Neural correlates of subliminal and supraliminal letter processing-An event-related fMRI study

Consciousness and Cognition

Volumn 17, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 699-713

  Heinzel, A ^a   Hautzel, H ^a   Poeppel, T D ^a   Boers, F ^b   Beu, M ^a   Mueller, H W ^a  

^a HEINRICH HEINE UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^b INB 3 Medicine   (Germany)

Author keywords

BA 37; fMRI; Inferior frontal gyrus; Letter processing; Subconscious; Subliminal; Supraliminal

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; CINGULATE GYRUS; FORCED CHOICE METHOD; FRONTAL LOBE; FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; MALE; NORMAL HUMAN; PERCEPTIVE THRESHOLD; STRIATE CORTEX; TASK PERFORMANCE; TEMPORAL LOBE;

EID: 47149113869     PISSN: 10538100     EISSN: 10902376     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2008.01.008     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Avidan G., and Behrmann M. Correlations between the fMRI BOLD signal and visual perception. Neuron 34 (2002) 495-497
2. Beck D.M., Rees G., Frith C.D., and Lavie N. Neural correlates of change detection and change blindness. Nature Neurosciences 4 (2001) 645-650
3. Booth J.R., Burman D.D., Meyer J.R., Gitelman D.R., Parrish T.B., and Mesulam M.M. Functional anatomy of intra- and cross-modal lexical tasks. Neuroimage 16 (2002) 7-22
4. Boynton G.M., Demb J.B., Glover G.H., and Heeger D.J. Neuronal basis of contrast discrimination. Vision Research 39 (1999) 257-269
5. Brandt T., Stephan T., Bense S., Yousry T.A., and Dieterich M. Hemifield visual motion stimulation: An example of interhemispheric crosstalk. Neuroreport 11 (2000) 2803-2809
6. Brett M., Anton J.L., Valabregue R., and Poline J.B. Region of interest analysis using an SPM toolbox. Conference abstract-8th International Conference on Functional Mapping of the Human Brain, Sendai, Japan, supplement on CD-ROM. Neuroimage 16 2 (2002) [Abstract 497]
7. Brett M., Christoff K., Cusack R., and Lancaster J. Using the Talairach atlas with the MNI template. Neuroimage 13 6 (2001) 85
8. Callan A.M., Callan D.E., and Masaki S. When meaningless symbols become letters: neural activity change in learning new phonograms. Neuroimage 28 (2005) 553-562
9. Chalmers D.J. The conscious mind: In search of a fundamental theory (1996), Oxford University Press, Oxford
10. Cohen L., Lehericy S., Chochon F., Lemer C., Rivaud S., and Dehaene S. Language-specific tuning of visual cortex? Functional properties of the Visual Word Form Area. Brain 125 (2002) 1054-1069
11. Dehaene S., Naccache L., Cohen L., Bihan D.L., Mangin J.F., Poline J.B., et al. Cerebral mechanisms of word masking and unconscious repetition priming. Nature Neuroscience 4 (2001) 752-758
12. Demonet J.F., Price C., Wise R., and Frackowiak R.S. A PET study of cognitive strategies in normal subjects during language tasks. Influence of phonetic ambiguity and sequence processing on phoneme monitoring. Brain 117 Pt 4 (1994) 671-682
13. Erikson C.W. Discrimination and learning without awareness: A methodological survey and evaluation. Psychological Review 67 (1960) 279-300
14. Eriksson J., Larsson A., Riklund A.K., and Nyberg L. Visual consciousness: Dissociating the neural correlates of perceptual transitions from sustained perception with fMRI. Consciousness and Cognition 13 (2004) 61-72
15. Flowers D.L., Jones K., Noble K., VanMeter J., Zeffiro T.A., Wood F.B., et al. Attention to single letters activates left extrastriate cortex. Neuroimage 21 (2004) 829-839
16. Friston K.J., Holmes A.P., Worsley K.J., Frith C.D., Frackowiak R.S.J., and Poline J.P. Statistical parametric maps in functional imaging: A general linear approach. Human Brain Mapping 2 (1995) 189-210
17. Friston K.J., Holmes A.P., Poline J.B., Grasby P.J., Williams S.C., Frackowiak R.S., et al. Analysis of fMRI time-series revisited. Neuroimage 2 (1995) 45-53
18. Friston K.J., Josephs O., Rees G., and Turner R. Nonlinear event-related responses in fMRI. Magnetic Resonance Medicine 39 (1998) 41-52
19. Genovese C.R., Lazar N.A., and Nichols T. Thresholding of statistical maps in functional neuroimaging using the false discovery rate. Neuroimage 15 (2002) 870-878
20. Goodale M.A., and Milner A.D. Separate visual pathways for perception and action. Trends in Neurosciences 15 (1992) 20-25
21. Graham K.S., Lee A.C., Brett M., and Patterson K. The neural basis of autobiographical and semantic memory: new evidence from three PET studies. Cognitive, Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience 3 (2003) 234-254
22. Grill-Spector K., Kushnir T., Hendler T., and Malach R. The dynamics of object-selective activation correlate with recognition performance in humans. Nature Neuroscience 3 (2000) 837-843
23. Haase S.J., and Fisk G.D. Valid distinctions between conscious and unconscious perception?. Perception and Psychophysics 66 (2004) 868-871
24. Henke K., Treyer V., Nagy E.T., Kneifel S., Dursteler M., Nitsch R.M., et al. Active hippocampus during nonconscious memories. Consciousness and Cognition 12 (2003) 31-48
25. Holender D., and Duscherer K. Unconscious perception: the need for a paradigm shift. Perception and Psychophysics 66 (2004) 872-881
26. Hubel D.H. Exploration of the primary visual cortex, 1955-78. Nature 299 (1982) 515-524
27. Ishai A., Ungerleider L.G., and Haxby J.V. Distributed neural systems for the generation of visual images. Neuron 28 (2000) 979-990
28. James K.H., and Gauthier I. Letter processing automatically recruits a sensory-motor brain network. Neuropsychologia 44 (2006) 2937-2949
29. Joseph J.E., Cerullo M.A., Farley A.B., Steinmetz N.A., and Mier C.R. fMRI correlates of cortical specialization and generalization for letter processing. Neuroimage 32 (2006) 806-820
30. Joseph J.E., Gathers A.D., and Piper G.A. Shared and dissociated cortical regions for object and letter processing. Brain Research, Cognitive Brain Research 17 (2003) 56-67
31. Kandel E.R. Perception of motion, depth, and form. In: Kandel E.R., Schwartz J.H., and Jessel T.M. (Eds). Principles of neural science (1991), Appleton & Lange, Norwalk 440-460
32. Kjaer T.W., Nowak M., Kjaer K.W., Lou A.R., and Lou H.C. Precuneus-prefrontal activity during awareness of visual verbal stimuli. Consciousness and Cognition 10 (2001) 356-365
33. Kleinschmidt A., Buchel C., Zeki S., and Frackowiak R.S. Human brain activity during spontaneously reversing perception of ambiguous figures. Proceedings, Biological Sciences 265 (1998) 2427-2433
34. Krasnow B., Tamm L., Greicius M.D., Yang T.T., Glover G.H., Reiss A.L., et al. Comparison of fMRI activation at 3 and 1.5 T during perceptual, cognitive, and affective processing. Neuroimage 18 (2003) 813-826
35. Lancaster J.L., Woldorff M.G., Parsons L.M., Liotti M., Freitas C.S., Rainey L., et al. Automated Talairach atlas labels for functional brain mapping. Human Brain Mapping 10 (2000) 120-131
36. Lee A.C., Graham K.S., Simons J.S., Hodges J.R., Owen A.M., and Patterson K. Regional brain activations differ for semantic features but not categories. Neuroreport 13 (2002) 1497-1501
37. Longcamp M., Anton J.L., Roth M., and Velay J.L. Visual presentation of single letters activates a premotor area involved in writing. Neuroimage 19 (2003) 1492-1500
38. Lumer E.D., Friston K.J., and Rees G. Neural correlates of perceptual rivalry in the human brain. Science 280 (1998) 1930-1934
39. Lumer E.D., and Rees G. Covariation of activity in visual and prefrontal cortex associated with subjective visual perception. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 96 (1999) 1669-1673
40. Maldjian J.A., Laurienti P.J., Kraft R.A., and Burdette J.H. An automated method for neuroanatomic and cytoarchitectonic atlas-based interrogation of fMRI data sets. Neuroimage 19 (2003) 1233-1239
41. Mechelli A., Henson R.N., Price C.J., and Friston K.J. Comparing event-related and epoch analysis in blocked design fMRI. Neuroimage 18 (2003) 806-810
42. Mechelli A., Humphreys G.W., Mayall K., Olson A., and Price C.J. Differential effects of word length and visual contrast in the fusiform and lingual gyri during reading. Proceedings of Biological Sciences 267 (2000) 1909-1913
43. Meenan J.P., and Miller L.A. Perceptual flexibility after frontal or temporal lobectomy. Neuropsychologia 32 (1994) 1145-1149
44. Merikle P.M. Perception without awareness. Critical issues. The American Psycholgist 47 (1992) 792-795
45. Merikle P.M., and Reingold E.M. On demonstrating unconscious perception: Comment on Draine and Greenwald (1998). Journal of Experimental Psychology. General 127 (1998) 304-310
46. Moutoussis K., and Zeki S. The relationship between cortical activation and perception investigated with invisible stimuli. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 99 (2002) 9527-9532
47. Mueller-Gaertner, H. -W. (2000). Les bases neurales des la conscience: apport der l'imagerie cérébrale (pp. 1-32). Lecon inaugurale. Paris: Collège de France.
48. Naghavi H.R., and Nyberg L. Common fronto-parietal activity in attention, memory, and consciousness: shared demands on integration?. Consciousness and Cognition 14 (2005) 390-425
49. Nystrom L.E., Braver T.S., Sabb F.W., Delgado M.R., Noll D.C., and Cohen J.D. Working memory for letters, shapes, and locations: fMRI evidence against stimulus-based regional organization in human prefrontal cortex. Neuroimage 11 (2000) 424-446
50. Oldfield R.C. The assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinburgh inventory. Neuropsychologia 9 (1971) 97-113
51. Polk T.A., and Farah M.J. The neural development and organization of letter recognition: Evidence from functional neuroimaging, computational modeling, and behavioral studies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 95 (1998) 847-852
52. Polk T.A., Stallcup M., Aguirre G.K., Alsop D.C., D'Esposito M., Detre J.A., et al. Neural specialization for letter recognition. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 14 (2002) 145-159
53. Puce A., Allison T., Asgari M., Gore J.C., and McCarthy G. Differential sensitivity of human visual cortex to faces, letterstrings, and textures: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Journal of Neuroscience 16 (1996) 5205-5215
54. Rees G. Neural correlates of visual consciousness in humans. In: Michael S.G. (Ed). The cognitive neurosciences III. 3rd ed. (2004), MIT Press, Cambridge 1173-1188
55. Rees G., Kreiman G., and Koch C. Neural correlates of consciousness in humans. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience 3 (2002) 261-270
56. Ricci C., and Blundo C. Perception of ambiguous figures after focal brain lesions. Neuropsychologia 28 (1990) 1163-1173
57. Slotnick S.D., Schwarzbach J., and Yantis S. Attentional inhibition of visual processing in human striate and extrastriate cortex. Neuroimage 19 (2003) 1602-1611
58. Snodgrass M., Bernat E., and Shevrin H. Unconscious perception: A model-based approach to method and evidence. Perception and Psychophysics 66 (2004) 846-867
59. Tagamets M.A., Novick J.M., Chalmers M.L., and Friedman R.B. A parametric approach to orthographic processing in the brain: An fMRI study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 12 (2000) 281-297
60. Tarkiainen A., Cornelissen P.L., and Salmelin R. Dynamics of visual feature analysis and object-level processing in face versus letter-string perception. Brain 125 (2002) 1125-1136
61. Thirion B., Pinel P., Meriaux S., Roche A., Dehaene S., and Poline J.B. Analysis of a large fMRI cohort: Statistical and methodological issues for group analyses. Neuroimage 35 (2007) 105-120
62. Wiens S. Subliminal emotion perception in brain imaging: Findings, issues, and recommendations. Progress in Brain Research 156 (2006) 105-121
63. Windmann S., Wehrmann M., Calabrese P., and Gunturkun O. Role of the prefrontal cortex in attentional control over bistable vision. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 18 (2006) 456-471
64. Worsley K.J., Marrett S., Neelin P., Vandal A.C., Friston K.J., and Evans A.C. A unified statistical approach for determining significant signals in images of cerebral activation. Human Brain Mapping (1996) 58-73
65. Worsley K.S. Instability of localisation of cerebral blood flow activation foci with parametric maps. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 13 (1993) 1041-1042
66. Zeki S., and Bartels A. The autonomy of the visual systems and the modularity of conscious vision. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 353 (1998) 1911-1914