메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 126, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 339-350

Testing the minimum approach distance guidelines for incubating Royal penguins Eudyptes schlegeli

Author keywords

Behaviour; Eudyptes schlegeli; Heart rate; Human disturbance; Minimum approach distance; Royal penguins; Visitor management

Indexed keywords

BEHAVIORAL RESPONSE; HUMAN ACTIVITY; PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE; SEABIRD;

EID: 24944566784     PISSN: 00063207     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2005.06.009     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (67)

References (86)
  • 1
    • 84966130971 scopus 로고
    • The comfort behaviour of Adélie and other penguins
    • D.G. Ainley The comfort behaviour of Adélie and other penguins Behaviour 50 1974 16 51
    • (1974) Behaviour , vol.50 , pp. 16-51
    • Ainley, D.G.1
  • 2
    • 0016235113 scopus 로고
    • Observational study of behaviour: Sampling methods
    • J. Altman Observational study of behaviour: sampling methods Behaviour 49 1974 227 265
    • (1974) Behaviour , vol.49 , pp. 227-265
    • Altman, J.1
  • 3
    • 24944522713 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • WWW document
    • Antarctica New Zealand, 2000. Environmental stewardship. Conservation of Flora and Fauna. WWW document, accessed March 31 2004. Available from: http://www.antarcticanz.govt.nz/Pages/Environment/FloraFauna.msa.
    • (2000) Environmental Stewardship. Conservation of Flora and Fauna
  • 5
    • 24944473393 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • WWW document
    • Australian Antarctic Division, 2004. Minimum approach distances to wildlife in Antarctica. WWW document, accessed October 30 2004. Available from: http://www.aad.gov.au/default.asp?casid=2948.
    • (2004) Minimum Approach Distances to Wildlife in Antarctica
  • 6
    • 1942521274 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human disturbance: People as predation-free predators?
    • C.M. Beale, and P. Monaghan Human disturbance: people as predation-free predators? Journal of Applied Ecology 41 2004 335 343
    • (2004) Journal of Applied Ecology , vol.41 , pp. 335-343
    • Beale, C.M.1    Monaghan, P.2
  • 7
    • 6044236930 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Behavioural responses to human disturbance: A matter of choice?
    • C.M. Beale, and P. Monaghan Behavioural responses to human disturbance: a matter of choice? Animal Behaviour 68 2004 1065 1069
    • (2004) Animal Behaviour , vol.68 , pp. 1065-1069
    • Beale, C.M.1    Monaghan, P.2
  • 8
    • 0037356241 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testing a key assumption in wildlife buffer zones: Is flight initiation distance a species-specific trait?
    • D.T. Blumstein, L.L. Anthony, R. Harcourt, and G. Ross Testing a key assumption in wildlife buffer zones: is flight initiation distance a species-specific trait? Biological Conservation 110 2003 97 100
    • (2003) Biological Conservation , vol.110 , pp. 97-100
    • Blumstein, D.T.1    Anthony, L.L.2    Harcourt, R.3    Ross, G.4
  • 11
    • 24944472530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • WWW document
    • Bureau of Meteorology, 2001. Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Weather Words. WWW document, accessed July 10 2001. Available from: http://www.bom.gov. au/info/wwords/.
    • (2001) Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Weather Words
  • 12
    • 0001392054 scopus 로고
    • Discrimination of the threat of direct versus tangential approach to the nest by incubating Herring and Great black-backed gulls
    • J. Burger, and M. Gochfield Discrimination of the threat of direct versus tangential approach to the nest by incubating Herring and Great black-backed gulls Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 95 1981 676 684
    • (1981) Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology , vol.95 , pp. 676-684
    • Burger, J.1    Gochfield, M.2
  • 13
    • 0342278984 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prepared by WBM Oceanics Australia for Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority and Environment Australia Biodiversity Group. Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, Townsville.
    • Claridge, G., 1997. Guidelines for managing visitation to seabird breeding islands. Prepared by WBM Oceanics Australia for Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority and Environment Australia Biodiversity Group. Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, Townsville.
    • (1997) Guidelines for Managing Visitation to Seabird Breeding Islands
    • Claridge, G.1
  • 14
    • 0032971502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Breeding performance of Gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua) at a colony exposed to high levels of human disturbance
    • N.D. Cobley, and J.R. Shears Breeding performance of Gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua) at a colony exposed to high levels of human disturbance Polar Biology 21 1999 355 360
    • (1999) Polar Biology , vol.21 , pp. 355-360
    • Cobley, N.D.1    Shears, J.R.2
  • 15
    • 0013066816 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impacts of tourists on Gentoo penguins at Port Lockroy, Antarctic Peninsula
    • Davison, W., Howard-Williams, C., Broady, P. (Eds.), New Zealand Natural Sciences, Christchurch
    • Cobley, N.D., Shears, J.R., Downie, R.H., 2000. The impacts of tourists on Gentoo penguins at Port Lockroy, Antarctic Peninsula. In: Davison, W., Howard-Williams, C., Broady, P. (Eds.), Antarctic Ecosystems: Models for Wider Ecological Understanding. New Zealand Natural Sciences, Christchurch, pp. 319-323.
    • (2000) Antarctic Ecosystems: Models for Wider Ecological Understanding , pp. 319-323
    • Cobley, N.D.1    Shears, J.R.2    Downie, R.H.3
  • 17
    • 3543101238 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs (COMNAP), Hobart.
    • Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs, 1999. Guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment in Antarctica. Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs (COMNAP), Hobart.
    • (1999) Guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment in Antarctica
  • 18
    • 0012324099 scopus 로고
    • Penguins crowded out?
    • B.M. Culik, and R.P. Wilson Penguins crowded out? Nature 351 1991 340
    • (1991) Nature , vol.351 , pp. 340
    • Culik, B.M.1    Wilson, R.P.2
  • 19
    • 0029079492 scopus 로고
    • Penguins disturbed by tourists
    • B.M. Culik, and R.P. Wilson Penguins disturbed by tourists Nature 376 1995 301 302
    • (1995) Nature , vol.376 , pp. 301-302
    • Culik, B.M.1    Wilson, R.P.2
  • 20
    • 0002634178 scopus 로고
    • The effect of disturbance on the heart rate and behaviour of Adélie Penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) during the breeding season
    • K.R. Kerry G. Hempel Springer Verlag Berlin
    • B.M. Culik, D. Adelung, and A.J. Woakes The effect of disturbance on the heart rate and behaviour of Adélie Penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) during the breeding season K.R. Kerry G. Hempel Antarctic Ecosystems. Ecological Change and Conservation 1990 Springer Verlag Berlin 177 182
    • (1990) Antarctic Ecosystems. Ecological Change and Conservation , pp. 177-182
    • Culik, B.M.1    Adelung, D.2    Woakes, A.J.3
  • 22
    • 16444362737 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Individual variability of behavioural responses by Wandering Albatrosses (Diomedea exulans) to human disturbance
    • M.S. de Villiers, J. Cooper, and P.G. Ryan Individual variability of behavioural responses by Wandering Albatrosses (Diomedea exulans) to human disturbance Polar Biology 28 2005 255 260
    • (2005) Polar Biology , vol.28 , pp. 255-260
    • De Villiers, M.S.1    Cooper, J.2    Ryan, P.G.3
  • 23
    • 0003056425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Habituation to human disturbance by breeding Bridled terns Sterna anaethetus
    • J.N. Dunlop Habituation to human disturbance by breeding Bridled terns Sterna anaethetus Corella 20 1996 13 16
    • (1996) Corella , vol.20 , pp. 13-16
    • Dunlop, J.N.1
  • 24
    • 0002710757 scopus 로고
    • Responses to human intruders by birds nesting in colonies: Experimental results and management guidelines
    • M.R. Erwin Responses to human intruders by birds nesting in colonies: Experimental results and management guidelines Colonial Waterbirds 12 1989 104 108
    • (1989) Colonial Waterbirds , vol.12 , pp. 104-108
    • Erwin, M.R.1
  • 25
    • 0346665867 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors affecting intra- and inter-specific variations in the difference between alert distances and flight distances for birds in forested habitats
    • E. Fernández-Juricic, M.D. Jimenez, and E. Lucas Factors affecting intra- and inter-specific variations in the difference between alert distances and flight distances for birds in forested habitats Canadian Journal of Zoology - Revue Canadienne De Zoologie 80 2002 1212 1220
    • (2002) Canadian Journal of Zoology - Revue Canadienne de Zoologie , vol.80 , pp. 1212-1220
    • Fernández-Juricic, E.1    Jimenez, M.D.2    Lucas, E.3
  • 26
    • 20444450173 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sensitivity of wildlife to spatial patterns or recreationist behavior: A critical assessment of minimum approaching distances and buffer areas for grassland birds
    • E. Fernández-Juricic, P.V. Venier, D. Renison, and D.T. Blumstein Sensitivity of wildlife to spatial patterns or recreationist behavior: A critical assessment of minimum approaching distances and buffer areas for grassland birds Biological Conservation 125 2005 225 235
    • (2005) Biological Conservation , vol.125 , pp. 225-235
    • Fernández-Juricic, E.1    Venier, P.V.2    Renison, D.3    Blumstein, D.T.4
  • 27
    • 24944467660 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The human dimensions of whale watching: An analysis based on viewing platforms
    • W. Finkler, and J.E.S. Higham The human dimensions of whale watching: An analysis based on viewing platforms Human Dimensions of Wildlife 9 2004 103 117
    • (2004) Human Dimensions of Wildlife , vol.9 , pp. 103-117
    • Finkler, W.1    Higham, J.E.S.2
  • 28
    • 0032984710 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Behavioral and hormonal responses of Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) to tourism and nest site visitation
    • G.S. Fowler Behavioral and hormonal responses of Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) to tourism and nest site visitation Biological Conservation 90 1999 143 149
    • (1999) Biological Conservation , vol.90 , pp. 143-149
    • Fowler, G.S.1
  • 29
    • 54249110616 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human-caused disturbance stimuli as a form of predation risk
    • [online]
    • Frid, A., Dill, L., 2002. Human-caused disturbance stimuli as a form of predation risk. Conservation Ecology 6, 11 [online] http://www. ecologyandsociety.org/vol6/iss1/art11.
    • (2002) Conservation Ecology , vol.6 , pp. 11
    • Frid, A.1    Dill, L.2
  • 30
    • 0035745114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heart rate as an indicator of oxygen consumption: Influence of body condition in the King penguin
    • G. Froget, P.J. Butler, Y. Handrich, and A.J. Woakes Heart rate as an indicator of oxygen consumption: Influence of body condition in the King penguin Journal of Experimental Biology 204 2001 2133 2144
    • (2001) Journal of Experimental Biology , vol.204 , pp. 2133-2144
    • Froget, G.1    Butler, P.J.2    Handrich, Y.3    Woakes, A.J.4
  • 32
    • 0029668858 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of human activity on Adélie penguin Pygoscelis adeliae breeding success
    • M. Giese Effects of human activity on Adélie penguin Pygoscelis adeliae breeding success Biological Conservation 75 1996 157 164
    • (1996) Biological Conservation , vol.75 , pp. 157-164
    • Giese, M.1
  • 33
    • 0032407730 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guidelines for people approaching breeding groups of Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae)
    • M. Giese Guidelines for people approaching breeding groups of Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) Polar Record 34 1998 287 292
    • (1998) Polar Record , vol.34 , pp. 287-292
    • Giese, M.1
  • 35
    • 0035176060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why behavioural responses may not reflect the population consequences of human disturbance
    • J.A. Gill, K. Norris, and W.J. Sutherland Why behavioural responses may not reflect the population consequences of human disturbance Biological Conservation 97 2001 265 268
    • (2001) Biological Conservation , vol.97 , pp. 265-268
    • Gill, J.A.1    Norris, K.2    Sutherland, W.J.3
  • 37
    • 0036792336 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Energy requirements of female Macaroni penguins breeding at South Georgia
    • J.A. Green, P.J. Butler, A.J. Woakes, and I.L. Boyd Energy requirements of female Macaroni penguins breeding at South Georgia Functional Ecology 16 2002 671 681
    • (2002) Functional Ecology , vol.16 , pp. 671-681
    • Green, J.A.1    Butler, P.J.2    Woakes, A.J.3    Boyd, I.L.4
  • 39
    • 0022841888 scopus 로고
    • A quantitative analysis of the behaviour of the Chinstrap penguin Pygoscelis antarctica and Macaroni penguin Eudyptes chrysolophus on Bouvetøya during the late incubation and early nestling periods
    • S. Haftorn A quantitative analysis of the behaviour of the Chinstrap penguin Pygoscelis antarctica and Macaroni penguin Eudyptes chrysolophus on Bouvetøya during the late incubation and early nestling periods Polar Research 4 1986 33 45
    • (1986) Polar Research , vol.4 , pp. 33-45
    • Haftorn, S.1
  • 40
    • 85047679266 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of investigators on the breeding success of Royal, Eudyptes schlegeli, and Rockhopper penguins, E. chrysocome, at Macquarie Island
    • C. Hull, and J. Wilson The effect of investigators on the breeding success of Royal, Eudyptes schlegeli, and Rockhopper penguins, E. chrysocome, at Macquarie Island Polar Biology 16 1996 335 337
    • (1996) Polar Biology , vol.16 , pp. 335-337
    • Hull, C.1    Wilson, J.2
  • 42
    • 24944538249 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • WWW document
    • International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators, 2005. International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators. WWW document, accessed March 31 2005. Available from: http://www.iaato.org/.
    • (2005) International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators
  • 43
    • 24944492389 scopus 로고
    • Visual and vocal signals in penguins, their evolution and adaptive characters
    • Verlag Paul Parey, Berlin.
    • Jouventin, P., 1982. Visual and vocal signals in penguins, their evolution and adaptive characters. Supplement 24 to Journal of Comparative Ethology. Verlag Paul Parey, Berlin.
    • (1982) Journal of Comparative Ethology , Issue.24 SUPPL.
    • Jouventin, P.1
  • 44
    • 0031597689 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Displacement behaviour. Solving a silent contradiction
    • K. Kortmulder Displacement behaviour. Solving a silent contradiction Acta Biotheoretica 46 1998 53 63
    • (1998) Acta Biotheoretica , vol.46 , pp. 53-63
    • Kortmulder, K.1
  • 45
    • 0033943131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tourism on ice: Environmental impact assessment of Antarctic tourism
    • L.K. Kriwoken, and D. Rootes Tourism on ice: environmental impact assessment of Antarctic tourism Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal 18 2000 138 150
    • (2000) Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal , vol.18 , pp. 138-150
    • Kriwoken, L.K.1    Rootes, D.2
  • 47
    • 11144316175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors affecting the escape behaviour of juvenile Chinstrap penguins, Pygoscelis antarctica, in response to human disturbance
    • J. Martin, L. de Neve, J.A. Fargallo, V. Polo, and M. Soler Factors affecting the escape behaviour of juvenile Chinstrap penguins, Pygoscelis antarctica, in response to human disturbance Polar Biology 27 2004 775 781
    • (2004) Polar Biology , vol.27 , pp. 775-781
    • Martin, J.1    De Neve, L.2    Fargallo, J.A.3    Polo, V.4    Soler, M.5
  • 48
    • 0004149259 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • fourth ed. Prentice-Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ
    • J.A. Mazur Learning and Behaviour fourth ed. 1998 Prentice-Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ
    • (1998) Learning and Behaviour
    • Mazur, J.A.1
  • 49
    • 2942735484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nature-based tourism impacts on Yellow-eyed penguins Megadyptes antipodes: Does unregulated visitor access affect fledging weight and juvenile survival?
    • M.R. McClung, P.J. Seddon, M. Massaro, and A.N. Setiawan Nature-based tourism impacts on Yellow-eyed penguins Megadyptes antipodes: does unregulated visitor access affect fledging weight and juvenile survival? Biological Conservation 119 2004 279 285
    • (2004) Biological Conservation , vol.119 , pp. 279-285
    • McClung, M.R.1    Seddon, P.J.2    Massaro, M.3    Setiawan, A.N.4
  • 51
    • 0001885971 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biological response to stress: Implications from animal welfare
    • G.P. Moberg J.A. Mench CAB International New York, NY
    • G.P. Moberg Biological response to stress: Implications from animal welfare G.P. Moberg J.A. Mench The Biology of Animal Stress 2000 CAB International New York, NY 1 21
    • (2000) The Biology of Animal Stress , pp. 1-21
    • Moberg, G.P.1
  • 53
    • 0021533086 scopus 로고
    • Possible human impact on penguin populations in the Antarctic Peninsula area
    • D. Müller-Schwarze Possible human impact on penguin populations in the Antarctic Peninsula area Antarctic Journal of the United States 19 1984 158 159
    • (1984) Antarctic Journal of the United States , vol.19 , pp. 158-159
    • Müller-Schwarze, D.1
  • 56
    • 20044376382 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of human activity and environmental variability on long-term changes in Adélie penguin populations at Palmer Station, Antarctica
    • A.H.L. Huiskes W.W.C. Gieskes J. Rozema R.M.L. Schorno S.M. van der Vies W.J. Wolff Backhuys Publishers Leiden, The Netherlands
    • D.L. Patterson, A.L. Easter-Pilcher, and W.R. Fraser The effects of human activity and environmental variability on long-term changes in Adélie penguin populations at Palmer Station, Antarctica A.H.L. Huiskes W.W.C. Gieskes J. Rozema R.M.L. Schorno S.M. van der Vies W.J. Wolff Antarctic Biology in a Global Context 2003 Backhuys Publishers Leiden, The Netherlands 301 307
    • (2003) Antarctic Biology in a Global Context , pp. 301-307
    • Patterson, D.L.1    Easter-Pilcher, A.L.2    Fraser, W.R.3
  • 58
    • 84971840210 scopus 로고
    • Environmental protection in Antarctica: The 1991 Protocol
    • C. Redgwell Environmental protection in Antarctica: The 1991 Protocol International and Comparative Law Quarterly 43 1994 599 634
    • (1994) International and Comparative Law Quarterly , vol.43 , pp. 599-634
    • Redgwell, C.1
  • 59
    • 0036188356 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Buffer-zone distances to protect foraging and loafing waterbirds from disturbance by personal watercraft and outboard-powered boats
    • J.A. Rodgers, and S.T. Schwikert Buffer-zone distances to protect foraging and loafing waterbirds from disturbance by personal watercraft and outboard-powered boats Conservation Biology 16 2002 216 224
    • (2002) Conservation Biology , vol.16 , pp. 216-224
    • Rodgers, J.A.1    Schwikert, S.T.2
  • 60
    • 0030616602 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Buffer zone distances to protect foraging and loafing waterbirds from human disturbance in Florida
    • J.A. Rodgers, and H.T. Smith Buffer zone distances to protect foraging and loafing waterbirds from human disturbance in Florida Wildlife Society Bulletin 25 1997 139 145
    • (1997) Wildlife Society Bulletin , vol.25 , pp. 139-145
    • Rodgers, J.A.1    Smith, H.T.2
  • 61
    • 1942489265 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physiological stress in ecology: Lessons from biomedical research
    • L.M. Romero Physiological stress in ecology: lessons from biomedical research Trends in Ecology & Evolution 19 2004 249 255
    • (2004) Trends in Ecology & Evolution , vol.19 , pp. 249-255
    • Romero, L.M.1
  • 65
    • 85011318433 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How cautious is precautious. Antarctic tourism and the precautionary principle
    • S.V. Scott How cautious is precautious. Antarctic tourism and the precautionary principle International and Comparative Law Quarterly 50 2001 963 971
    • (2001) International and Comparative Law Quarterly , vol.50 , pp. 963-971
    • Scott, S.V.1
  • 68
    • 84971048710 scopus 로고
    • An analysis of the function of some displays of the Royal penguin
    • G.T. Smith An analysis of the function of some displays of the Royal penguin Emu 74 1974 27 34
    • (1974) Emu , vol.74 , pp. 27-34
    • Smith, G.T.1
  • 70
    • 0011842512 scopus 로고
    • Telemetry of heart rate a measure of the effectiveness of dispersal inducing stimuli in seagulls
    • C.J. Amlaner Jr. D.W. McDonald Pergamon Press Oxford
    • J.F. Stout, and E.R. Schwab Telemetry of heart rate a measure of the effectiveness of dispersal inducing stimuli in seagulls C.J. Amlaner Jr. D.W. McDonald A Handbook on Biotelemetry and Radio Tracking 1980 Pergamon Press Oxford 603 610
    • (1980) A Handbook on Biotelemetry and Radio Tracking , pp. 603-610
    • Stout, J.F.1    Schwab, E.R.2
  • 71
    • 24944484520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Macquarie Island World Heritage Area. Minimum Impact Code. Tasmanian Parks and Wildlife Service, Hobart.
    • Tasmanian Parks and Wildlife Service, 2003a. Parks and places. Macquarie Island World Heritage Area. Minimum Impact Code. Tasmanian Parks and Wildlife Service, Hobart.
    • (2003) Parks and Places
  • 73
    • 0002181496 scopus 로고
    • Behaviour and nesting success relative to nest location in Adélie penguins Pygoscelis adeliae
    • R.C. Tenaza Behaviour and nesting success relative to nest location in Adélie penguins Pygoscelis adeliae Condor 73 1971 81 92
    • (1971) Condor , vol.73 , pp. 81-92
    • Tenaza, R.C.1
  • 75
    • 17244382632 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Getting closer to whales - Passenger expectations and experiences and the management of swim with Dwarf Minke whales interactions on the Great Barrier Reef
    • P.S. Valentine, A. Birtles, M. Curnock, P. Arnold, and A. Dunstand Getting closer to whales - passenger expectations and experiences and the management of swim with Dwarf Minke whales interactions on the Great Barrier Reef Tourism Management 25 2004 647 655
    • (2004) Tourism Management , vol.25 , pp. 647-655
    • Valentine, P.S.1    Birtles, A.2    Curnock, M.3    Arnold, P.4    Dunstand, A.5
  • 76
    • 84906652720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effectiveness of the protocol on environmental protection to the Antarctic Treaty
    • O.S. Stokke D. Vidas Cambridge University Press Cambridge
    • F.O. Vicuña The effectiveness of the protocol on environmental protection to the Antarctic Treaty O.S. Stokke D. Vidas Governing the Antarctic. The Effectiveness and Legitimacy of the Antarctic Treaty System 1996 Cambridge University Press Cambridge 174 202
    • (1996) Governing the Antarctic. the Effectiveness and Legitimacy of the Antarctic Treaty System , pp. 174-202
    • Vicuña, F.O.1
  • 77
    • 0002169910 scopus 로고
    • Aspects of the breeding behaviour of the Royal penguin Eudyptes chrysolophus schlegeli
    • J. Warham Aspects of the breeding behaviour of the Royal penguin Eudyptes chrysolophus schlegeli Notornis 18 1971 91 115
    • (1971) Notornis , vol.18 , pp. 91-115
    • Warham, J.1
  • 78
    • 0002000444 scopus 로고
    • The crested penguins
    • B. Stonehouse Macmillan London
    • J. Warham The crested penguins B. Stonehouse The Biology of Penguins 1975 Macmillan London 189 269
    • (1975) The Biology of Penguins , pp. 189-269
    • Warham, J.1
  • 79
    • 0036022366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heart rate and energy expenditure of incubating Wandering albatrosses: Basal levels, natural variation, and the effects of human approaches
    • H. Weimerskirch, S.A. Shaffer, G. Mabille, J. Martin, O. Boutard, and J.L. Rouanet Heart rate and energy expenditure of incubating Wandering albatrosses: basal levels, natural variation, and the effects of human approaches Journal of Experimental Biology 205 2002 475 483
    • (2002) Journal of Experimental Biology , vol.205 , pp. 475-483
    • Weimerskirch, H.1    Shaffer, S.A.2    Mabille, G.3    Martin, J.4    Boutard, O.5    Rouanet, J.L.6
  • 80
    • 0000980016 scopus 로고
    • People in Antarctica - How much do Adélie penguins Pygoscelis adeliae really care
    • R.P. Wilson, B. Culik, R. Danfeld, and D. Adelung People in Antarctica - how much do Adélie penguins Pygoscelis adeliae really care Polar Biology 11 1991 363 370
    • (1991) Polar Biology , vol.11 , pp. 363-370
    • Wilson, R.P.1    Culik, B.2    Danfeld, R.3    Adelung, D.4
  • 81
    • 0028083791 scopus 로고
    • Impacts of human visitors on breeding success and long-term population trends in Adélie penguins at Casey, Antarctica
    • E.J. Woehler, R.L. Penney, S.M. Creet, and H.R. Burton Impacts of human visitors on breeding success and long-term population trends in Adélie penguins at Casey, Antarctica Polar Biology 14 1994 169 274
    • (1994) Polar Biology , vol.14 , pp. 169-274
    • Woehler, E.J.1    Penney, R.L.2    Creet, S.M.3    Burton, H.R.4
  • 84
    • 0027069945 scopus 로고
    • The effects of human disturbance on Magellanic penguin Spheniscus magellanicus behaviour and breeding success
    • P. Yorio, and P.D. Boersma The effects of human disturbance on Magellanic penguin Spheniscus magellanicus behaviour and breeding success Bird Conservation International 2 1992 161 173
    • (1992) Bird Conservation International , vol.2 , pp. 161-173
    • Yorio, P.1    Boersma, P.D.2
  • 85
    • 0035703257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tourism and recreation at seabird breeding sites in Patagonia, Argentina: Current concerns and future prospects
    • P. Yorio, E. Frere, P. Gandini, and A. Schiavini Tourism and recreation at seabird breeding sites in Patagonia, Argentina: current concerns and future prospects Bird Conservation International 11 2001 231 245
    • (2001) Bird Conservation International , vol.11 , pp. 231-245
    • Yorio, P.1    Frere, E.2    Gandini, P.3    Schiavini, A.4
  • 86
    • 0004252445 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • third ed. Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ
    • J.H. Zar Biostatistical Analysis third ed. 1996 Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ
    • (1996) Biostatistical Analysis
    • Zar, J.H.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.