  • 48
    • 47249091018 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Site guidelines analysis
    • Information paper 81, Stockholm, Sweden
    • IAATO (2005b): Site guidelines analysis. Information paper 81.- Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting XXVIII, Stockholm, Sweden.
    • (2005) Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting XXVIII
    • IAATO1
  • 49
    • 0037573635 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do fences protect birds from human disturbance?
    • Ikuta, L.A. & Blumstein, D.T. (2003): Do fences protect birds from human disturbance?- Biological Conservation 112: 447-452.
    • (2003) Biological Conservation , vol.112 , pp. 447-452
    • Ikuta, L.A.1    Blumstein, D.T.2
  • 50
    • 0038687016 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A review of conservation threats on Gough Island: A case study for terrestrial conservation in the Southern Oceans
    • Jones, A.G., Chown, S.L., Ryan, P.G., Gremmen, N.J.M. & Gaston, K.J. (2003): A review of conservation threats on Gough Island: a case study for terrestrial conservation in the Southern Oceans.- Biological Conservation 113: 75-87.
    • (2003) Biological Conservation , vol.113 , pp. 75-87
    • Jones, A.G.1    Chown, S.L.2    Ryan, P.G.3    Gremmen, N.J.M.4    Gaston, K.J.5
  • 51
    • 0024910598 scopus 로고
    • Variations in the response of Great Crested Grebes Podiceps cristatus to human disturbance - A sign of adaption?
    • Keller, V. (1989): Variations in the response of Great Crested Grebes Podiceps cristatus to human disturbance - A sign of adaption?- Biological Conservation 49: 31-45.
    • (1989) Biological Conservation , vol.49 , pp. 31-45
    • Keller, V.1
  • 52
    • 0003070148 scopus 로고
    • Factors that influence wildlife responses to recreationists
    • R.L. KNIGHT & K. GUTZWILLER eds, Coexistence through Management and Research. Island Press, Washington D.C
    • Knight, R.L. & Cole, D.N. (1995): Factors that influence wildlife responses to recreationists.- In: R.L. KNIGHT & K. GUTZWILLER (eds), Wildlife and Recreationists. Coexistence through Management and Research. Island Press, Washington D.C., 71-79.
    • (1995) Wildlife and Recreationists , pp. 71-79
    • Knight, R.L.1    Cole, D.N.2
  • 53
    • 47249129119 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cold island tourism and Australia's wet, wild and windy sub-Antarctic Macquarie Island
    • G. Baldacchino ed, Elsevier
    • Kriwoken, L.K., Ellis, C. & Holmes, ND. (2006): Cold island tourism and Australia's wet, wild and windy sub-Antarctic Macquarie Island.- In: G. Baldacchino (ed), Extreme, Cold Water, Island Tourism. Elsevier.
    • (2006) Extreme, Cold Water, Island Tourism
    • Kriwoken, L.K.1    Ellis, C.2    Holmes, N.D.3
  • 54
    • 0033943131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tourism on ice: Environmental impact assessment of Antarctic tourism
    • Kriwoken, L.K. & Rootes, D. (2000): Tourism on ice: environmental impact assessment of Antarctic tourism.- Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal 18: 138-150.
    • (2000) Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal , vol.18 , pp. 138-150
    • Kriwoken, L.K.1    Rootes, D.2
  • 55
    • 0346037164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Marine introductions in the Southern Ocean: An unrecognised hazard to biodiversity
    • Lewis, P.N., Hewitt, C.L., Riddle, M. & McMinn, A. (2003): Marine introductions in the Southern Ocean: an unrecognised hazard to biodiversity.- Marine Pollution Bulletin 46: 213-223.
    • (2003) Marine Pollution Bulletin , vol.46 , pp. 213-223
    • Lewis, P.N.1    Hewitt, C.L.2    Riddle, M.3    McMinn, A.4
  • 56
    • 0035093969 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of human approaches to nests of Northern New Zealand Dotterels
    • Lord, A., Waas, J.R., Innes, J. & Whittingham, M.J. (2001): Effects of human approaches to nests of Northern New Zealand Dotterels.- Biological Conservation 98: 233-240.
    • (2001) Biological Conservation , vol.98 , pp. 233-240
    • Lord, A.1    Waas, J.R.2    Innes, J.3    Whittingham, M.J.4
  • 57
    • 0041309954 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of tour boats on the behavior of bottlenose dolphins: Using Markov chains to model anthropogenic impacts
    • Lusseau, D. (2003a): Effects of tour boats on the behavior of bottlenose dolphins: Using Markov chains to model anthropogenic impacts.- Conservation Biology 17: 1785-1793.
    • (2003) Conservation Biology , vol.17 , pp. 1785-1793
    • Lusseau, D.1
  • 58
    • 0041353641 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Male and female bottlenose dolphins Tursiops spp. have different strategies to avoid interactions with tour boats in Doubtful Sound, New Zealand
    • Lusseau, D. (2003b): Male and female bottlenose dolphins Tursiops spp. have different strategies to avoid interactions with tour boats in Doubtful Sound, New Zealand.- Marine Ecology-Progress Series 257: 267-274.
    • (2003) Marine Ecology-Progress Series , vol.257 , pp. 267-274
    • Lusseau, D.1
  • 59
    • 11144316175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors affecting the escape behaviour of juvenile Chinstrap penguins, Pygoscelis antarctica, in response to human disturbance
    • Martin, J., de Neve, L., Fargallo, J.A., Polo, V. & Soler, M. (2004): Factors affecting the escape behaviour of juvenile Chinstrap penguins, Pygoscelis antarctica, in response to human disturbance.- Polar Biology 27: 775-781.
    • (2004) Polar Biology , vol.27 , pp. 775-781
    • Martin, J.1    de Neve, L.2    Fargallo, J.A.3    Polo, V.4    Soler, M.5
  • 60
    • 0029479097 scopus 로고
    • Patterns and mechanisms for age-dependent reproduction and survival in birds
    • Martin, K. (1995): Patterns and mechanisms for age-dependent reproduction and survival in birds.- American Zoologist 35: 340-348.
    • (1995) American Zoologist , vol.35 , pp. 340-348
    • Martin, K.1
  • 61
    • 2942735484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nature-based tourism impacts on Yellow-eyed penguins Megadyptes antipodes: Does unregulated visitor access affect fledging weight and juvenile survival?
    • McClung, M.R., Seddon, P.J., Massaro, M. & Setiawan, A.N. (2004): Nature-based tourism impacts on Yellow-eyed penguins Megadyptes antipodes: does unregulated visitor access affect fledging weight and juvenile survival?- Biological Conservation 119: 279-285.
    • (2004) Biological Conservation , vol.119 , pp. 279-285
    • McClung, M.R.1    Seddon, P.J.2    Massaro, M.3    Setiawan, A.N.4
  • 62
    • 0003826250 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Compendium of Antarctic peninsula visitor sites
    • 2nd edn, Oceanites Inc, Chevy Chase, Maryland
    • Naveen, R. (2003): Compendium of Antarctic peninsula visitor sites. 2nd edn. A report to the United States Environmental Protection Agency.- Oceanites Inc., Chevy Chase, Maryland.
    • (2003) A report to the United States Environmental Protection Agency
    • Naveen, R.1
  • 64
    • 0001723621 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disturbance, habituation and management of waterbird colonies - commentary
    • Nisbet, I.C.T. (2000): Disturbance, habituation and management of waterbird colonies - commentary.- Waterbirds 23: 312-332.
    • (2000) Waterbirds , vol.23 , pp. 312-332
    • Nisbet, I.C.T.1
  • 66
    • 20044376382 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of human activity and environmental variability on long-term changes in Adélie penguin populations at Palmer Station, Antarctica
    • A.H.L. HUISKES, W.W.C. GIESKES, J. ROZEMA, R.M.L. SCHORNO, S.M. VAN DER VIES & W.J. WOLFF eds, Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, The Netherlands
    • Patterson, D.L., Easter-Pilcher, A.L. & Fraser, W.R. (2003): The effects of human activity and environmental variability on long-term changes in Adélie penguin populations at Palmer Station, Antarctica,- In: A.H.L. HUISKES, W.W.C. GIESKES, J. ROZEMA, R.M.L. SCHORNO, S.M. VAN DER VIES & W.J. WOLFF (eds), Antarctic Biology in a Global Context. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, The Netherlands, 301-307.
    • (2003) Antarctic Biology in a Global Context , pp. 301-307
    • Patterson, D.L.1    Easter-Pilcher, A.L.2    Fraser, W.R.3
  • 67
    • 34248395078 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term changes in Adélie Penguin populations: Human impacts or environmental variability?- New Zealand Natural
    • Patterson, D.L. & Fraser, W.R. (1998): Long-term changes in Adélie Penguin populations: human impacts or environmental variability?- New Zealand Natural Science 23 (supplement): 147.
    • (1998) Science , vol.23 , Issue.SUPPL.EMENT , pp. 147
    • Patterson, D.L.1    Fraser, W.R.2
  • 68
    • 7744221177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecological studies toward the management of an Antarctic tourist landing site (Penguin Island, South Shetland Islands)
    • Pfeiffer, S. & Peter, H. U. (2004): Ecological studies toward the management of an Antarctic tourist landing site (Penguin Island, South Shetland Islands).- Polar Record 40: 345-353.
    • (2004) Polar Record , vol.40 , pp. 345-353
    • Pfeiffer, S.1    Peter, H.U.2
  • 69
    • 47249097618 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Riddle, M. (2000): Scientific studies of Antarctic life are still the essential basis for long-term conservation measures.- In: W DAVISON, C. HOWARD-WILLIAMS & P. BROADY (eds), Antarctic Ecosystems: Models for Wider Ecological Understanding. New Zealand Natural Sciences, Christchurch, 297-302.
    • Riddle, M. (2000): Scientific studies of Antarctic life are still the essential basis for long-term conservation measures.- In: W DAVISON, C. HOWARD-WILLIAMS & P. BROADY (eds), Antarctic Ecosystems: Models for Wider Ecological Understanding. New Zealand Natural Sciences, Christchurch, 297-302.
  • 70
    • 85011388183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impacts on the Antarctic environment: Tourism vs government programs
    • Riffenburgh, B. (1998): Impacts on the Antarctic environment: tourism vs government programs.- Polar Record 34: 193-196.
    • (1998) Polar Record , vol.34 , pp. 193-196
    • Riffenburgh, B.1
  • 72
    • 0028974428 scopus 로고
    • Set-back distances to protect nesting bird colonies from human disturbance in Florida
    • Rodgers, J.A. & Smith, H.T. (1995): Set-back distances to protect nesting bird colonies from human disturbance in Florida.- Conservation Biology 9: 89-99.
    • (1995) Conservation Biology , vol.9 , pp. 89-99
    • Rodgers, J.A.1    Smith, H.T.2
  • 73
    • 0030616602 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Buffer zone distances to protect foraging and loafing waterbirds from human disturbance in Florida
    • Rodgers, JA. & Smith, H.T. (1997): Buffer zone distances to protect foraging and loafing waterbirds from human disturbance in Florida.- Wildlife Society Bulletin 25: 139-145.
    • (1997) Wildlife Society Bulletin , vol.25 , pp. 139-145
    • Rodgers, J.A.1    Smith, H.T.2
  • 75
    • 0000373284 scopus 로고
    • Age-specific variation in reproductive performance in birds
    • Sœther, B. (1990): Age-specific variation in reproductive performance in birds.- Current Ornithology 7: 251-283.
    • (1990) Current Ornithology , vol.7 , pp. 251-283
    • Sœther, B.1
  • 76
    • 85011318433 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How cautious is precautious? Antarctic tourism and the precautionary principle,- Internat
    • Scott, S.V. (2001): How cautious is precautious? Antarctic tourism and the precautionary principle,- Internat. Comparative Law Quarterly 50: 963-971.
    • (2001) Comparative Law Quarterly , vol.50 , pp. 963-971
    • Scott, S.V.1
  • 77
    • 47249153667 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tasmanian Resource Planning and Development Commission , Plan 2003, Tasmanian Resource Planning and Development Commission, Hobart, Tasmania
    • Tasmanian Resource Planning and Development Commission (2005): Report on the Macquarie Island Nature Reserve and World Heritage Area Draft Management Plan 2003.- Tasmanian Resource Planning and Development Commission, Hobart, Tasmania.
    • (2005) Report on the Macquarie Island Nature Reserve and World Heritage Area Draft Management
  • 80
    • 47249131781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parks and places. Macquarie Island World Heritage Area
    • TASPAWS , Tasmanian Parks and Wildlife Service, Hobart
    • TASPAWS (2003b): Parks and places. Macquarie Island World Heritage Area. Minimum Impact Code.- Tasmanian Parks and Wildlife Service, Hobart.
    • (2003) Minimum Impact Code
  • 81
    • 7744222186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PhD Thesis. Institute of Antarctic and Southern Ocean Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart
    • Tracey, P.J. (2001): Managing Antarctic Tourism.- PhD Thesis. Institute of Antarctic and Southern Ocean Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart.
    • (2001) Managing Antarctic Tourism
    • Tracey, P.J.1
  • 82
    • 85068409711 scopus 로고
    • Parental investment and sexual selection
    • B. CAMP-BELL ed, Aldine-Atherton, Chicago
    • Trivers, R.L. (1972): Parental investment and sexual selection.- In: B. CAMP-BELL (ed), Sexual selection and the descent of man, 1871-1971. Aldine-Atherton, Chicago, 136-179.
    • (1972) Sexual selection and the descent of man, 1871-1971 , pp. 136-179
    • Trivers, R.L.1
  • 83
    • 47249149846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leitfaden für Besucher der Antarktis, Umwelt-bundesamt, Berlin
    • Umweltbundesamt (2002): Leitfaden für Besucher der Antarktis.- Umwelt-bundesamt, Berlin.
    • (2002) Umweltbundesamt
  • 84
    • 47249123335 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • United Kingdom, Australia & United States (2005): Site guidelines for land-based tourist-visited sites. Working paper 31 Revision 1.- Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting XXVIII, Stockholm, Sweden.
    • United Kingdom, Australia & United States (2005): Site guidelines for land-based tourist-visited sites. Working paper 31 Revision 1.- Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting XXVIII, Stockholm, Sweden.
  • 85
    • 0027088730 scopus 로고
    • Reproductive effort in long-lived birds: Age specific patterns of condition, reproduction and survival in the Wandering Albatross
    • Weimerskirch, H. (1992): Reproductive effort in long-lived birds: age specific patterns of condition, reproduction and survival in the Wandering Albatross.- Oikos 64: 464-473.
    • (1992) Oikos , vol.64 , pp. 464-473
    • Weimerskirch, H.1
  • 86
    • 4344639686 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Subantarctic hitchhikers: Expeditioners as vectors for the introduction of alien organisms
    • Whinam, J., Chilcott, N. & Bergstrom, D.M. (2005): Subantarctic hitchhikers: expeditioners as vectors for the introduction of alien organisms.- Biological Conservation 121: 207-219.
    • (2005) Biological Conservation , vol.121 , pp. 207-219
    • Whinam, J.1    Chilcott, N.2    Bergstrom, D.M.3
  • 87
    • 0000980016 scopus 로고
    • People in Antarctica - how much do Adélie penguins Pygoscelis adeliae really care?
    • Wilson, R.P., Culik, B., Danfeld, R. & Adelung, D. (1991): People in Antarctica - how much do Adélie penguins Pygoscelis adeliae really care?- Polar Biology 11:363-370.
    • (1991) Polar Biology , vol.11 , pp. 363-370
    • Wilson, R.P.1    Culik, B.2    Danfeld, R.3    Adelung, D.4
  • 88
    • 0028083791 scopus 로고
    • Impacts of human visitors on breeding success and long-term population trends in Adélie penguins at Casey, Antarctica
    • Woehler, E.J., Penney, R.L., Creet, S.M. & Burton, H.R. (1994): Impacts of human visitors on breeding success and long-term population trends in Adélie penguins at Casey, Antarctica.- Polar Biology 14: 169-274.
    • (1994) Polar Biology , vol.14 , pp. 169-274
    • Woehler, E.J.1    Penney, R.L.2    Creet, S.M.3    Burton, H.R.4
  • 89
    • 20044396448 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term population trends in southern giant petrels in East Antarctica
    • A.H.L. HUISKES, W.W.C. GIESKES, J. ROZEMA, R.M.L. SCHORNO, S.M. VAN DER VIES, W.J. WOLFF eds, Backhuys Publishers, Leiden
    • Woehler, E.J., Riddle, M. & Ribic, C.A. (2003): Long-term population trends in southern giant petrels in East Antarctica.- In: A.H.L. HUISKES, W.W.C. GIESKES, J. ROZEMA, R.M.L. SCHORNO, S.M. VAN DER VIES, W.J. WOLFF (eds), Antarctic Biology in a Global Context. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, 290-295.
    • (2003) Antarctic Biology in a Global Context , pp. 290-295
    • Woehler, E.J.1    Riddle, M.2    Ribic, C.A.3
  • 90
    • 0026380354 scopus 로고
    • The distribution, abundance and status of Adélie penguins Pygoscelis adeliae at the Windmill Islands, Wilkes Land, Antarctica
    • Woehler, E.J., Slip, D.J., Robertson, L.M., Fullagar, P.J. & Burton, H.R. (1991): The distribution, abundance and status of Adélie penguins Pygoscelis adeliae at the Windmill Islands, Wilkes Land, Antarctica.- Marine Ornithology 19.
    • (1991) Marine Ornithology , vol.19
    • Woehler, E.J.1    Slip, D.J.2    Robertson, L.M.3    Fullagar, P.J.4    Burton, H.R.5
  • 91
    • 0027069945 scopus 로고
    • The effects of human disturbance on Magellanic penguin Spheniscus magellanicus behaviour and breeding success
    • Yorio, P & Boersma, PD. (1992): The effects of human disturbance on Magellanic penguin Spheniscus magellanicus behaviour and breeding success.- Bird Conservation International 2: 161-173.
    • (1992) Bird Conservation International , vol.2 , pp. 161-173
    • Yorio, P.1    Boersma, P.D.2
  • 92
    • 0030319652 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effectes del disturbio humano sobre una colonia mixta de aves marinas en patagonia.
    • Yorio, P & Quintana, F. (1996): Effectes del disturbio humano sobre una colonia mixta de aves marinas en patagonia.- Hornero 14: 60-66.
    • (1996) Hornero , vol.14 , pp. 60-66
    • Yorio, P.1    Quintana, F.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.