A review of conservation threats on Gough Island: A case study for terrestrial conservation in the Southern Oceans

Biological Conservation

Volumn 113, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 75-87

  Jones, A G ^a   Chown, S L ^b   Ryan, P G ^c   Gremmen, N J M ^d   Gaston, K J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD   (United Kingdom)

^b STELLENBOSCH UNIVERSITY   (South Africa)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN   (South Africa)

^d Data Analyse Ecologie   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Climate change; Gough Island; Introductions; Longline fishing; Management priorities

Indexed keywords

AVIFAUNA; CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT; ECOLOGICAL IMPACT; FISHERY; HUMAN ACTIVITY; INTRODUCED SPECIES;

GOUGH ISLAND; SOUTHERN OCEAN;

CELLULAR ORGANISMS; INSECTA;

EID: 0038687016     PISSN: 00063207     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00351-8     Document Type: Review

References (126)

1. Adamson, D.A., Whetton, P., Selkirk, P.M., 1988. Analysis of air temperature records for Macquarie Island: decadal warming, ENSO cooling and southern hemisphere circulation patterns. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 122, 107-112.
2. Anon, 2002. News from the Percy Fitzpatrick Institute. Africa Birds and Birding 6, 17.
3. Barbraud, C., Weimerskirch, H., 2001. Emperor penguins and climate change. Nature 411, 183-186.
4. Bennett, K.D., Gribnitz, K.H., Kent, L.E., 1989. Pollen analysis of a Quaternary peat sequence on Gough Island, South Atlantic. New Phytologist 113, 417-422.
5. Bergstrom, D.M., Chown, S.L., 1999. Life at the front: history, ecology and changes on southern ocean islands. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 14, 427-477.
6. Bergstrom, D.M., Smith, V.R., 1990. Alien vascular flora of Marion and Prince Edward Islands: new species, present distribution and status. Antarctic Science 2, 301-308.
7. Berry, R.J., Peters, J., 1975. Macquarie Island House mice: a genetical isolate on a sub-Antarctic island. Journal of Zoology (London) 176, 375-389.
8. Berry, R.J., Peters, J., Van Aarde, R.J., 1978. Sub-Antarctic House mice: colonization, survival and selection. Journal of Zoology (London) 184, 127-141.
9. Bester, M.N., Bloomer, J.P., Bartlett, P.A., Muller, D.D., van Rooyen, M., Büchner, H., 2000. Final eradication of feral cats from sub-Antarctic Marion Island, southern Indian Ocean. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 30, 53-57.
10. Birdlife-International, 2000. Threatened Birds of the World. Lynx Edicions and Birdlife International, Barcelona and Cambridge, UK.
11. Blackburn, N., Taylor, R.H., Wilson, P.R., 1991. An interpretation of the growth of the adelie penguin rookery at Cape Royds, 1955-1990. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 15, 117-121.
12. Blackman, R.L., Eastop, V.F., 2000. Aphids on the World's Crops: An Identification and Information Guide. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.
13. Block, W., Convey, P., 2001. Seasonal and long-term variation in body-water content of an Antarctic springtail - a response to climate change? Polar Biology 24, 764-770.
14. Bloomer, J.P., Bester, M.N., 1992. Control of feral cats on sub-Antarctic Marion Island, Indian Ocean. Biological Conservation 60, 211-219.
15. Bonner, W.N., 1984. Introduced mammals. In: Laws, R.M. (Ed.), Antarctic Ecology, Vol. 1. Academic Press, London, pp. 235-278.
16. Bourne, W.R.P., 1981. Fur seals return to Gough Island. Oryx 16, 46-47.
17. Bray, K., 2000. A Global Review of Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing. Sydney Expert Consultation on IUU Fishing 15-19 May, Sydney, Australia.
18. Breytenbach, G.J., 1986. Dispersal: the case of the missing ant and the introduced mouse. South African Journal of Science 52, 463-466.
19. Brink, P., 1948. Coleoptera of Tristan da Cunha. Results of the Norwegian Scientific expedition to Tristan da Cunha 1937-1938. 17, 1-121.
20. Brothers, N., Gales, R., Reid, T., 1999. The influence of environmental variables and mitigation measures on seabird catch rates in the Japanese tuna longline fishery within the Australian Fishing Zone, 1991-1995. Biological Conservation 88, 85-101.
21. Campbell, D.J., Atkinson, I.A.E., 2002. Depression of tree recruitment by the Pacific rat (Rattus exulans Peale) on New Zealand's northern offshore islands. Biological Conservation 107, 19-35.
22. Case, T.J., 1996. Global patterns in the establishment and distribution of exotic birds. Biological Conservation 78, 69-96.
23. Chapuis, J.L., Boussès, P., Barnaud, G., 1994. Alien mammals, impact and management in the French sub-Antarctic islands. Biological Conservation 67, 97-104.
24. Chown, S.L., 1994. Historical ecology of sub-Antarctic weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): patterns and processes on isolated islands. Journal of Natural History 28, 411-433.
25. Chown, S.L., Gaston, K.J., 2000. Island-hopping invaders hitch a ride with tourists in the Southern Ocean. Nature 408, 637.
26. Chown, S.L., Gaston, K.J., Williams, P.H., 1998b. Global patterns in species richness of pelagic seabirds: the Procellariiformes. Ecography 21, 342-350.
27. Chown, S.L., Gremmen, N.J.M., Gaston, K.J., 1998a. Ecological biogeography of southern ocean islands: species area relationships, human influence and conservation. American Naturalist 152, 562-575.
28. Chown, S.L., McGeoch, M.A., Marshall, D.J., 2002. Diversity and conservation of invertebrates on the Prince Edward Islands. African Entomology 10, 67-82.
29. Chown, S.L., Rodrigues, A.S.L., Gremmen, N.J.M., Gaston, K.J., 2001. World Heritage status and the conservation of Southern Ocean islands. Conservation Biology 15, 550-557.
30. Chown, S.L., Smith, V.R., 1993. Climate change and the short-term impact of feral house mice at the sub-Antarctic Prince Edward Islands. Oecologia 96, 508-516.
31. Comiso, J.C., 1999. Variability and trends in Antarctic surface temperatures from in situ and satellite infrared measurements. Journal of Climate 13, 1674-1696.
32. Cooper, J., 1994. Seabird Mortality from Longline Fisheries: Evidence from Marion and Gough Islands. CCAMLR-WG-IMALF-94/18.
33. Cooper, J., Ryan, P., 1994. Management Plan for the Gough Island Wildlife Reserve. Government of Tristan da Cunha, Tristan da Cunha.
34. Crafford, J.E., 1990. The role of feral house mice in ecosystem functioning on Marion Island. In: Kerry, K.R., Hempel, G. (Eds.), Antarctic Ecosystems, Ecological Change and Conservation. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 359-364.
35. Crafford, J.E., Scholtz, C.H., 1987. Quantitative differences between the insect faunas of sub-Antarctic Marion and Prince Edward Islands: a result of human intervention? Biological Conservation 40, 255-262.
36. Cunningham, D.M., Moors, P.J., 1994. The decline of rockhopper penguins Eudyptes chrysocome at Campbell-Island, southern-ocean and the influence of rising sea temperatures. Emu 94, 27-36.
37. Dean, W.R.J., Milton, S.J., Ryan, P.G., Moloney, C.L., 1994. The role of disturbance in the establishment of indigenous and alien plants at Inaccessible and Nightingale Islands in the South Atlantic Ocean. Vegetatio 113, 13-24.
38. Dingwall, P.R., 1995. Progress in Conservation of the Subantarctic Islands. IUCN, Gland.
39. Doran, P.T., Priscu, J.C., Berry Lyons, W.B., Walsh, J.E., Fountain, A.G., McKnight, D.M., Moorhead, D.L., Virginia, R.A., Wall, D.H., Clow, G.D., Fritsen, C.H., Mckay, P., Parsons, A.N., 2002. Antarctic climate cooling and terrestrial ecosystem response. Nature 415, 517-520.
40. Drake, J.A., Mooney, H.A., di Castri, F., Groves, R.H., Kruger, R.H., Rejmanek, F.J., Williamson, M. (Eds.), 1989. Biological Invasions, a Global Perspective. Wiley, New York.
41. Elix, J.A., Gremmen, N.J.M., 2002. The lichen family Parmeliaceae (Ascomycotina) on Gough Island, South Atlantic Ocean. Mycotaxon 81, 257-264.
42. Elton, C.S., 1958. The Ecology of Invasions by Animals and Plants. Methuen and Co, London.
43. Ernsting, G., Block, W., MacAlister, H., Todd, C., 1995. The invasion of the carnivorous carabid beetle Trechisibus antarcticus on South Georgia (sub-Antarctic) and its effect on the endemic herbivorous beetle Hydromedion sparsutum. Oecologia 103, 34-42.
44. Ernsting, G., Brandjes, G.J., Block, W., Isaaks, J.A., 1999. Life-history consequences of predation for a subantarctic beetle: evaluating the contribution of direct and indirect effects. Journal of Animal Ecology 68, 741-752.
45. Fowbert, J.A., Smith, R.I.L., 1994. Rapid population increase in native vascular plants in the Argentine Islands, Antarctic peninsula. Arctic and Alpine Research 26, 290-296.
46. Fraser, W.R., Trivelpiece, W.Z., Ainley, D.G., Trivelpiece, S.G., 1992. Increase in Antarctic penguin population - reduced competition with whales or a loss of sea ice due to environmental warming. Polar Biology 11, 525-531.
47. Freeman, P., 1962. Diptera Nematocera from Gough Island, South Atlantic. Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London 31, 77-80.
48. Frenot, Y., Gloahuen, J.C., Massé, L., Lebouvier, M., 2001. Human activities, ecosystem disturbance and plant invasions in subantarctic Crozet, Kerguelen and Amsterdam Islands. Biological Conservation 101, 33-50.
49. Frenot, Y., Gloaguen, J.C., Tréhen, P., 1997. Climate change in Kerguelen islands and colonisation of recently deglaciated areas by Poa kerguelensis and P. annua. In: Battaglia, B., Valencia, J., Walton, D.W.H. (Eds.), Antarctic Communities: Species, Structure and Survival. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 358-366.
50. Gabriel, A.G.A., Chown, S.L., Barendse, J., Marshall, D.J., Mercer, R.D., Pugh, P.J.A., Smith, V.R., 2001. Biological invasions of Southern Ocean islands: the Collembola of Marion Island as a test of generalities. Ecography 24, 421-430.
51. Gales, R., 1998. Albatross populations: status and threats. In: Robertson, G., Gales, R. (Eds.), The Albatross: Biology and Conservation. Surrey Beatty and Sons, Chipping Norton, pp. 20-45.
52. Gille, S.T., 2002. The warming of the Southern Ocean since the 1950s. Science 295, 1275-1277.
53. Glass, N., Lavarello, I., Glass, J.P., Ryan, P.G., 2000. Longline fishing at Tristan da Cunha: impacts on seabirds. Atlantic Seabirds 2, 49-56.
54. Gleeson, J.P., Van Rensburg, P.J.J., 1982. Feeding ecology of the house mouse Mus musculus on Marion Island. South African Journal of Antarctic Research 12, 34-39.
55. Gremmen, N.J.M., 1997. Changes in the vegetation of sub-Antarctic Marion Island resulting from introduced plants. In: Battaglia, B., Valencia, J., Walton, D.W.H. (Eds.), Antarctic Communities: Species, Structure and Survival. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 417-423.
56. Gremmen, N.J.M., 2000. Eradication of Sagina procumbens (Procumbent Pearlwort) in the Gough Island Wildlife Reserve. Report to the Tristan da Cunha Administration - contact author N.J.M. Gremmen.
57. Gremmen, N.J.M., Barendse, J. 2000. Eradication of Sagina procumbens (Procumbent Pearlwort) in the Gough Island Wildlife Reserve - Report on the expeditions of May/July and September 2000. Report to the Tristan da Cunha Administration - contact author N.J.M. Gremmen.
58. Gremmen, N.J.M., Barendse, J., Orr, I., 2002. Invasion and eradication of Sagina procumbens L. (Procumbent pearlwort) on Gough Island. Aliens 14, 19-20.
59. Gremmen, N.J.M., Chown, S.L., Marshall, D.J., 1998. Impact of the introduced grass Agrostis stolonifera on vegetation and soil fauna communities at Marion Island, sub-Antarctic. Biological Conservation 85, 223-231.
60. Gremmen, N.J.M., Smith, V.R., 1999. New records of alien vascular plants from Marion and Prince Edward Islands, sub-Antarctic. Polar Biology 21, 401-409.
61. Gressitt, J.L., 1970. Subantarctic entomology and biogeography. Pacific Insects Monograph 23, 295-374.
62. Groves, E.W., 1981. Vascular plant collections from the Tristan da Cunha group of islands. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Botany) 8, 333-420.
63. Guinet, C., Chastel, O., Koudil, M., Durbec, J.P., Jouventin, P., 1998. Effects of warm sea-surface anomalies on the blue petrel at the Kerguelen Islands. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 265, 1001-1006.
64. Hänel, C., Chown, S.L., 1998. The impact of a small alien macroinvertebrate on a sub-Antarctic terrestrial ecosystem: Limnophyes minimus Meigen (Diptera: Chironomidae) at Marion Island. Polar Biology 20, 99-106.
65. Hilton-Taylor, C., 2000. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
66. Holdgate, M.W., 1977. Terrestrial ecosystems in the Antarctic. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B 279, 5-25.
67. Holdgate, M.W., 1965. The biological report of the Royal Society expedition to Tristan da Cunha, 1962, Part III. The fauna of the Tristan da Cunha Islands. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B 152, 550-567.
68. Huyser, O., Ryan, P.G., Cooper, J., 2000. Changes in population size, habitat use and breeding biology of lesser sheathbills (Chionis minor) at Marion Island: impacts of cats, mice and climate change? Biological Conservation 92, 299-310.
69. IPCC, 2000. Emissions Scenarios, a Special Report of Working Group III of the International Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, USA.
70. Jacka, T.H., Budd, W.F., 1998. Detection of temperate and sea ice extent changes in the Antarctic and Southern Ocean, 1949-96. Annals of Glaciology 27, 553-559.
71. Jones, A.G., Chown, S.L., Gaston, K.J., 2002. Terrestrial invertebrates of Gough Island: an assemblage under threat? African Entomology 10, 83-91.
72. Kennedy, A.D., 1994. Simulated climate-change - a field manipulation study of polar microarthropod community response to global warming. Ecography 17, 131-140.
73. Kennedy, A.D., 1995. Antarctic terrestrial ecosystem response to global environmental change. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 26, 683-704.
74. Leader-Williams, N., Smith, R.I.L., Rothery, P., 1987. Influence of introduced reindeer on the vegetation of South Georgia: results from a long-term exclusion experiment. Journal of Applied Ecology 24, 801-822.
75. Lodge, D.M., 1993. Species invasions and deletions: community effects and responses to climate and habitat change. In: Kareiva, P.M., Kingsolver, J.G., Huey, R.B. (Eds.), Biotic Interactions and Climate Change. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, pp. 367-387.
76. Lonsdale, W.M., 1999. Global patterns of plant invasion and the concept of invasibility. Ecology 80, 1522-1536.
77. Mack, R.N., Simberloff, D., Lonsdale, W.M., Evans, H., Clout, M., Bazzaz, F.A., 2000. Biological invasions: causes, epidemiology, global consequences and control. Ecological Applications 10, 689-710.
78. Maund, J.G., Rex, D.C., Le Roux, A.P., Reid, D.L., 1988. Volcanism on Gough Island: a revised stratigraphy. Geological Magazine 152, 175-181.
79. McKinney, M.L., Lockwood, J.L., 1999. Biotic homogenization: a few winners replacing many losers in the next mass extinction. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 14, 450-453.
80. Milton, S.J., Ryan, P.G., Moloney, C.L., Cooper, J., Dean, W.R.J., Medeiros Jr., A.C., 1993. Disturbance and demography of Phylica arbores (Rhamnaceae) on the Tristan-Gough group of islands. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 111, 55-70.
81. Moore, D.M., 1979. Origins of temperate island faunas. In: Bramwell, D. (Ed.), Plants and Islands. Academic Press, London, pp. 69-85.
82. Moro, D., 2001. Evaluation and cost-benefits of controlling house mice (Mus domesticus) on islands: an example from Thevenard Island, Western Australia. Biological Conservation 99, 355-364.
83. Morrone, J.J., 1998. On Udvardy's insulantarctica province: a test from the weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Journal of Biogeography 25, 947-955.
84. Naganobu, M., Kutsuwada, Y., Sasui, S., Taguchiand, S., Siegel, V., 2000. Relationships between Antarctic krill (Euphasauia superba) variability and westerly fluctuations and ozone depletion in the Antarctic peninsula area. Journal of Geophysical Research 104, 20651-20665.
85. Neves, T., Ohnos, F., 1998. Albatross mortality in fisheries off the coast of Brazil. In: Robertson, G., Gales, R. (Eds.), The Albatross: Biology and Conservation. Surrey Beatty and Sons, Chipping Norton, pp. 214-219.
86. Neves, T., Vooren, C.M., Bastos, G., 2000. Proportions of Tristan and Wandering Albatrosses in incidental captures off the Brazilian coast. Second International Conference on the Biology and Conservation of Albatross and Other Petrels (abstracts), 44.
87. Newman, D.G., 1994. Effects of a mouse, Mus musculus, eradication program and habitat change on lizard populations of Mana-Island, New Zealand, with special reference to McGregor skink, Cyclodina macgregori. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 21, 443-456.
88. Oldroyd, H., 1958. Diptera-Cyclorrhapha from Gough Island, South Atlantic. Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London 33, 76-80.
89. Pedigo, L.P., 1989. Entomology and Pest Management. MacMillan Publishing Compnay, New York.
90. Preece, R.C., 2001. Introduced land molluscs on the islands of the Tristan da Cunha - Gough group (South Atlantic). Journal of Conchology 37, 253-259.
91. Priddle, J., Smetacek, V., Bathman, U.V., 1992. Antarctic marine primary production, biogeochemical carbon cycles and climate change. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B 338, 289-297.
92. Pyšek, P., 1998. Is there a taxonomic pattern to plant invasions? Oikos 82, 282-294.
93. Reynolds, J.W., Jones, A.G., Gaston, K.J., Chown, S.L., 2002. The earthworms (Oligocheata: Lumbricidae) of Gough Island, South Atlantic Ocean. Megadrilogica 9, 6-15.
94. Richardson, A.M.M., 1992. Altitudinal distribution of alien and native landhoppers (Amphipoda: Talitridae) in the Ko'olau Range, O'ahu, Hawaiian Islands. Journal of Natural History 26, 339-352.
95. Roux, J.P., 1993a. Elaphoglossum Schott ex J. Smith (Lomariopsidaceae:Pteridophyta) in the Tristan da Cunha, Gough and Marion Island groups. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 112, 203-222.
96. Roux, J.P., 1993b. The genus Asplenium L. (Aspleniaceae: Pteridophyta) in the Tristan-Gough Island group. Kew Bulletin 48, 79-97.
97. Rowe-Rowe, D.T., Green, B., Crafford, J.E., 1989. Estimated impact of feral house mice on Sub-Antartic invertebrates at Marion Island. Polar Biology 9, 457-460.
98. Rowe-Rowe, D.T., Crafford, J.E., 1992. Density, body size, and reproduction of feral house mice on Gough Island. South African Journal of Zoology 27, 1-5.
99. Ryan, P.G., 1991. The impact of the commercial lobster fishery on seabirds at the Tristan da Cunha islands, South Atlantic Ocean. Biological Conservation 57, 339-350.
100. Ryan, P.G., 1987. The origin and fate of artefacts stranded on islands in the African sector of the Southern Ocean. Environ. Conserv 14, 341-346.
101. Ryan, P.G., 1993. The ecological consequences of an exceptional rainfall event at Gough Island. South African Journal of Science 89, 309-311.
102. Ryan, P.G., Boix-Hinzen, C., 1998. Tuna longline fisheries off Southern Africa: the need to limit seabird bycatch. South African Journal of Science 94, 179-182.
103. Ryan, P.G., Cooper, J., 1991. Rockhopper penguins and other marine life threatened by drift net fisheries at Tristan da Cunha. Oryx 25, 76-79.
104. Ryan, P.G., Cooper, J., Glass, J.P., 2001. Population status breeding biology and conservation of the Tristan albatross Diomedea (exulans) dabbenena. Bird Conservation International 11, 35-48.
105. Ryan, P.G., Moloney, C.L., Watkins, B.P., 1989. Concern about the adverse effects of introduced mice on island tree Phylica arborea regeneration. South African Journal of Science 85, 626-627.
106. Sear, C., Hulme, M., Adger, N., Brown, K., 2001. The Impacts of Global Climate Change on the UK Overseas Territories. Technical Report and Stakeholder Survey. National Resources Institute, Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research.
107. Smith, V.R., 2002. Climate change in the sub-Antarctic: an illustration from Marion Island. Climatic Change 52, 345-357.
108. Smith, V.R., Lewis Smith, R.I., 1987. The biota and conservation status of sub-Antarctic Islands. Environment International 13, 95-104.
109. Smith, V.R., Steenkamp, M., 1990. Climatic change and its ecological implications at a subantarctic island. Oecologia 85, 14-24.
110. Smith, V.R., Steenkamp, M., Gremmen, N.J.M., 2001. Terrestrial habitats on sub-Antarctic Marion Island: their vegetation, edaphic attributes, distribution and response to climate change. South African Journal of Botany 67, 641-654.
111. Veitch, C.R., Bell, B.D., 1990. Eradication of introduced animals from the islands of New Zealand. In: Towns, D.R., Daugherty, C.H., Atkinson, I.A.E. (Eds.), Ecological Restoration of New Zealand Islands. New Zealand Department of Conservation, Wellington, pp. 137-146.
112. Vermeij, G., 1996. An agenda for invasion biology. Biological Conservation (special issue: invasion biology) 78, 3-9.
113. Vernon, P., Vannier, G., Tréhen, P., 1998. A comparative approach to the entomological diversity of polar regions. Acta Oecologica 19, 303-308.
114. Verril, S.E., 1895. On some birds and eggs collected by Mr Geo Comer at Gough Island, Kergeulen Island and the islands of South Georgia. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Science 9, 430-478.
115. Vitousek, P.M., 1988. Diversity and biological invasions of oceanic islands. In: Wilson, E.O. (Ed.), Biodiversity. National Academic Press, Washington, DC, pp. 181-189.
116. Wace, N.M., 1961. The vegetation of Gough Island. Ecological Monographs 31, 337-367.
117. Wace, N.M., 1969. The discovery, exploitation and settlement of the Tristan da Cunha Islands. Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of Australia (Southern Australian Branch) 70, 11-40.
118. Wace, N.M., 1986a. The arrival, establishment and control of alien plants on Gough Island. South African Journal of Antarctic Research 16, 95-101.
119. Wace, N.M., 1986b. The rat problem on oceanic islands - research is needed. Oryx 20, 79-86.
120. Wace, N.M., Dickson, J.H., 1965. The biological report of the Royal Society expedition to Tristan da Cunha, 1962, Part II. The terrestrial botany of the Tristan da Cunha Islands. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B 249, 273-360.
121. Wace, N.M., Holdgate, M.W., 1976. Man and nature in the Tristan da Cunha islands. International Union of Conservation Natural Monographs 6, 1-114.
122. Walther, G., Post, E., Convey, P., Menzel, A., Parmesan, C., Beebee, T.J.C., Fromentin, J.M., Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Bairlein, F., 2002. Ecological responses to recent climate change. Nature 416, 389-395.
123. Watkins, B.P., Furness, R.W., 1986. Population status, breeding and conservation of the Gough moorhen. Ostrich 57, 32-36.
124. Weimerskirch, H., Brothers, N., Jouventin, P., 1997. Population dynamics of wandering albatross Diomedea exulans and Amsterdam albatross D. amsterdamensis in the Indian Ocean and their relationships with long line fisheries: conservation implications. Biological Conservation 79, 257-270.
125. Williamson, M., 1996. Biological Invasions. Chapman and Hall, London.
126. Williamson, M., 1999. Invasions. Ecography 22, 5-12.